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Gelman IH. Metastasis suppressor genes in clinical practice: are they druggable? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1169-1188. [PMID: 37749308 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of NM23 (now called NME1) as the first metastasis suppressor gene (MSG), a small number of other gene products and non-coding RNAs have been identified that suppress specific parameters of the metastatic cascade, yet which have little or no ability to regulate primary tumor initiation or maintenance. MSG can regulate various pathways or cell biological functions such as those controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediators, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein adhesion, cytoskeletal architecture, G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, and transcriptional complexes. One defining facet of this gene class is that their expression is typically downregulated, not mutated, in metastasis, such that any effective therapeutic intervention would involve their re-expression. This review will address the therapeutic targeting of MSG, once thought to be a daunting task only facilitated by ectopically re-expressing MSG in metastatic cells in vivo. Examples will be cited of attempts to identify actionable oncogenic pathways that might suppress the formation or progression of metastases through the re-expression of specific metastasis suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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2
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Cessna H, Baritaki S, Zaravinos A, Bonavida B. The Role of RKIP in the Regulation of EMT in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194596. [PMID: 36230521 PMCID: PMC9559516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) expression in cancer cells is significantly reduced and promoting cancer cells growth and invasiveness. Overexpresssion of RKIP has been reported to mediate pleiotropic anti-cancer activities including the inhibition of survival signaling pathways, sensitization to cell death by cytotoxic drugs, inhibition of invasion, EMT and metastasis. The molecular mechanism by which RKIP inhibits EMT is not clear. In this review, we have examined how RKIP inhibits the selected EMT gene products (Snail, vimentin, N-cadherin, laminin alpha) and found that it involves signaling cross-talks between RKIP and each of the EMT gene products. These findings were validated by bioinformatic analyses demonstrating in various human cancers a negative correlation between the expression of RKIP and the expression of the EMT gene products. These findings suggest that targeting RKIP induction in cancer cells will result in multiple hits by inhibiting tumor growth, metastasis and reversal of chemo-immuno resistance. Abstract The Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) is a unique gene product that directly inhibits the Raf/Mek/Erk and NF-kB pathways in cancer cells and resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation, viability, EMT, and metastasis. Additionally, RKIP is involved in the regulation of cancer cell resistance to both chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The low expression of RKIP expression in many cancer types is responsible, in part, for the pathogenesis of cancer and its multiple properties. The inhibition of EMT and metastasis by RKIP led to its classification as a tumor suppressor. However, the mechanism by which RKIP mediates its inhibitory effects on EMT and metastases was not clear. We have proposed that one mechanism involves the negative regulation by RKIP of the expression of various gene products that mediate the mesenchymal phenotype as well as the positive regulation of gene products that mediate the epithelial phenotype via signaling cross talks between RKIP and each gene product. We examined several EMT mesenchymal gene products such as Snail, vimentin, N-cadherin, laminin and EPCAM and epithelial gene products such as E-cadherin and laminin. We have found that indeed these negative and positive correlations were detected in the signaling cross-talks. In addition, we have also examined bioinformatic data sets on different human cancers and the findings corroborated, in large part, the findings observed in the signaling cross-talks with few exceptions in some cancer types. The overall findings support the underlying mechanism by which the tumor suppressor RKIP regulates the expression of gene products involved in EMT and metastasis. Hence, the development of agent that can selectively induce RKIP expression in cancers with low expressions should result in the activation of the pleiotropic anti-cancer activities of RKIP and resulting in multiple effects including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, EMT, metastasis and sensitization of resistant tumor cells to respond to both chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Cessna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stavroula Baritaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Division of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Zaravinos
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
- Basic and Translational Cancer Research Center (BTCRC), Cancer Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Nicosia 1516, Cyprus
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
