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Liu Y, Yang DQ, Jiang JN, Jiao Y. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and colorectal polyp/colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Surg 2024; 16:1008-1016. [PMID: 38690050 PMCID: PMC11056658 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v16.i4.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) plays an important role in the development of gastric cancer, although its association to colorectal polyp (CP) or colorectal cancer (CRC) is unknown. In this issue of World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhang et al investigated the risk factors for H. pylori infection after colon polyp resection. Importantly, the researchers used R software to create a prediction model for H. pylori infection based on their findings. This editorial gives an overview of the association between H. pylori and CP/CRC, including the clinical significance of H. pylori as an independent risk factor for CP/CRC, the underlying processes of H. pylori-associated carcinogenesis, and the possible risk factors and identification of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ding-Quan Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun-Nan Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Wu L, Tian X, Du H, Liu X, Wu H. Bioinformatics Analysis of LGR4 in Colon Adenocarcinoma as Potential Diagnostic Biomarker, Therapeutic Target and Promoting Immune Cell Infiltration. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1081. [PMID: 36008975 PMCID: PMC9406187 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma is one of the tumors with the highest mortality rate, and tumorigenesis or development of colon adenocarcinoma is the major reason leading to patient death. However, the molecular mechanism and biomarker to predict tumor progression are currently unclear. With the goal of understanding the molecular mechanism and tumor progression, we utilized the TCGA database to identify differentially expressed genes. After identifying the differentially expressed genes among colon adenocarcinoma tissues with different expression levels of LGR4 and normal tissue, protein-protein interaction, gene ontology, pathway enrichment, gene set enrichment analysis, and immune cell infiltration analysis were conducted. Here, the top 10 hub genes, i.e., ALB, F2, APOA2, CYP1A1, SPRR2B, APOA1, APOB, CYP3A4, SST, and GCG, were identified, and relative correlation analysis was conducted. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that higher expression of LGR4 correlates with overall survival of colon adenocarcinoma patients, although expression levels of LGR4 in normal tissues are higher than in tumor tissues. Further functional analysis demonstrated that higher expression of LGR4 in colon adenocarcinoma may be linked to up-regulate metabolism-related pathways, for example, the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. These results were confirmed by gene set enrichment analysis. Immune cell infiltration analysis clearly showed that the infiltration percentage of T cells was significantly higher than other immune cells, and TIMER analysis revealed a positive correlation between T-cell infiltration and LGR4 expression. Finally, COAD cancer cells, Caco-2, were employed to be incubated with squalene and 25-hydroxycholesterol-3-sulfate, and relative experimental results confirmed that the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway involved in modulating the proliferation of COAD tumorigenesis. Our investigation revealed that LGR4 can be an emerging diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for colon adenocarcinoma by affecting metabolism-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Hao Du
- Department of Orthopedic, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Haigang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
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Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M. Two hydroxyflavanones isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis roots prevent colitis-associated colon cancer in C57BL/6 J mice by inhibiting programmed cell death-1, interleukin 10, and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box proteins TOX/TOX2. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154076. [PMID: 35378414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer was the second leading cause of mortality in 2019 and the number of new colorectal cancer cases was the highest in 2018 and 2019 in Japan. PURPOSE The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of 2(S)-2',5,6',7-tetrahydroxyflavanone and 2 (R), 3(R)-2',3,5,6'-7-pentahydroxyflavanone on the incidence and growth of tumors in azoxymethane (AOM) plus dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated mice. METHODS The intraperitoneal administration of AOM (10 mg/kg) on day 0 induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Mice were given free and unlimited access to drinking water containing 1.5% (w/v) DSS on days 5 - 8, 30 - 33, and 56 - 57. They were orally administered tetra- and penta-hydroxyflavanones (10 and 30 mg/kg) for 10, 11, and 14 days followed by discontinuation intervals of 20 and 15 days. Cytokine, chemokine, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX)/TOX2 