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Levy K, Barnea A, Ayali A. Exposure to a nocturnal light pulse simultaneously and differentially affects stridulation and locomotion behaviors in crickets. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1151570. [PMID: 37008009 PMCID: PMC10061070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1151570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is crucial for living organisms to be in synchrony with their environment and to anticipate circadian and annual changes. The circadian clock is responsible for entraining organisms’ activity to the day-night rhythmicity. Artificial light at night (ALAN) was shown to obstruct the natural light cycle, leading to desynchronized behavioral patterns. Our knowledge of the mechanisms behind these adverse effects of ALAN, however, is far from complete. Here we monitored the stridulation and locomotion behavior of male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), raised under light:dark conditions, before, during, and after exposure to a nocturnal 3-h pulse of different ALAN intensities. The experimental insects were then placed under a constant light regime (of different intensities); their behavior was continuously monitored; and the period of their daily activity rhythms was calculated. The light pulse treatment induced a simultaneous negative (suppressing stridulation) and positive (inducing locomotion) effect, manifested in significant changes in the average level of the specific activity on the night of the pulse compared to the preceding and the following nights. The transition to constant light conditions led to significant changes in the period of the circadian rhythms. Both effects were light-intensity-dependent, indicating the importance of dark nights for both individual and population synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Levy
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Barnea
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra’anana, Israel
| | - Amir Ayali
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Amir Ayali,
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2
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Perea-Rodríguez JP, Corley MK, de la Iglesia H, Fernandez-Duque E. Thermoenergetic challenges and daytime behavioural patterns of a wild cathemeral mammal. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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3
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Muñoz-Delgado J, Link A, Montilla SO, Jiménez S, De Aquino I, Villanueva Valle J, Erkert HG. Lunar periodic modulation of the circadian activity rhythm in a wild North Colombian night monkey ( Aotus griseimembra). Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:944-949. [PMID: 33779463 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1903029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
South American night monkeys (genus Aotus) are the only nocturnal simian primates. Early activity recordings in North Colombian A. griseimembra monkeys kept under semi-natural conditions and extensive chronobiological studies carried out in laboratory settings revealed a strictly nocturnal behavior and strong activity enhancing (disinhibiting) effects of moonlight or corresponding luminosities during the dark time. To check whether the results from captive individuals correspond to the behavior of wild monkeys, we carried out long-term activity recordings of a wild female A. griseimembra in a tropical rainforest near San Juan de Carare, Northern Colombia. Our data from about 150 days of continuous activity records with an "Actiwatch Mini" (CamNtech, UK) accelerometer-data logger device, confirmed: (1) strictly nocturnal behavior, (2) a pronounced bimodal activity pattern with prominent peaks during dusk and dawn, and (3) a lunar periodic modulation (masking) of the night monkey's circadian activity rhythm due to distinct activity inhibiting effects of the absence of moonlight throughout the night. The results from this wild-living tropical night monkey are consistent with those from captive conspecifics studied decades earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Muñoz-Delgado
- Instituto nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F., Mexico.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Andrés Link
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.,Fundación Proyecto Primates, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Sebastián O Montilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia.,Fundación Proyecto Primates, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Said Jiménez
- Instituto nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F., Mexico.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Itzel De Aquino
- Instituto nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F., Mexico.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Javier Villanueva Valle
- Instituto nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, México D.F., Mexico.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Hans G Erkert
- Institute for Zoology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Campera M, Balestri M, Chimienti M, Nijman V, Nekaris KAI, Donati G. Temporal niche separation between the two ecologically similar nocturnal primates Avahi meridionalis and Lepilemur fleuretae. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
The existence of a synthetic program of research on what was then termed the "nocturnal problem" and that we might now call "nighttime ecology" was declared more than 70 years ago. In reality, this failed to materialize, arguably as a consequence of practical challenges in studying organisms at night and instead concentrating on the existence of circadian rhythms, the mechanisms that give rise to them, and their consequences. This legacy is evident to this day, with consideration of the ecology of the nighttime markedly underrepresented in ecological research and literature. However, several factors suggest that it would be timely to revive the vision of a comprehensive research program in nighttime ecology. These include (i) that the study of the ecology of the night is being revolutionized by new and improved technologies; (ii) suggestions that, far from being a minor component of biodiversity, a high proportion of animal species are active at night; (iii) that fundamental questions about differences and connections between the ecology of the daytime and the nighttime remain largely unanswered; and (iv) that the nighttime environment is coming under severe anthropogenic pressure. In this article, I seek to reestablish nighttime ecology as a synthetic program of research, highlighting key focal topics and questions and providing an overview of the current state of understanding and developments.
