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Lim ASP. Diurnal and seasonal molecular rhythms in the human brain and their relation to Alzheimer disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:271-284. [PMID: 34225968 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal rhythms influence many aspects of human physiology including brain function. Moreover, altered diurnal and seasonal behavioral and physiological rhythms have been linked to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Understanding the molecular basis for these links may lead to identification of novel targets to mitigate the negative impact of normal and abnormal diurnal and seasonal rhythms on ADRD or to alleviate the adverse consequences of ADRD on normal diurnal and seasonal rhythms. Diurnally and seasonally rhythmic gene expression and epigenetic modification in the human neocortex may be a key mechanism underlying these links. This chapter will first review the observed epidemiological links between normal and abnormal diurnal and seasonal rhythmicity, cognitive impairment, and ADRD. Then it will review normal diurnal and seasonal rhythms of brain epigenetic modification and gene expression in model organisms. Finally, it will review evidence for diurnal and seasonal rhythms of epigenetic modification and gene expression the human brain in aging, Alzheimer's disease, and other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S P Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Bessot N, Polyte R, Quesney M, Bulla J, Gauthier A. Diurnal gait fluctuations in single- and dual- task conditions. Chronobiol Int 2020; 37:836-844. [PMID: 32664758 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1773493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gait is one of the most basic movements, and walking activity accomplished in dual task conditions realistically represents daily life mobility. Much is known about diurnal variations of gait components such as muscle power, postural control, and attention. However, paradoxically only little is known about gait itself. The aim of this study was to analyze whether gait parameters show time-of-day fluctuation in simple and dual task conditions. Sixteen young subjects performed sessions at five specific hours (06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00 and 22:00 h), performing a single (walking or counting) and a dual (walking and counting) task. When performing gait in dual task conditions, an additional cognitive task had to be carried out. More precisely, the participants had to count backwards from a two-digit random number by increments of three while walking. Spatio-temporal gait parameters and counting performance data were recorded for analysis. Walking speed significantly decreased, while stride length variability increased when the task condition switched from single to dual. In the single-task condition, diurnal variations were observed in both walking speed and counting speed. Walking speed was higher in the afternoon and in the evening (14:00 and 22:00 h) and lower in the morning (10:00 h). Counting speed was maximum at 10:00 and 14:00 h and minimum at 18:00 h. Nevertheless, no significant diurnal fluctuation was substanytiated in the dual task condition. These results confirm the existing literature about changes in gait between single and dual task conditions. A diurnal pattern of single-task gait could also be highlighted. Moreover, this study suggests that diurnal variations faded in complex dual task gait, when the cognitive load nearly reached its maximum. These findings might be used to reduce the risk for falls, especially of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bessot
- UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, Normandie University , Caen, France
| | - R Polyte
- UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, Normandie University , Caen, France
| | - M Quesney
- UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, Normandie University , Caen, France
| | - J Bulla
- Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg , Regensburg
| | - A Gauthier
- UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, Normandie University , Caen, France
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Sumińska S, Nowak K, Łukomska B, Cygan HB. Cognitive functions of shift workers: paramedics and firefighters - an electroencephalography study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 27:686-697. [PMID: 32436781 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1773117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Working shifts has a negative impact on employee health and cognitive efficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of shift work on cognitive functions - attention and working memory - using both behavioural and electrophysiological measures. Methods. The study was carried out on a group of 34 shift employees (18 paramedics, 16 firefighters) and on 17 day workers. Participants performed the attention network test and the N-back task with two conditions (1-back, 2-back) while the electroencephalography signal was recorded. Results. Observations included a higher amplitude of the P200 potential in paramedics (compared to the control group), a higher amplitude of the P300 potential after work than on a day off and the lowest increase in power in the θ band after the night shift. In firefighters, lower α desynchronization and lower synchronization in the α/β band were observed after a 24-h shift. Paramedics and firefighters had longer reaction times (N-back task). Conclusions. The results suggest that paramedics experience problems with sustained attention. Paramedics process visual stimuli in a different way; after a night shift, performing the tasks required more engagement of cognitive resources. For firefighters, a decrease in visual attention functions and cognitive inhibition was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Sumińska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Kamila Nowak
- Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Poland
| | - Barbara Łukomska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Hanna B Cygan
- Bioimaging Research Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Poland