expression levels were measured using their respective ELISA kits and an immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The number and area of tumors decreased by 60.6 and 72.9% in mice administered 10 mg/kg tetra- and pentahydroxyflavanones, respectively, with reductions of 95.0 and 87.0% in Ki-67-positive cells, 91.7 and 92.7% in COX-2-postive cells, and 83.1 and 93.8% in TOX/TOX2-positive cells, respectively, in the colon. On the other hand, two tera- and pentahydroxyflavanone had no effect on p53 (a tumor suppressor by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis)-positive cells. The administration of 10 mg/kg tetra- and pentahydroxyflavanones to AOM/DSS-treated mice also resulted in decreases of 59.5 and 42.5% in IL-10 levels and 58.1 and 93.9% in PD-1 levels, respectively, in the colon. CONCLUSION The inhibitory effects of tetra- and pentahydroxyflavanones on the growth of colon tumors in AOM/DSS-treated mice appear to be associated with decreases in the colon levels of IL-10 and PD-1 through the down-regulated expression of COX-2 and CD8+ T-cell exhaustion by TOX/TOX2 in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kimura
- Department of Functional Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon city, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Maho Sumiyoshi
- Department of Functional Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Toon city, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Liu W, Pan HF, Wang Q, Zhao ZM. The application of transgenic and gene knockout mice in the study of gastric precancerous lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1929-1939. [PMID: 30477641 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric intestinal metaplasia is a precursor for gastric dysplasia, which is in turn, a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric metaplasia and dysplasia are known as gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs), which are essential stages in the progression from normal gastric mucosa to gastric cancer (GC) or gastric adenocarcinoma. Genetically-engineered mice have become essential tools in various aspects of GC research, including mechanistic studies and drug discovery. Studies in mouse models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying GPLs and GC. With the development and improvement of gene transfer technology, investigators have created a variety of transgenic and gene knockout mouse models for GPLs, such as H/K-ATPase transgenic and knockout mutant mice and gastrin gene knockout mice. Combined with Helicobacter infection, and treatment with chemical carcinogens, these mice develop GPLs or GC and thus provide models for studying the molecular biology of GC, which may lead to the discovery and development of novel drugs. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the use of genetically-engineered mouse models for GPL research, with particular emphasis on the importance of examining the gastric mucosa at the histological level to investigate morphological changes of GPL and GC and associated protein and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hua-Feng Pan
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zi-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China
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Dasiram JD, Ganesan R, Kannan J, Kotteeswaran V, Sivalingam N. Curcumin inhibits growth potential by G1 cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis in p53-mutated COLO 320DM human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 86:373-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Giraud J, Failla LM, Pascussi JM, Lagerqvist EL, Ollier J, Finetti P, Bertucci F, Ya C, Gasmi I, Bourgaux JF, Prudhomme M, Mazard T, Ait-Arsa I, Houhou L, Birnbaum D, Pélegrin A, Vincent C, Ryall JG, Joubert D, Pannequin J, Hollande F. Autocrine Secretion of Progastrin Promotes the Survival and Self-Renewal of Colon Cancer Stem–like Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3618-28. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hayakawa Y, Jin G, Wang H, Chen X, Westphalen CB, Asfaha S, Renz BW, Ariyama H, Dubeykovskaya ZA, Takemoto Y, Lee Y, Muley A, Tailor Y, Chen D, Muthupalani S, Fox JG, Shulkes A, Worthley DL, Takaishi S, Wang TC. CCK2R identifies and regulates gastric antral stem cell states and carcinogenesis. Gut 2015; 64:544-53. [PMID: 24951258 PMCID: PMC4627594 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progastrin is the incompletely cleaved precursor of gastrin that is secreted by G-cells in the gastric antrum. Both gastrin and progastrin bind to the CCK2 receptor (Cckbr or CCK2R) expressed on a subset of gastric epithelial cells. Little is known about how gastrin peptides and CCK2R regulate gastric stem cells and carcinogenesis. Interconversion among progenitors in the intestine is documented, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly defined. DESIGN We generated CCK2R-CreERT mice and performed inducible lineage tracing experiments. CCK2R+ antral cells and Lgr5+ antral stem cells were cultured in a three-dimensional in vitro system. We crossed progastrin-overexpressing mice with Lgr5-GFP-CreERT mice and examined the role of progastrin and CCK2R in Lgr5+ stem cells during MNU-induced carcinogenesis. RESULTS Through lineage tracing experiments, we found that CCK2R defines antral stem cells at position +4, which overlapped with an Lgr5(neg or low) cell population but was distinct from typical antral Lgr5(high) stem cells. Treatment with progastrin interconverts Lgr5(neg or low) CCK2R+ cells into Lgr5(high) cells, increases CCK2R+ cell numbers and promotes gland fission and carcinogenesis in response to the chemical carcinogen MNU. