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Chen LY, Kao TW, Chen CC, Niaz N, Lee HL, Chen YH, Kuo CC, Shen YA. Frontier Review of the Molecular Mechanisms and Current Approaches of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071018. [PMID: 37048091 PMCID: PMC10093591 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are effective therapeutic vehicles that may transport their substances across cells. They are shown to possess the capacity to affect cell proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, anti-scarring, and angiogenesis, via the action of transporting molecular components. Possessing immense potential in regenerative medicine, exosomes, especially stem cell-derived exosomes, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, minimal invasiveness, and broad clinical applicability. Exosome biodistribution and pharmacokinetics may be altered, in response to recent advancements in technology, for the purpose of treating particular illnesses. Yet, prior to clinical application, it is crucial to ascertain the ideal dose and any potential negative consequences of an exosome. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes and further illustrates the molecular mechanisms that underpin their potential in musculoskeletal regeneration, wound healing, female infertility, cardiac recovery, immunomodulation, neurological disease, and metabolic regulation. In addition, we provide a summary of the currently effective techniques for isolating exosomes, and describe the innovations in biomaterials that improve the efficacy of exosome-based treatments. Overall, this paper provides an updated overview of the biological factors found in stem cell-derived exosomes, as well as potential targets for future cell-free therapeutic applications.
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Jin X, Liu MY, Zhang DF, Zhong X, Du K, Qian P, Yao WF, Gao H, Wei MJ. Baicalin mitigates cognitive impairment and protects neurons from microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via suppressing NLRP3 inflammasomes and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:575-590. [PMID: 30676698 PMCID: PMC6488900 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Baicalin (BAI), a flavonoid compound isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has been established to have potent anti‐inflammation and neuroprotective properties; however, its effects during Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment have not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of BAI pretreatment on cognitive impairment and neuronal protection against microglia‐induced neuroinflammation and to explore the mechanisms underlying its anti‐inflammation effects. Methods To determine whether BAI plays a positive role in ameliorating the memory and cognition deficits in APP (amyloid beta precursor protein)/PS1 (presenilin‐1) mice, behavioral experiments were conducted. We assessed the effects of BAI on microglial activation, the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and neuroinflammation‐mediated neuron apoptosis in vivo and in vitro using Western blot, RT‐PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Finally, to elucidate the anti‐inflammation mechanisms underlying the effects of BAI, the protein expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the expression of proteins involved in the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway were measured using Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results The results indicated that BAI treatment attenuated spatial memory dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, as assessed by the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. Additionally, BAI administration effectively decreased the number of activated microglia and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as neuroinflammation‐mediated neuron apoptosis, in APP/PS1 mice and LPS (lipopolysaccharides)/Aβ‐stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Lastly, the molecular mechanistic study revealed that BAI inhibited microglia‐induced neuroinflammation via suppression of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathway. Conclusion Overall, the results of the present study indicated that BAI is a promising neuroprotective compound for use in the prevention and treatment of microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation during AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Qian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China
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Shirooie S, Nabavi SF, Dehpour AR, Belwal T, Habtemariam S, Argüelles S, Sureda A, Daglia M, Tomczyk M, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Xu S, Nabavi SM. Targeting mTORs by omega-3 fatty acids: A possible novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegeneration? Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:37-48. [PMID: 29990625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson's (PD), Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) cause significant world-wide morbidity and mortality. To date, there is no drug of cure for these, mostly age-related diseases, although approaches in delaying the pathology and/or giving patients some symptomatic relief have been adopted for the last few decades. Various studies in recent years have shown the beneficial effects of omega-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) through diverse mechanisms including anti-inflammatory effects. This review now assesses the potential of this class of compounds in NDs therapy through specific action against the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The role of mTOR in neurodegenerative diseases and targeted therapies by PUFAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Shirooie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-16471, Iran
| | - Ahmad R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tarun Belwal
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Kosi Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Sandro Argüelles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX) and CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; Instituto de Investigación en Innovación en Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14359-16471, Iran.