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de Boer J, Van der Bogt K, Putter H, Ooms-de Vries K, Haase-Kromwijk B, Pol R, De Jonge J, Dejong K, Nijboer M, Van der Vliet D, Braat D. Surgical quality in organ procurement during day and night: an analysis of quality forms. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022182. [PMID: 30478108 PMCID: PMC6254412 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse a potential association between surgical quality and time of day. DESIGN A retrospective analysis of complete sets of quality forms filled out by the procuring and accepting surgeon on organs from deceased donors. SETTING Procurement procedures in the Netherlands are organised per region. All procedures are performed by an independent, dedicated procurement team that is associated with an academic medical centre in the region. PARTICIPANTS In 18 months' time, 771 organs were accepted and procured in The Netherlands. Of these, 17 organs were declined before transport and therefore excluded. For the remaining 754 organs, 591 (78%) sets of forms were completed (procurement and transplantation). Baseline characteristics were comparable in both daytime and evening/night-time with the exception of height (p=0.003). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE All complete sets of quality forms were retrospectively analysed for the primary outcome, procurement-related surgical injury. Organs were categorised based on the starting time of the procurement in either daytime (8:00-17:00) or evening/night-time (17:00-8:00). RESULTS Out of 591 procured organs, 129 organs (22%) were procured during daytime and 462 organs (78%) during evening/night-time. The incidence of surgical injury was significantly lower during daytime; 22 organs (17%) compared with 126 organs (27%) procured during evening/night-time (p=0.016). This association persists when adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSIONS This study shows an increased incidence of procurement-related surgical injury in evening/night-time procedures as compared with daytime. Time of day might (in)directly influence surgical performance and should be considered a potential risk factor for injury in organ procurement procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob de Boer
- Department of Surgery, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
- Nederlandse Transplantatie Stichting, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Van der Bogt
- Department of Surgery, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands
| | - Hein Putter
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Statistical Department, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robert Pol
- Department of Surgery, Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen De Jonge
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kees Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht Universitair Medisch Centrum+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mijntje Nijboer
- Department of Surgery, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Dries Braat
- Department of Surgery, Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden, Netherlands
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Effects of total sleep deprivation on divided attention performance. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187098. [PMID: 29166387 PMCID: PMC5699793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dividing attention across two tasks performed simultaneously usually results in impaired performance on one or both tasks. Most studies have found no difference in the dual-task cost of dividing attention in rested and sleep-deprived states. We hypothesized that, for a divided attention task that is highly cognitively-demanding, performance would show greater impairment during exposure to sleep deprivation. A group of 30 healthy males aged 21-30 years was exposed to 40 h of continuous wakefulness in a laboratory setting. Every 2 h, subjects completed a divided attention task comprising 3 blocks in which an auditory Go/No-Go task was 1) performed alone (single task); 2) performed simultaneously with a visual Go/No-Go task (dual task); and 3) performed simultaneously with both a visual Go/No-Go task and a visually-guided motor tracking task (triple task). Performance on all tasks showed substantial deterioration during exposure to sleep deprivation. A significant interaction was observed between task load and time since wake on auditory Go/No-Go task performance, with greater impairment in response times and accuracy during extended wakefulness. Our results suggest that the ability to divide attention between multiple tasks is impaired during exposure to sleep deprivation. These findings have potential implications for occupations that require multi-tasking combined with long work hours and exposure to sleep loss.
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Allgöwer K, Hermsdörfer J. Fine motor skills predict performance in the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test after stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1858-1871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.07.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mechanisms of cognitive control in cadet pilots. DISASTER AND MILITARY MEDICINE 2017; 2:6. [PMID: 28265440 PMCID: PMC5330123 DOI: 10.1186/s40696-016-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Optimizing performance of aviators while minimizing risks arising from the exposure to extreme environment, both external and internal, is one of the principles guiding the Israeli Air Force. Young cadets in particular are considered an “at risk” population due to the fact that they have no experience in flight in the first stages of training and are therefore subjects for investigation. Methods In this study, we investigated the cognitive performance of young cadet pilots across different hours of the day. 39 cadets were randomly divided into 3 groups: morning, late afternoon, and late evening groups and then tested on a cognitive battery that contained both simple performance measures but also complex measures like dual-tasking and mental rotation test. Results The analysis indicated a significant effect of ‘time of day’ on the participants’ accuracy [F (2, 32) = 3.4, p < 0.05]. In a post hoc pairwise t-tests, we found a near significant (p = 0.52) increase in participants’ accuracy and a significant increase [F (2, 32) = 4.5, p < 0.05] in participants’ reaction time in the late evening group as compared to the morning group. We also found a differential effect of dual tasking on accuracy in the different daytimes [F (2, 33) = 5.6, p < 0.01]. In a post hoc analysis, we found that accuracy in the 1-back task deteriorates from single task condition to the dual task condition only in the morning group (p < 0.05), but not in the late evening or late-afternoon group. Conclusions This ‘trade-off’ behavior, slowing down in order to perform better, in the late evening group may be a result of a voluntary control mechanism (top-down processes) activated at night, in this group. The combination of feeling fatigue, along with the understanding that complex tasks are more resource consuming, caused the cadets to check and double-check before answering, whereas in the morning group, they felt alert and vital, and acted more reactively, ended in an impulsive manner that caused to inaccurate performance.