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of CCK2R attenuated progastrin-dependent stem cell expansion and carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS CCK2R labels +4 antral stem cells that can be activated and expanded by progastrin, thus identifying one hormonal trigger for gastric stem cell interconversion and a potential target for gastric cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ariyama
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zinaida A Dubeykovskaya
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Takemoto
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yoomi Lee
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashlesha Muley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shigeo Takaishi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Li J, Tian F, Li D, Chen J, Jiang P, Zheng S, Li X, Wang S. MiR-605 represses PSMD10/Gankyrin and inhibits intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell progression. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3491-500. [PMID: 25131931 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant expression of PSMD10 has important functions in various malignancies. This study showed that PSMD10 was highly expressed and inversely correlated with the expression of miR-605 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) specimens. MiR-605 directly targeted and repressed PSMD10 expression. In addition, over-expression of miR-605 inhibited ICC cell progression both in vitro and in vivo. This effect of miR-605 on ICC cells was similar to that of PSMD10 knock-down by RNAi. Moreover, restoration of PSMD10 could reverse the phenotypic alteration caused by miR-605 in ICC cells. These results suggest a new therapeutic strategy in ICC by restoring miR-605, which is regulated by p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dajiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Abstract
The existence of the hormone gastrin in the distal stomach (antrum) has been known for almost 110 years, and the physiological function of this amidated peptide in regulating gastric acid secretion via the CCK2 receptor is now well established. In this brief review we consider important additional roles of gastrin, including regulation of genes encoding proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitors and matrix metalloproteinases that have important actions on extracellular matrix remodelling. These actions are, at least in part, effected by paracrine signalling pathways and make important contributions to maintaining functional integrity of the gastric epithelium. Recent studies also provide support for the idea that gastrin, in concert with other hormones, could potentially contribute a post-prandial incretin effect. We also review recent developments in the biology of other gastrin gene products, including the precursor progastrin, which causes proliferation of the colonic epithelium and in certain circumstances may induce cancer formation. Glycine-extended biosynthetic processing intermediates also have proliferative effects in colonic mucosa and in some oesophageal cancer cell lines. Whether these additional gene products exert their effects through the CCK2 receptor or a separate entity is currently a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Dimaline
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Jin G, Westphalen CB, Hayakawa Y, Worthley DL, Asfaha S, Yang X, Chen X, Si Y, Wang H, Tailor Y, Friedman RA, Wang TC. Progastrin stimulates colonic cell proliferation via CCK2R- and β-arrestin-dependent suppression of BMP2. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:820-30.e10. [PMID: 23891976 PMCID: PMC3829714 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Progastrin stimulates colonic mucosal proliferation and carcinogenesis through the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R)-partly by increasing the number of colonic progenitor cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which progastrin stimulates colonic cell proliferation. We investigated the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in progastrin induction of colonic cell proliferation via CCK2R. METHODS We performed microarray analysis to compare changes in gene expression in the colonic mucosa of mice that express a human progastrin transgene, gastrin knockout mice, and C57BL/6 mice (controls); the effects of progastrin were also determined on in vitro colonic crypt cultures from cholecystokinin 2 receptor knockout and wild-type mice. Human colorectal and gastric cancer cells that expressed CCK2R were incubated with progastrin or Bmp2; levels of β-arrestin 1 and 2 were knocked down using small interfering RNAs. Cells were analyzed for progastrin binding, proliferation, changes in gene expression, and symmetric cell division. RESULTS The BMP