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Cui GH, Wu J, Mou FF, Xie WH, Wang FB, Wang QL, Fang J, Xu YW, Dong YR, Liu JR, Guo HD. Exosomes derived from hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate cognitive decline by rescuing synaptic dysfunction and regulating inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice. FASEB J 2018; 32:654-668. [PMID: 28970251 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700600r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Administration of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could improve some neurologic conditions by transferring functional biomolecules to recipient cells. Furthermore, exosomes from hypoxic progenitor cells exerted better therapeutic effects in organ injury through specific cargoes. However, there are no related reports about whether exosomes derived from MSCs or hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs (PC-MSCs) could prevent memory deficits in Alzheimer disease (AD). In this study, the exosomes derived from MSCs or PC-MSCs were systemically administered to transgenic APP/PS1 mice. The expression of miR-21 in MSCs was significantly increased after hypoxic treatment. Injection of exosomes from normoxic MSCs could rescue cognition and memory impairment according to results of the Morris water maze test, reduced plaque deposition, and Aβ levels in the brain; could decrease the activation of astrocytes and microglia; could down-regulate proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β); and could up-regulate anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and -10) in AD mice, as well as reduce the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-κB. Compared to the group administered exosomes from normoxic MSCs, in the group administered exosomes from PC-MSCs, learning and memory capabilities were significantly improved; the plaque deposition and Aβ levels were lower, and expression of growth-associated protein 43, synapsin 1, and IL-10 was increased; and the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and activation of STAT3 and NF-κB were sharply decreased. More importantly, exosomes from PC-MSCs effectively increased the level of miR-21 in the brain of AD mice. Additionally, replenishment of miR-21 restored the cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 mice and prevented pathologic features. Taken together, these findings suggest that exosomes from PC-MSCs could improve the learning and memory capabilities of APP/PS1 mice, and that the underlying mechanism may lie in the restoration of synaptic dysfunction and regulation of inflammatory responses through regulation of miR-21.-Cui, G.-H., Wu, J., Mou, F.-F., Xie, W.-H., Wang, F.-B., Wang, Q.-L., Fang, J., Xu, Y.-W., Dong, Y.-R., Liu, J.-R., Guo, H.-D. Exosomes derived from hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate cognitive decline by rescuing synaptic dysfunction and regulating inflammatory responses in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hong Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Fang Mou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xie
- Department of Constipation, Acupuncture, and Moxibustion, Hospital of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fu-Bo Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang-Li Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Wu Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - You-Rong Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ren Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Dong Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhao HY, Wu HJ, He JL, Zhuang JH, Liu ZY, Huang LQ, Zhao ZX. Chronic Sleep Restriction Induces Cognitive Deficits and Cortical Beta-Amyloid Deposition in Mice via BACE1-Antisense Activation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:233-240. [PMID: 28145081 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the correlation between chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD), we determined in wild-type mice the impact of CSR, on cognitive performance, beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, and its feed-forward regulators regarding AD pathogenesis. METHODS Sixteen nine-month-old C57BL/6 male mice were equally divided into the CSR and control groups. CSR was achieved by application of a slowly rotating drum for 2 months. The Morris water maze test was used to assess cognitive impairment. The concentrations of Aβ peptides, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-secretase 1 (BACE1), and the mRNA levels of BACE1 and BACE1-antisense (BACE1-AS) were measured. RESULTS Following CSR, impairments of spatial learning and memory consolidation were observed in the mice, accompanied by Aβ plaque deposition and an increased Aβ concentration in the prefrontal and temporal lobe cortex. CSR also upregulated the β-secretase-induced cleavage of APP by increasing the protein and mRNA levels of BACE1, particularly the BACE1-AS. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a CSR accelerates AD pathogenesis in wild-type mice. An upregulation of the BACE1 pathway appears to participate in both cortical Aβ plaque deposition and memory impairment caused by CSR. BACE1-AS is likely activated to initiate a cascade of events that lead to AD pathogenesis. Our study provides, therefore, a molecular mechanism that links CSR to sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Lin He