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Sha JCM, Kaneko A, Suda-Hashimoto N, He T, Take M, Zhang P, Hanya G. Estimating activity of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) using accelerometers. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28892192 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometers have been used to study both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, mainly for mammal and bird species. In terrestrial mammals, there is a bias toward ungulates and carnivores, with fewer studies on nonhuman primates. In this study, we tested the use of accelerometers for studying the activity of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We modeled the activity of a male and a female subject by matching continuous focal observations from video recordings to sensor parameters derived from collar-mounted accelerometers. Models achieved classification performance (AUC) of greater than 90% for both subjects, with similar results when subjects were cross-validated. Accelerometer-based estimates of activity had comparable accuracies to estimates from instantaneous sampling at 1 min and 5 min intervals. We further demonstrated the use of model estimates for analyzing circadian rhythm and night time activity of M. fuscata. Our results add support to the feasibility of using accelerometers for studying activity of nonhuman primates. We discussed the limitations, benefits and potential applications of remote-sensing technology like accelerometers for advancing primalotogical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C M Sha
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.,School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tianmeng He
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Makiko Take
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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Do Predators and Thermoregulation Influence Choice of Sleeping Sites and Sleeping Behavior in Azara’s Owl Monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae) in Northern Argentina? INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Mundy NI, Morningstar NC, Baden AL, Fernandez-Duque E, Dávalos VM, Bradley BJ. Can colour vision re-evolve? Variation in the X-linked opsin locus of cathemeral Azara's owl monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae). Front Zool 2016; 13:9. [PMID: 26913052 PMCID: PMC4765118 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Do evolutionary specializations lead to evolutionary constraint? This appears plausible, particularly when specialization leads to loss of complex adaptations. In the owl monkey lineage, nocturnality clearly arose from a diurnal ancestor. This behavioural shift was accompanied by morphological changes in the eye and orbit and complete loss of colour vision via missense mutations in the gene encoding the short-wave sensitive visual pigment (SWS opsin). Interestingly, at least one subspecies of owl monkey, Azara's owl monkey (Aotus azarae azarae), has regained activity in daylight. Given that all primate species that are active in daylight, including primarily diurnal species and species that are active during both day and night, have at least dichromatic colour vision, it seems reasonable to propose that dichromacy would be adaptive in A. a. azarae. With a disabled SWS opsin, the main avenue available for Azara's owl monkeys to re-evolve colour vision is via a polymorphism in the intact X-linked opsin locus, which commonly occurs in other New World monkeys. To examine this possibility we assayed variation in the X-linked opsin of A. a. azarae, focusing on the three exons (3, 4 and 5) that control spectral sensitivity. RESULTS We found low opsin genetic variation on a population level, and no differences at the three main sites that lead to variation in spectral sensitivity in the opsins of other New World monkeys. Two rare alleles with single amino acid variants are segregating in the population, but previous functional studies indicate that these are unlikely to affect spectral sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Genetic constraint on the re-evolution of colour vision is likely operating in Azara's owl monkey, which may affect the niche that this subspecies is able to occupy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. I. Mundy
- />Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - A. L. Baden
- />Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- />Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - E. Fernandez-Duque
- />Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- />Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
- />Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
| | - V. M. Dávalos
- />Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa, Argentina
| | - B. J. Bradley
- />Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- />Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
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9