pathway was down-regulated in the colons of human progastrin mice compared with controls. Progastrin suppressed transcription of Bmp2 through a pathway that required CCK2R and was mediated by β-arrestin 1 and 2. In mouse colonic epithelial cells, down-regulation of Bmp2 led to decreased phosphorylation of Smads1/5/8 and suppression of inhibitor of DNA binding 4. In human gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines, CCK2R was necessary and sufficient for progastrin binding and induction of proliferation; these effects were blocked when cells were incubated with recombinant Bmp2. Incubation with progastrin increased the number of CD44(+), bromodeoxyuridine+, and NUMB(+) cells, indicating an increase in symmetric divisions of putative cancer stem cells. CONCLUSIONS Progastrin stimulates proliferation in colons of mice and cultured human cells via CCK2R- and β-arrestin 1 and 2-dependent suppression of Bmp2 signaling. This process promotes symmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - C. Benedikt Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel L. Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yiling Si
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard A. Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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DUCKWORTH CARRIEA, CLYDE DANIEL, WORTHLEY DANIELL, WANG TIMOTHYC, VARRO ANDREA, PRITCHARD DMARK. Progastrin-induced secretion of insulin-like growth factor 2 from colonic myofibroblasts stimulates colonic epithelial proliferation in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:197-208.e3. [PMID: 23523669 PMCID: PMC4087195 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Many colon cancers produce the hormone progastrin, which signals via autocrine and paracrine pathways to promote tumor growth. Transgenic mice that produce high circulating levels of progastrin (hGAS) have increased proliferation of colonic epithelial cells and are more susceptible to colon carcinogenesis than control mice. We investigated whether progastrin affects signaling between colonic epithelial and myofibroblast compartments to regulate tissue homeostasis and cancer susceptibility. METHODS Colonic myofibroblast numbers were assessed in hGAS and C57BL/6 mice by immunohistochemistry. Human CCD18Co myofibroblasts were incubated with recombinant human progastrin (rhPG)(1-80) for 18 hours, and proliferation was assessed in the presence of pharmacologic inhibitors. The proliferation of human HT29 colonic epithelial cells was assessed after addition of conditioned media from CCD18Co cells incubated with progastrin. The effects of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor antagonist AG1024 were investigated in cultured HT29 cells and on the colonic epithelium of hGAS mice compared with mice that did not express transgenic progastrin (controls). RESULTS The colonic mucosa of hGAS mice contained greater numbers of myofibroblasts that expressed α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin than controls. Incubation of CCD18Co myofibroblasts with 0.1 nmol/L rhPG(1-80) increased their proliferation, which required activation of protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. CCD18Co cells secreted IGF-II in response to rhPG(1-80), and conditioned media from CCD18Co cells that had been incubated with rhPG(1-80) increased the proliferation of HT29 cells. The colonic epithelial phenotype of hGAS mice (crypt hyperplasia, increased proliferation, and altered proportions of goblet and enteroendocrine cells) was inhibited by AG1024. CONCLUSIONS Progastrin stimulates colonic myofibroblasts to release IGF-II, which increases proliferation of colonic epithelial cells. Progastrin might therefore alter colonic epithelial cells via indirect mechanisms to promote neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- CARRIE A. DUCKWORTH
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - DANIEL CLYDE
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - DANIEL L. WORTHLEY
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - TIMOTHY C. WANG
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - ANDREA VARRO
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
| | - D. MARK PRITCHARD
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England
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Karim BO, Huso DL. Mouse models for colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:240-50. [PMID: 23841024 PMCID: PMC3696531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with the number of affected people increasing. There are many risk factors that increase CRC risk, including family or personal history of CRC, smoking, consumption of red meat, obesity, and alcohol consumption. Conversely, increased screening, maintaining healthy body weight, not smoking, and limiting intake of red meat are all associated with reduced CRC morbidity and mortality. Mouse models of CRC were first used in 1928 and have played an important role in understanding CRC biology and treatment and have long been instrumental in clarifying the pathobiology of CRC formation and inhibition. This review focuses on advancements in modeling CRC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baktiar O Karim