- Academy of Clinical Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hua Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu-Qing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
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EGb761 improves cognitive function and regulates inflammatory responses in the APP/PS1 mouse. Exp Gerontol 2016; 81:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaleka KS, Gerges NZ. Neurogranin restores amyloid β-mediated synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation deficits. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:115-123. [PMID: 26721336 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) is widely considered one of the early causes of cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's disease. Many of the deficits caused by Aβ are attributed to its disruption of synaptic function represented by its blockade of long-term potentiation (LTP) and its induction of synaptic depression. Identifying pathways that reverse these synaptic deficits may open the door to new therapeutic targets. In this study, we explored the possibility that Neurogranin (Ng)-a postsynaptic calmodulin (CaM) targeting protein that enhances synaptic function-may rescue Aβ-mediated deficits in synaptic function. Our results show that Ng is able to reverse synaptic depression and LTP deficits induced by Aβ. Furthermore, Ng's restoration of synaptic transmission is through the insertion of GluA1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors (AMPARs). These restorative effects of Ng are dependent on the interaction of Ng and CaM and CaM-dependent activation of CaMKII. Overall, this study identifies a novel mechanism to rescue synaptic deficits induced by Aβ oligomers. It also suggests Ng and CaM signaling as potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease as well as important tools to further explore the pathophysiology underlying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwardeep Singh Kaleka
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53132, United States; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53132, United States
| | - Nashaat Z Gerges
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53132, United States; Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53132, United States.
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Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: why did antioxidant therapy fail? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:427318. [PMID: 24669288 PMCID: PMC3941783 DOI: 10.1155/2014/427318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, with increasing prevalence and no disease-modifying treatment available yet. A remarkable amount of data supports the hypothesis that oxidative stress is an early and important pathogenic operator in AD. However, all clinical studies conducted to date did not prove a clear beneficial effect of antioxidant treatment in AD patients. In the current work, we review the current knowledge about oxidative stress in AD pathogeny and we suggest future paths that are worth to be explored in animal models and clinical studies, in order to get a better approach of oxidative imbalance in this inexorable neurodegenerative disease.
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Ajit D, Woods LT, Camden JM, Thebeau CN, El-Sayed FG, Greeson GW, Erb L, Petris MJ, Miller DC, Sun GY, Weisman GA. Loss of P2Y₂ nucleotide receptors enhances early pathology in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1031-42. [PMID: 24193664 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a prominent feature in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and activation of the brain's innate immune system, particularly microglia, has been postulated to both retard and accelerate AD progression. Recent studies indicate that the G protein-coupled P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) is an important regulator of innate immunity by assisting in the recruitment of monocytes to injured tissue, neutrophils to bacterial infections and eosinophils to allergen-infected lungs. In this study, we investigated the role of the P2Y2R in progression of an AD-like phenotype in the TgCRND8 mouse model that expresses Swedish and Indiana mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP). Our results indicate that P2Y 2 R expression is upregulated in TgCRND8 mouse brain within 10 weeks of age and then decreases after 25 weeks of age, as compared to littermate controls expressing low levels of the P2Y 2 R. TgCRND8 mice with homozygous P2Y 2 R deletion survive less than 5 weeks, whereas mice with heterozygous P2Y 2 R deletion survive for 12 weeks, a time point when TgCRND8 mice are fully viable. Heterozygous P2Y 2 R deletion in TgCRND8 mice increased β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque load and soluble Aβ1-42 levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, decreased the expression of the microglial marker CD11b in these brain regions and caused neurological deficits within 10 weeks of age, as compared to age-matched TgCRND8 mice. These findings suggest that the P2Y2R is important for the recruitment and activation of microglial cells in the TgCRND8 mouse brain and that the P2Y2R may regulate neuroprotective mechanisms through microglia-mediated clearance of Aβ that when lost can accelerate the onset of an AD-like phenotype in the TgCRND8 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Ajit
