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Dalmolin LF, Lopez RFV. Nanoemulsion as a Platform for Iontophoretic Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs in Skin Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040214. [PMID: 30400343 PMCID: PMC6320873 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic drugs do not usually benefit from iontophoresis mainly because they do not solubilize in aqueous formulations suitable for the application of electric current. To explore the influence of iontophoresis on penetration of these drugs, a cationic nanoemulsion was developed to solubilize zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), a promising drug for the treatment of skin cancer. To verify the influence of particle size on iontophoresis, an emulsion of nanoemulsion-like composition was also developed. The formulations were characterized and cutaneous and tumor penetration studies were performed in vitro and in vivo, respectively. With particles of about 200 nm, the nanoemulsion solubilized 2.5-fold more ZnPc than the 13-µm emulsion. At the same concentration of ZnPc, in vitro passive penetration studies showed that the nanoemulsion increased, after 1 h of treatment, by almost 4 times the penetration of ZnPc into the viable layers of the skin when compared to the emulsion, whereas iontophoresis of nanoemulsion resulted in a 16-fold increase in ZnPc penetration in only 30 min. An in vivo study in a murine model of melanoma showed that ZnPc reached the tumor after iontophoresis of the nanoemulsion. Therefore, iontophoresis of nanoemulsions appears to be a promising strategy for the topical treatment of tumors with lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Facco Dalmolin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Cafe s/n, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil.
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González-Delgado JA, Kennedy PJ, Ferreira M, Tomé JPC, Sarmento B. Use of Photosensitizers in Semisolid Formulations for Microbial Photodynamic Inactivation. J Med Chem 2015; 59:4428-42. [PMID: 26569024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Semisolid formulations, such as gels, creams and ointments, have recently contributed to the progression of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and microbial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in clinical applications. The most important challenges facing this field are the physicochemical properties of photosensitizers (PSs), optimal drug release profiles, and the photosensitivity of surrounding tissues. By further integration of nanotechnology with semisolid formulations, very promising pharmaceuticals have been generated against several dermatological diseases (PDT) and (antibiotic-resistant) pathogenic microorganisms (PDI). This review focuses on the different PSs and their associated semisolid formulations currently found in both the market and clinical trials that are used in PDT/PDI. Special emphasis is placed on the advantages that the semisolid formulations bring to drug delivery in PDI. Lastly, some potential considerations for improvement in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A González-Delgado
- Inovapotek, Pharmaceutical Research & Development , Edifício Inovar e Crescer, Salas 23 e 39, Rua Alfredo Allen, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Patrick J Kennedy
- ICBAS-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Inovapotek, Pharmaceutical Research & Development , Edifício Inovar e Crescer, Salas 23 e 39, Rua Alfredo Allen, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P C Tomé
- QOPNA and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- Inovapotek, Pharmaceutical Research & Development , Edifício Inovar e Crescer, Salas 23 e 39, Rua Alfredo Allen, 455/461, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,CESPU-Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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Díaz Díaz D, Torres T, Zentel R, Davis R, Brehmer M. Physicochemical characterization of octakis(alkyloxy)-substituted Zn(ii)-phthalocyanines non-covalently incorporated into an organogel and their remarkable morphological effect on the nanoscale-fibers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:2369-71. [PMID: 17844749 DOI: 10.1039/b703685j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of octakis(alkyloxy)-substituted Zn(II)-phthalocyanines were efficiently incorporated into an organogel made of (1R,2R)-trans-1,2-bis(dodecanoylamino)cyclohexane by means of multiple cooperative non-covalent interactions, and SEM revealed the formation of unique brush-like nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049, Spain
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