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de la Iglesia HO, Fernández-Duque E, Golombek DA, Lanza N, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, Valeggia CR. Access to Electric Light Is Associated with Shorter Sleep Duration in a Traditionally Hunter-Gatherer Community. J Biol Rhythms 2015. [PMID: 26092820 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415590702]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Access to electric light might have shifted the ancestral timing and duration of human sleep. To test this hypothesis, we studied two communities of the historically hunter-gatherer indigenous Toba/Qom in the Argentinean Chaco. These communities share the same ethnic and sociocultural background, but one has free access to electricity while the other relies exclusively on natural light. We fitted participants in each community with wrist activity data loggers to assess their sleep-wake cycles during one week in the summer and one week in the winter. During the summer, participants with access to electricity had a tendency to a shorter daily sleep bout (43 ± 21 min) than those living under natural light conditions. This difference was due to a later daily bedtime and sleep onset in the community with electricity, but a similar sleep offset and rise time in both communities. In the winter, participants without access to electricity slept longer (56 ± 17 min) than those with access to electricity, and this was also related to earlier bedtimes and sleep onsets than participants in the community with electricity. In both communities, daily sleep duration was longer during the winter than during the summer. Our field study supports the notion that access to inexpensive sources of artificial light and the ability to create artificially lit environments must have been key factors in reducing sleep in industrialized human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Duque
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral, CONICET, Argentina Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Argentina
| | - Diego A Golombek
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Lanza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudia R Valeggia
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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10
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de la Iglesia HO, Fernández-Duque E, Golombek DA, Lanza N, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, Valeggia CR. Access to Electric Light Is Associated with Shorter Sleep Duration in a Traditionally Hunter-Gatherer Community. J Biol Rhythms 2015. [PMID: 26092820 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415590702].] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Access to electric light might have shifted the ancestral timing and duration of human sleep. To test this hypothesis, we studied two communities of the historically hunter-gatherer indigenous Toba/Qom in the Argentinean Chaco. These communities share the same ethnic and sociocultural background, but one has free access to electricity while the other relies exclusively on natural light. We fitted participants in each community with wrist activity data loggers to assess their sleep-wake cycles during one week in the summer and one week in the winter. During the summer, participants with access to electricity had a tendency to a shorter daily sleep bout (43 ± 21 min) than those living under natural light conditions. This difference was due to a later daily bedtime and sleep onset in the community with electricity, but a similar sleep offset and rise time in both communities. In the winter, participants without access to electricity slept longer (56 ± 17 min) than those with access to electricity, and this was also related to earlier bedtimes and sleep onsets than participants in the community with electricity. In both communities, daily sleep duration was longer during the winter than during the summer. Our field study supports the notion that access to inexpensive sources of artificial light and the ability to create artificially lit environments must have been key factors in reducing sleep in industrialized human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Duque
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral, CONICET, Argentina Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Argentina
| | - Diego A Golombek
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Lanza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudia R Valeggia
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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11
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de la Iglesia HO, Fernández-Duque E, Golombek DA, Lanza N, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, Valeggia CR. Access to Electric Light Is Associated with Shorter Sleep Duration in a Traditionally Hunter-Gatherer Community. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:342-50. [PMID: 26092820 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415590702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Access to electric light might have shifted the ancestral timing and duration of human sleep. To test this hypothesis, we studied two communities of the historically hunter-gatherer indigenous Toba/Qom in the Argentinean Chaco. These communities share the same ethnic and sociocultural background, but one has free access to electricity while the other relies exclusively on natural light. We fitted participants in each community with wrist activity data loggers to assess their sleep-wake cycles during one week in the summer and one week in the winter. During the summer, participants with access to electricity had a tendency to a shorter daily sleep bout (43 ± 21 min) than those living under natural light conditions. This difference was due to a later daily bedtime and sleep onset in the community with electricity, but a similar sleep offset and rise time in both communities. In the winter, participants without access to electricity slept longer (56 ± 17 min) than those with access to electricity, and this was also related to earlier bedtimes and sleep onsets than participants in the community with electricity. In both communities, daily sleep duration was longer during the winter than during the summer. Our field study supports the notion that access to inexpensive sources of artificial light and the ability to create artificially lit environments must have been key factors in reducing sleep in industrialized human societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Duque
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral, CONICET, Argentina Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Argentina