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 540E Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO, 65211-7310, USA
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Novel BACE1 inhibitors with a non-acidic heterocycle at the P1′ position. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6665-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Effects of small interfering RNA targeting sphingosine kinase-1 gene on the animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:427-432. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive intellectual deterioration, is the most common cause of dementia. β-Secretase (or BACE1) expression is a trigger for amyloid β peptide formation, a cause of AD, and thus is a molecular target for the development of drugs against AD. Many BACE1 inhibitors have been identified by academic and pharmaceutical research groups and a number of advanced technologies in drug discovery have been applied to the drug discovery. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the methodologies used for BACE1 inhibitor drug discovery via substrate- and structure-based design, high-throughput screening and fragment-based drug design. The authors also review the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies. EXPERT OPINION Many BACE1 inhibitors have been designed using X-ray crystal structure-based drug design as well as through in silico screening. Nevertheless, there are serious problems with regards to deciding the best X-ray crystal structure for designing BACE1 inhibitors through computational approaches. There are two prominent configurations of BACE1 but there is still room for improvement. Future developments may make it possible to identify BACE1 inhibitors as potential drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Kobe Gakuin University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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Hamada Y, Nakanishi T, Suzuki K, Yamaguchi R, Hamada T, Hidaka K, Ishiura S, Kiso Y. Novel BACE1 inhibitors possessing a 5-nitroisophthalic scaffold at the P2 position. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4640-4. [PMID: 22726930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported substrate-based pentapeptidic BACE1 inhibitors possessing a hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere as a substrate transition-state mimic. These inhibitors showed potent inhibitory activities in enzymatic and cell assays. We also designed and synthesized non-peptidic and small-sized inhibitors possessing a heterocyclic scaffold at the P(2) position. By studying the structure-activity relationship of these inhibitors, we found that the σ-π interaction of an inhibitor with the BACE1-Arg235 side chain played a key role in the inhibition mechanism. Hence, we optimized the inhibitors with a focus on their P(2) regions. In this Letter, a series of novel BACE1 inhibitors possessing a 5-nitroisophthalic scaffold at the P(2) position are described along with the results of the related structure-activity relationship study. These small-sized inhibitors are expected improved membrane permeability and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8586, Japan
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Liu GP, Wei W, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shi HH, Yin J, Yao XQ, Peng CX, Hu J, Wang Q, Li HL, Wang JZ. I2PP2A regulates p53 and Akt correlatively and leads the neurons to abort apoptosis. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:254-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Neuronal Calcium Signaling and Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 740:1193-217. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gelsolin restores A beta-induced alterations in choroid plexus epithelium. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:805405. [PMID: 20369065 PMCID: PMC2847388 DOI: 10.1155/2010/805405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histologically, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid deposits. In previous studies we demonstrated that in AD patients, amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide also accumulates in choroid plexus, and that this process is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and epithelial cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Aβ accumulation at the choroid plexus epithelium remain unclear. Aβ clearance, from the brain to the blood, involves Aβ carrier proteins that bind to megalin, including gelsolin, a protein produced specifically by the choroid plexus epithelial cells. In this study, we show that treatment with gelsolin reduces Aβ-induced cytoskeletal disruption of blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier at the choroid plexus. Additionally, our results demonstrate that gelsolin plays an important role in decreasing Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting nitric oxide production and apoptotic mitochondrial changes. Taken together, these findings make gelsolin an appealing tool for the prophylactic treatment of AD.