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Giovanini G, Barros LRC, Gama LR, Tortelli TC, Ramos AF. A Stochastic Binary Model for the Regulation of Gene Expression to Investigate Responses to Gene Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030633. [PMID: 35158901 PMCID: PMC8833822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gene editing technologies reached a turning point toward epigenetic modulation for cancer treatment. Gene networks are complex systems composed of multiple non-trivially coupled elements capable of reliably processing dynamical information from the environment despite unavoidable randomness. However, this functionality is lost when the cells are in a diseased state. Hence, gene-editing-based therapeutic design can be viewed as a gene network dynamics modulation toward a healthy state. Enhancement of this control relies on mathematical models capable of effectively describing the regulation of stochastic gene expression. We use a two-state stochastic model for gene expression to investigate treatment response with a switching target gene. We show the necessity of modulating multiple gene-expression-related processes to reach a heterogeneity-reduced specific response using epigenetic-targeting cancer treatment designs. Our approach can be used as an additional tool for developing epigenetic-targeting treatments. Abstract In this manuscript, we use an exactly solvable stochastic binary model for the regulation of gene expression to analyze the dynamics of response to a treatment aiming to modulate the number of transcripts of a master regulatory switching gene. The challenge is to combine multiple processes with different time scales to control the treatment response by a switching gene in an unavoidable noisy environment. To establish biologically relevant timescales for the parameters of the model, we select the RKIP gene and two non-specific drugs already known for changing RKIP levels in cancer cells. We demonstrate the usefulness of our method simulating three treatment scenarios aiming to reestablish RKIP gene expression dynamics toward a pre-cancerous state: (1) to increase the promoter’s ON state duration; (2) to increase the mRNAs’ synthesis rate; and (3) to increase both rates. We show that the pre-treatment kinetic rates of ON and OFF promoter switching speeds and mRNA synthesis and degradation will affect the heterogeneity and time for treatment response. Hence, we present a strategy for reaching increased average mRNA levels with diminished heterogeneity while reducing drug dosage by simultaneously targeting multiple kinetic rates that effectively represent the chemical processes underlying the regulation of gene expression. The decrease in heterogeneity of treatment response by a target gene helps to lower the chances of emergence of resistance. Our approach may be useful for inferring kinetic constants related to the expression of antimetastatic genes or oncogenes and for the design of multi-drug therapeutic strategies targeting the processes underpinning the expression of master regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Giovanini
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Luciana R. C. Barros
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (L.R.C.B.); (L.R.G.); (T.C.T.J.)
| | - Leonardo R. Gama
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (L.R.C.B.); (L.R.G.); (T.C.T.J.)
| | | | - Alexandre F. Ramos
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo 03828-000, SP, Brazil;
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 251, São Paulo 01246-000, SP, Brazil; (L.R.C.B.); (L.R.G.); (T.C.T.J.)
- Correspondence:
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RKIP Pleiotropic Activities in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases: Role in Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246247. [PMID: 34944867 PMCID: PMC8699197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human body consists of tissues and organs formed by cells. In each cell there is a switch that allows the cell to divide or not. In contrast, cancer cells have their switch on which allow them to divide and invade other sites leading to death. Over two decades ago, Doctor Kam Yeung, University of Toledo, Ohio, has identified a factor (RKIP) that is responsible for the on/off switch which functions normally in healthy tissues but is inactive or absent in cancers. Since this early discovery, many additional properties have been ascribed to RKIP including its role in inhibiting cancer metastasis and resistance to therapeutics and its role in modulating the normal immune response. This review describes all of the above functions of RKIP and suggesting therapeutics to induce RKIP in cancers to inhibit their growth and metastases as well as inhibit its activity to treat non-cancerous inflammatory diseases. Abstract Several gene products play pivotal roles in the induction of inflammation and the progression of cancer. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a cytosolic protein that exerts pleiotropic activities in such conditions, and thus regulates oncogenesis and immune-mediated diseases through its deregulation. Herein, we review the general properties of RKIP, including its: (i) molecular structure; (ii) involvement in various cell signaling pathways (i.e., inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway; the NF-kB pathway; GRK-2 or the STAT-3 pathway; as well as regulation of the GSK3Beta signaling; and the spindle checkpoints); (iii) regulation of RKIP expression; (iv) expression’s effects on oncogenesis; (v) role in the regulation of the immune system to diseases (i.e., RKIP regulation of T cell functions; the secretion of cytokines and immune mediators, apoptosis, immune check point inhibitors and RKIP involvement in inflammatory diseases); and (vi) bioinformatic analysis between normal and malignant tissues, as well as across various immune-related cells. Overall, the regulation of RKIP in different cancers and inflammatory diseases suggest that it can be used as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of these diseases.