| | - Diego A Golombek
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Lanza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas, CONICET, Argentina
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Claudia R Valeggia
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Muñoz-Delgado J, Sánchez-Ferrer JC, Pérez-Galicia S, Canales-Espinosa D, Erkert HG. Effects of housing conditions and season on the activity rhythm of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) kept under natural conditions within their distributional range in Central Mexico. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:983-95. [PMID: 25051429 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.938813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The timing and pattern of mammalian behavioral activities are regulated by an evolutionary optimized interplay of the genetically based biological (circadian) clock located in the brain's suprachiasmatic nuclei and direct responses to environmental factors that superimpose and thus mask the clock-mediated effects, the most important of which is the photically induced phase-setting (synchronization) of the circadian rhythmicity to the 24-hour solar day. In wild and captive animals living under the natural conditions prevailing in their habitat, to date, only a few attempts have been made to analyze the role of these two regulatory mechanisms in the species' adaptation to the time structure prevailing in their habitat. We studied the impact of housing conditions and season on the daily timing and pattern of activity in Mexican spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). To this end, we carried out long-term activity recordings with Actiwatch® AW4 accelerometer/data-logger devices in 11 adult Ateles living under identical natural lighting and climatic conditions in either a large wire netting cage or a 0.25 ha forest enclosure in the primatological field station of Veracruz State University near Catemaco, Mexico. In a gravid female in the forest enclosure, we obtained first-hand information on the effect of late pregnancy and parturition on the monkey's activity rhythm. The Ateles behaved strictly diurnal and undertook about 90% of daily total activity during this activity time. Due to a higher second activity peak in late afternoon, the bimodal activity pattern was more pronounced in monkeys living in the forest enclosure. Although the spider monkeys kept there had an earlier activity onset and morning activity peak than their conspecifics in the cage, no consistent differences were found in the parameters characterizing the phase-setting of the circadian system to the environmental 24-h periodicity, either by comparison or correlation with the external time markers of sunrise (SR) and sunset (SS). The most obvious effect of late pregnancy, parturition and lactation was a distinct reduction of the activity level during the week of parturition and the next. Seasonal variations in the form of significant differences between the long-day summer half year and the short-day winter half year were established in the phase-angle differences of the morning activity peak to SR, in the evening activity peak and activity offset to SS, as well as in the activity time and the peak-to-peak interval, but not in the phase position of activity onset to SR or in the height of the morning and evening activity peak. These findings in combination with a high variability of the phase angle differences indicate that in A. geoffroyi, a relatively weak circadian component and strong masking direct effects of environmental factors are involved in the regulation of the daily activity rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Muñoz-Delgado
- Dirección de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Cronoecología y Etología Humana, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz , Mexico City , Mexico
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Wartmann FM, Juárez CP, Fernandez-Duque E. Size, Site Fidelity, and Overlap of Home Ranges and Core Areas in the Socially Monogamous Owl Monkey (Aotus azarae) of Northern Argentina. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9771-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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14
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Daily activity and light exposure levels for five species of lemurs at the duke lemur center. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:68-77. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Kronfeld-Schor N, Dominoni D, de la Iglesia H, Levy O, Herzog ED, Dayan T, Helfrich-Forster C. Chronobiology by moonlight. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20123088. [PMID: 23825199 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies in chronobiology focus on solar cycles (daily and annual). Moonlight and the lunar cycle received considerably less attention by chronobiologists. An exception are rhythms in intertidal species. Terrestrial ecologists long ago acknowledged the effects of moonlight on predation success, and consequently on predation risk, foraging behaviour and habitat use, while marine biologists have focused more on the behaviour and mainly on reproduction synchronization with relation to the Moon phase. Lately, several studies in different animal taxa addressed the role of moonlight in determining activity and studied the underlying mechanisms. In this paper, we review the ecological and behavioural evidence showing the effect of moonlight on activity, discuss the adaptive value of these changes, and describe possible mechanisms underlying this effect. We will also refer to other sources of night-time light ('light pollution') and highlight open questions that demand further studies.