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Santaolalla R, Sussman DA, Ruiz JR, Davies JM, Pastorini C, España CL, Sotolongo J, Burlingame O, Bejarano PA, Philip S, Ahmed MM, Ko J, Dirisina R, Barrett TA, Shang L, Lira SA, Fukata M, Abreu MT. TLR4 activates the β-catenin pathway to cause intestinal neoplasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63298. [PMID: 23691015 PMCID: PMC3653932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonic bacteria have been implicated in the development of colon cancer. We have previously demonstrated that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the receptor for bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is over-expressed in humans with colitis-associated cancer. Genetic epidemiologic data support a role for TLR4 in sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) as well, with over-expression favoring more aggressive disease. The goal of our study was to determine whether TLR4 played a role as a tumor promoter in sporadic colon cancer. Using immunofluorescence directed to TLR4, we found that a third of sporadic human colorectal cancers over-express this marker. To mechanistically investigate this observation, we used a mouse model that over-expresses TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium (villin-TLR4 mice). We found that these transgenic mice had increased epithelial proliferation as measured by BrdU labeling, longer colonic crypts and an expansion of Lgr5+ crypt cells at baseline. In addition, villin-TLR4 mice developed spontaneous duodenal dysplasia with age, a feature that is not seen in any wild-type (WT) mice. To model human sporadic CRC, we administered the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) to villin-TLR4 and WT mice. We found that villin-TLR4 mice showed an increased number of colonic tumors compared to WT mice as well as increased β-catenin activation in non-dysplastic areas. Biochemical studies in colonic epithelial cell lines revealed that TLR4 activates β-catenin in a PI3K-dependent manner, increasing phosphorylation of β-catenin(Ser552), a phenomenon associated with activation of the canonical Wnt pathway. Our results suggest that TLR4 can trigger a neoplastic program through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our studies highlight a previously unexplored link between innate immune signaling and activation of oncogenic pathways, which may be targeted to prevent or treat CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Santaolalla
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Sussman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Ruiz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Davies
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cristhine Pastorini
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cecilia L. España
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - John Sotolongo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Oname Burlingame
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pablo A. Bejarano
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sakhi Philip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mansoor M. Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Ko
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ramanarao Dirisina
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Terrence A. Barrett
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Limin Shang
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sergio A. Lira
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Masayuki Fukata
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maria T. Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25:99-104. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32835c1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Singh P, Sarkar S, Kantara C, Maxwell C. Progastrin Peptides Increase the Risk of Developing Colonic Tumors: Impact on Colonic Stem Cells. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2012; 8:277-289. [PMID: 23226720 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF, aberrant-crypt-foci; Hp, hyperplastic/dysplastic polyps) are believed to be precursors of sporadic colorectal-tumors (Ad, adenomas; AdCA, adenocarcinomas). ACF/Hp likely originate due to abnormal growth of colonic-crypts in response to aberrant queues in the microenvironment of colonic-crypts. Thus identifying factors which regulate homeostatic vs aberrant proliferation/apoptosis of colonocytes, especially stem/progenitor cells, may lead to effective preventative/treatment strategies. Based on this philosophy, role of growth-factors/peptide-hormones, potentially available in the circulation/microenvironment of colonic-crypts is being examined extensively. Since the time gastrins were discovered as trophic (growth) factors for gastrointestinal-cells, the effect of gastrins on the growth of normal/cancer cells has been investigated, leading to many discoveries. Seminal discoveries made in the area of gastrins and colon-cancer, as it relates to molecular pathways associated with formation of colonic tumors will be reviewed, and possible impact on diagnostic/preventative/treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pomila Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston TX 77555
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