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RAF Kinase Inhibitor Protein in Myeloid Leukemogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225756. [PMID: 31744053 PMCID: PMC6888401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is an essential regulator of intracellular signaling. A somatic loss of RKIP expression is a frequent event in solid human cancers, and a role of RKIP as metastasis-suppressor is widely accepted nowadays. Recently, RKIP loss has been described in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a series of other myeloid neoplasias (MNs). Functional in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that RKIP is an essential player within the development of these liquid tumors; however, the respective role of RKIP seems to be complex and multi-faceted. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about RKIP in myeloid leukemogenesis. We will initially describe its involvement in physiologic hematopoiesis, and will then proceed to discuss its role in the development of AML and other MNs. Finally, we will discuss potential therapeutic implications arising thereof.
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Man RJ, Zhang YL, Jiang AQ, Zhu HL. A patent review of RAF kinase inhibitors (2010–2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:675-688. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1651842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Jun Man
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Qin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Li J, Qi Z, Hu YP, Wang YX. Possible biomarkers for predicting lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:544-556. [PMID: 30616477 PMCID: PMC6381495 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518819606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common form of cancer worldwide, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major type of esophageal cancer that arises from epithelial cells of the esophagus. Local lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a typical sign of failure for ESCC clinical treatments, and a link has been established between LNM and the aberrant expression of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize what is known about nine factors significantly associated with LNM in ESCC patients: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mucin 1, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8), Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein, stathmin (STMN1), metastasis-associated protein 1, caveolin-1, and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3. The function of these nine proteins involves four major mechanisms: tumor cell proliferation, tumor cell migration and invasion, epithelium–mesenchymal transition, and chemosensitivity. The roles of PTEN, STMN1, and TNFAIP8 involve at least two of these mechanisms, and we suggest that they are possible biomarkers for predicting LNM in ESCC. However, further retrospective research into PTEN, STMN1, and TNFAIP8 is needed to test their possibilities as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Qi
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Ping Hu
- 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- 1 Department of Radiotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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Yesilkanal AE, Rosner MR. Targeting Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein Regulation and Function. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090306. [PMID: 30181452 PMCID: PMC6162369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Raf Kinase Inhibitory Protein (RKIP) is a highly conserved kinase inhibitor that functions as a metastasis suppressor in a variety of cancers. Since RKIP can reprogram tumor cells to a non-metastatic state by rewiring kinase networks, elucidating the mechanism by which RKIP acts not only reveals molecular mechanisms that regulate metastasis, but also represents an opportunity to target these signaling networks therapeutically. Although RKIP is often lost during metastatic progression, the mechanism by which this occurs in tumor cells is complex and not well understood. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of RKIP regulation in tumors and consider experimental and computational strategies for recovering or mimicking its function by targeting mediators of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ekrem Yesilkanal
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Marsha Rich Rosner
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Reduced RKIP Expression is Associated With Breast Neoplastic Progression and is Correlated With Poor Outcomes and Aberrant Methylation in Breast Carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 25:467-474. [PMID: 26894644 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitor protein's (RKIP) downregulation can predict poor outcome in patients with various types of malignancy. In this study, we aimed to assess the potential involvement of RKIP in breast carcinogenesis and to evaluate its association with outcome variables and aberrant promoter methylation in breast carcinoma (BC). Tissue microarray sections were immunostained for RKIP in 26 normal breasts, 25 usual ductal hyperplasia, 76 ductal carcinoma in situ, and 198 BC specimens. The methylation status of RKIP was also determined in BC. In addition, the mRNA and protein level of RKIP was analyzed in 8 pairs of BC tissues and surrounding normal tissues by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. RKIP mRNA and protein expression was significantly downregulated in BC tissues compared with the surrounding normal tissues (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Reduced RKIP expression seemed to increase progressively from normal breast to BC (P<0.001). Reduced RKIP expression was significantly associated with metastatic relapse (P<0.001) and was identified as an independent adverse prognostic indicator for disease-free survival (P=0.003). Reduced RKIP expression in BC was significantly correlated with its aberrant promoter methylation (P<0.05). In conclusion, downregulation of RKIP plays an important role in the breast neoplastic progression and correlates with poor prognosis in patients with BC. Aberrant RKIP methylation is one of the mechanisms that lead to downregulation of RKIP in BC.