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Dry Season Resources and Their Relationship with Owl Monkey (Aotus azarae) Feeding Behavior, Demography, and Life History. INT J PRIMATOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-013-9689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Melo P, Gonçalves B, Menezes A, Azevedo C. Socially adjusted synchrony in the activity profiles of common marmosets in light-dark conditions. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:818-27. [PMID: 23767997 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.767823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Synchronized state of activity and rest might be attained by mechanisms of entrainment and masking. Most zeitgebers not only act to entrain but also to mask circadian rhythms. Although the light-dark (LD) cycle is the main zeitgeber of circadian rhythms in marmosets, social cues can act as weaker zeitgebers. Evidence on the effects of social entrainment in marmosets has been collected in isolated animals or in pairs where activity is not individually recorded. To characterize the synchronization between the daily activity profiles of individuals in groups under LD conditions, the motor activity of animals from five groups was continuously monitored using actiwatches for 15 days during the 5th, 8th, and 11th months of life of juveniles. Families consisting of twins (4 ♂♀/1 ♂♂) and their parents were maintained under controlled lighting (LD 12:12 h), temperature, and humidity conditions. Synchronization was evaluated through the synchrony between the circadian activity profiles obtained from the Pearson correlation index between possible pairs of activity profiles in the light and dark phases. We also calculated the phase-angle differences between the activity onset of one animal in relation to the activity onset of each animal in the group (ψ(on)). A similar procedure was performed for activity offset (ψ(off)). By visual analysis, the correlation between the activity profiles of individuals within each family was stronger than that of individuals from different families. A mixed-model analysis showed that within the group, the correlation was stronger between twins than between twins and their parents in all families, except for the family in which both juveniles were males. Because a twin is an important social partner for juveniles, a sibling is likely to have a stronger influence on its twin's activity rhythm than other family members. Considering only the light phase, the second strongest correlation was observed between the activity profiles of the individuals in the reproductive pair. Regarding the parameters ψ(on) and ψ(off), the juvenile/juvenile dyad had lower values than the other dyads, but these differences did not reach statistical significance in relation to all dyads. Comparing the results of the ψ(on) and ψ(off), and correlation indices, we suggest that the latter could detect differences between the animals that were not observed in the results of the phase-angle differences. These differences could be related to changes that occur during the active phase but not only in a particular phase, such as the temporal changes during the activity phase that characterize unimodal or bimodal patterns. Based on the differences in the correlations between individuals subjected to the same LD routine, we suggest that social cues modulate the circadian activity profiles of marmosets as a result of interactions between the animals within each group. Future studies are necessary to characterize the mechanisms of synchronization that are involved in this social modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Melo
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia, Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Smarr BL, Schwartz MD, Wotus C, de la Iglesia HO. Re-examining "temporal niche". Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:165-74. [PMID: 23674555 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system temporally organizes physiology and behavior throughout the 24-h day. At the core of this organization lies a network of multiple circadian oscillators located within the central nervous system as well as in virtually every peripheral organ. These oscillators define a 24-h temporal landscape of mutually interacting circadian rhythms that is known as the temporal niche of a species. This temporal niche is constituted by the collective phases of all biological rhythms emerging from this multi-oscillatory system. We review evidence showing that under different environmental conditions, this system can adopt different harmonic configurations. Thus, the classic chronobiological approach of searching for "the" circadian phase of an animal-typically by studying circadian rhythms of locomotor activity-represents a narrow look into the circadian system of an animal. We propose that the study of hormonal rhythms may lead to a more insightful assessment of a species' temporal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Smarr
- Department of Biology and Program of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Losses of functional opsin genes, short-wavelength cone photopigments, and color vision--a significant trend in the evolution of mammalian vision. Vis Neurosci 2013; 30:39-53. [PMID: 23286388 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523812000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
All mammalian cone photopigments are derived from the operation of representatives from two opsin gene families (SWS1 and LWS in marsupial and eutherian mammals; SWS2 and LWS in monotremes), a process that produces cone pigments with respective peak sensitivities in the short and middle-to-long wavelengths. With the exception of a number of primate taxa, the modal pattern for mammals is to have two types of cone photopigment, one drawn from each of the gene families. In recent years, it has been discovered that the SWS1 opsin genes of a widely divergent collection of eutherian mammals have accumulated mutational changes that render them nonfunctional. This alteration reduces the retinal complements of these species to a single cone type, thus rendering ordinary color vision impossible. At present, several dozen species from five mammalian orders have been identified as falling into this category, but the total number of mammalian species that have lost short-wavelength cones in this way is certain to be much larger, perhaps reaching as high as 10% of all species. A number of circumstances that might be used to explain this widespread cone loss can be identified. Among these, the single consistent fact is that the species so affected are nocturnal or, if they are not technically nocturnal, they at least feature retinal organizations that are typically associated with that lifestyle. At the same time, however, there are many nocturnal mammals that retain functional short-wavelength cones. Nocturnality thus appears to set the stage for loss of functional SWS1 opsin genes in mammals, but it cannot be the sole circumstance.
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