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Pedão ST, Aguiar SA, Cunha BP, de Freitas PB. Grip and load force control and coordination in object manipulation during a night of sleep deprivation. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/sbr.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tiago Pedão
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science; Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Cruzeiro do Sul University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Stefane Aline Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science; Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Cruzeiro do Sul University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Bianca Pinto Cunha
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science; Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Cruzeiro do Sul University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo Barbosa de Freitas
- Graduate Program in Human Movement Science; Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences; Cruzeiro do Sul University; São Paulo Brazil
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Hölzle P, Tatarau C, Hermsdörfer J. Visually guided tracking on a handheld device: can it be used to measure visuomotor skill in shift workers? HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:1296-1306. [PMID: 25490809 DOI: 10.1177/0018720814528005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We introduced a new visually controlled tracking task that can be assessed on a handheld device in shift workers to evaluate time-of-day dependent modulations in visuomotor performance. BACKGROUND Tracking tasks have been used to predict performance fluctuations depending on time of day mainly under laboratory conditions. One challenge to an extended use at the actual working site is the complex and fixed test setup consisting of a test unit, a monitor, and a manipulation object, such as a joystick. METHOD Participants followed an unpredictably moving target on the screen of a handheld device with an attachable stylus. A total of 11 shift workers (age range: 20-59, mean: 33.64, standard deviation: 10.56) were tested in the morning, the evening, and the night shift in 2-hr intervals with the tracking task and indicated their fatigue levels on visual analogue scales. We evaluated tracking precision by calculating the mean spatial deviation from the target for each session. RESULTS Tracking precision was significantly influenced by the interaction between shift and session, suggesting a clear time-of-day effect of visuomotor performance under real-life conditions. Tracking performance declined during early-morning hours whereas fatigue ratings increased. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that our setup is suitable to detect time-of-day dependent performance changes in visually guided tracking. APPLICATION Our task could be used to evaluate fluctuations in visuomotor coordination, a skill that is decisive in various production steps at the actual working place to assess productivity.
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Martinez-Nicolas A, Ortiz-Tudela E, Rol MA, Madrid JA. Uncovering different masking factors on wrist skin temperature rhythm in free-living subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61142. [PMID: 23577201 PMCID: PMC3618177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most circadian rhythms are controlled by a major pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Some of these rhythms, called marker rhythms, serve to characterize the timing of the internal temporal order. However, these variables are susceptible to masking effects as the result of activity, body position, light exposure, environmental temperature and sleep. Recently, wrist skin temperature (WT) has been proposed as a new index for evaluating circadian system status. In light of previous evidence suggesting the important relationship between WT and core body temperature regulation, the aim of this work was to purify the WT pattern in order to obtain its endogenous rhythm with the application of multiple demasking procedures. To this end, 103 subjects (18–24 years old) were recruited and their WT, activity, body position, light exposure, environmental temperature and sleep were recorded under free-living conditions for 1 week. WT demasking by categories or intercepts was applied to simulate a “constant routine” protocol (awakening, dim light, recumbent position, low activity and warm environmental temperature). Although the overall circadian pattern of WT was similar regardless of the masking effects, its amplitude was the rhythmic parameter most affected by environmental conditions. The acrophase and mesor were determined to be the most robust parameters for characterizing this rhythm. In addition, a circadian modulation of the masking effect was found for each masking variable. WT rhythm exhibits a strong endogenous component, despite the existence of multiple external influences. This was evidenced by simultaneously eliminating the influence of activity, body position, light exposure, environmental temperature and sleep. We therefore propose that it could be considered a valuable and minimally-invasive means of recording circadian physiology in ambulatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martinez-Nicolas
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisabet Ortiz-Tudela
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Rol
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Juan Antonio Madrid
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Haus E, Fabbian F. Relevance of Chronobiology to the Research and Clinical Practice of Neurorehabilitation. Sleep Med Clin 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bratzke D, Steinborn MB, Rolke B, Ulrich R. Effects of sleep loss and circadian rhythm on executive inhibitory control in the Stroop and Simon tasks. Chronobiol Int 2012; 29:55-61. [PMID: 22217101 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.635235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the influence of sleep loss and circadian rhythm on executive inhibitory control (i.e., the ability to inhibit conflicting response tendencies due to irrelevant information). Twelve ordinarily diurnally active, healthy young male participants performed the Stroop and the Simon task every 3 h in a 40-h constant routine protocol that comprised constant wakefulness under controlled behavioral and environmental conditions. In both tasks, overall performance showed clear circadian rhythm and sleep-loss effects. However, both Stroop and Simon interference remained unchanged across the 40 h of wakefulness, suggesting that neither cumulative sleep loss nor the circadian clock affects executive inhibitory control. The present findings challenge the widely held view that executive functions are especially vulnerable to the influence of sleep loss and circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Brousse E, Forget C, Riedel M, Marlot M, Mechkouri M, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y, Reinberg A. 24-hour Pattern in Lag Time of Response by Firemen to Calls for Urgent Medical Aid. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28:275-81. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2010.542567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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