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Lee S, Wottrich S, Bonavida B. Crosstalks between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2, Nanog). Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692253. [PMID: 28378634 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf-kinase inhibitor protein has been reported to inhibit both the Raf/mitogen extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain of activated B cells pathways. It has also been reported in cancers that Raf-kinase inhibitor protein behaves as a metastatic suppressor as well as a chemo-immunosensitizing factor to drug/immune-mediated apoptosis. The majority of cancers exhibit low or no levels of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Hence, the activities of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein contrast, in part, to those mediated by several cancer stem cell transcription factors for their roles in resistance and metastasis. In this review, the existence of crosstalks in the signaling pathways between Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and several cancer stem cell transcription factors (Oct4, KLF4, Sox2 and Nanog) was assembled. Oct4 is induced by Lin28, and Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits the microRNA binding protein Lin28. The expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inversely correlates with the expression of Oct4. KLF4 does not interact directly with Raf-kinase inhibitor protein, but rather interacts indirectly via Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's regulation of the Oct4/Sox2/KLF4 complex through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The mechanism by which Raf-kinase inhibitor protein inhibits Sox2 is via the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein. Thus, Raf-kinase inhibitor protein's relationship with Sox2 is via its regulation of Oct4. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the upregulation of Nanog. The inhibition of Oct4 by Raf-kinase inhibitor protein results in the failure of the heterodimer formation of Oct4 and Sox2 that is necessary to bind to the Nanog promoter for the transcription of Nanog. The findings revealed that there exists a direct correlation between the expression of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein and the expression of each of the above transcription factors. Based on these analyses, we suggest that the expression level of Raf-kinase inhibitor protein may be involved in the regulation of the cancer stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- SoHyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Wottrich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li DX, Cai HY, Wang X, Feng YL, Cai SW. Promoter methylation of Raf kinase inhibitory protein: A significant prognostic indicator for patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:844-850. [PMID: 25120612 PMCID: PMC4113522 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation has an important role in the development of carcinomas. As a metastasis suppressor gene, Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) suppresses tumor cell invasion and metastasis. In the present study, the associations between RKIP protein expression and promoter methylation with clinicopathological parameters, prognosis and survival rates in gastric adenocarcinoma were investigated. RKIP protein expression and promoter methylation were measured in 135 cases of surgically resected gastric adenocarcinoma specimens and corresponding normal tissues using immunohistochemistry and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to analyze the patient survival rate. Prognostic factors were determined using multivariate Cox analysis. RKIP promoter methylation was detected in 48.9% of gastric carcinoma tissues and 5.17% of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). RKIP protein expression was detected in 43.0% of gastric carcinoma tissues and 91.1% of adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The protein expression levels and promoter methylation of RKIP were shown to correlate with pathological staging, Union for International Cancer Control-stage, tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). In addition, the protein expression of RKIP in gastric carcinomas was demonstrated to be associated with promoter methylation of RKIP. Survival analysis of gastric carcinoma patients revealed that promoter methylation in RKIP-positive tumors correlated with a significantly shorter survival time when compared with RKIP-negative tumors (P=0.0002, using the log-rank test). Using multivariate Cox analysis, promoter methylation of RKIP was shown to be an independent prognostic factor (P=0.033). These results indicated that abnormal promoter methylation of RKIP may be one cause of downregulated RKIP expression. Downregulation of RKIP expression was shown to correlate with the incidence and development of gastric carcinomas. Thus, abnormal promoter methylation of RKIP may be a valuable biomarker for estimating gastric carcinoma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xia Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Feng
- Department of Pathology, Public Health Clinical Center of Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Song-Wang Cai
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Guo W, Cui L, Wang C, Guo Y, Shen S, Kuang G, Dong Z. Decreased expression of RASSF1A and up-regulation of RASSF1C is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:521-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS, Taqi Z, Yeung KC. RKIP: much more than Raf kinase inhibitory protein. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1688-702. [PMID: 23359513 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From its discovery as a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein in bovine brain to its designation as a physiological inhibitor of Raf kinase protein, RKIP has emerged as a critical molecule for maintaining subdued, well-orchestrated cellular responses to stimuli. The disruption of RKIP in a wide range of pathologies, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and pancreatitis, makes it an exciting target for individualized therapy and disease-specific interventions. This review attempts to highlight recent advances in the RKIP field underscoring its potential role as a master modulator of many pivotal intracellular signaling cascades that control cellular growth, motility, apoptosis, genomic integrity, and therapeutic resistance. Specific biological and functional niches are highlighted to focus future research towards an enhanced understanding of the multiple roles of RKIP in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University Health Sciences Centre, Safat, Kuwait.
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