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Tagad HD, Hamada Y, Nguyen JT, Hamada T, Abdel-Rahman H, Yamani A, Nagamine A, Ikari H, Igawa N, Hidaka K, Sohma Y, Kimura T, Kiso Y. Design of pentapeptidic BACE1 inhibitors with carboxylic acid bioisosteres at P1' and P4 positions. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3175-86. [PMID: 20381362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported potent BACE1 inhibitors KMI-420 and KMI-570 possessing a hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere as a substrate transition-state mimic. Acidic moieties at the P(1)(') and P(4) positions of KMI inhibitors are thought to be unfavorable in terms of membrane permeability across the blood-brain barrier. Herein, we replaced acidic moieties at the P(4) position with hydrogen bond accepting groups and acidic moieties at the P(1)(') position with less acidic and similar molecular-size moieties (carboxylic acid or tetrazole bioisosteres). These inhibitors exhibited improved BACE1 inhibitory activities and a thorough quantitative structure-activity relationship study was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harichandra D Tagad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Centre Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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Glass RS, Hug GL, Schöneich C, Wilson GS, Kuznetsova L, Lee TM, Ammam M, Lorance E, Nauser T, Nichol GS, Yamamoto T. Neighboring amide participation in thioether oxidation: relevance to biological oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13791-805. [PMID: 19772365 DOI: 10.1021/ja904895u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate neighboring amide participation in thioether oxidation, which may be relevant to brain oxidative stress accompanying beta-amyloid peptide aggregation, conformationally constrained methylthionorbornyl derivatives with amido moieties were synthesized and characterized, including an X-ray crystallographic study of one of them. Electrochemical oxidation of these compounds, studied by cyclic voltammetry, revealed that their oxidation peak potentials were less positive for those compounds in which neighboring group participation was geometrically possible. Pulse radiolysis studies provided evidence for bond formation between the amide moiety and sulfur on one-electron oxidation in cases where the moieties are juxtaposed. Furthermore, molecular constraints in spiro analogues revealed that S-O bonds are formed on one-electron oxidation. DFT calculations suggest that isomeric sigma*(SO) radicals are formed in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Glass
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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21
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Cytoplasmic gelsolin increases mitochondrial activity and reduces Abeta burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:42-50. [PMID: 19607917 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides is thought to be a critical event in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), because they induce multiple neurotoxic effects, including mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic cell death. Therefore the reduction of Abeta is considered a primary therapeutic target. Gelsolin, an Abeta binding protein, has been shown to inhibit apoptosis, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. To clarify these effects, we manipulated cytoplasmic gelsolin levels through viral-directed overexpression in the brain of APP/Ps1 transgenic mice. We observed that gelsolin reduces brain Abeta burden in the APP/Ps1 mice, possibly by enhancing Abeta clearance via megalin. The reduction in brain Abeta levels was accompanied by an inhibition of nitric oxide production and cell death, not only in the choroid plexus but also in the cerebral cortex. Notably, overexpressed gelsolin restored the impaired mitochondrial activity in the APP/Ps1 mice, resulting in the increase of cytochrome c oxidase activity. By contrast, RNA interference to block gelsolin expression, confirmed that cytoplasmic gelsolin acts as a modulator of brain Abeta levels and its neurotoxic effects. We conclude that gelsolin might prevent brain amyloidosis and Abeta-induced apoptotic mitochondrial changes. These findings make cytoplasmic gelsolin a potential therapeutic strategy in AD.
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Kontogiorgis CA, Xu Y, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Luo Y. Coumarin derivatives protection against ROS production in cellular models of Aβtoxicities. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:1168-80. [PMID: 17886039 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701447884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of oxidative stress and free radicals in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been the focus of many recent studies. The role of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in AD is thought to be associated with Abeta (amyloid - beta) damage in cells. A number of coumarin derivatives were previously found to be potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Herein, these coumarin derivatives were tested as H(2)O(2) scavengers with the DCF assay using two types of neuronal cells: (a) wild type (N2a) neuroblastoma cells and (b) APP/PS1 transgenic cell line expressing Abeta. Their scavenging activity was varied between the types of cell cultures and it was found to be concentration and time dependent in the mutant cells. Their protective role against cell death further supports this notion. These results suggest that these compounds could be used as a template in the design of new molecules with a possible role in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos A Kontogiorgis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Significance of interactions of BACE1–Arg235 with its ligands and design of BACE1 inhibitors with P2 pyridine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2435-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hamada Y, Kiso Y. Recent progress in the drug discovery of non-peptidic BACE1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:391-416. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440902806377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Assessment of beta-amyloid deposits in human brain: a study of the BrainNet Europe Consortium. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:309-20. [PMID: 19184666 PMCID: PMC2910889 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) related pathology shows a range of lesions which differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. Pathologists, to date, mainly focused on the assessment of both of these aspects but attempts to correlate the findings with clinical phenotypes are not convincing. It has been recently proposed in the same way as ι and α synuclein related lesions, also Aβ related pathology may follow a temporal evolution, i.e. distinct phases, characterized by a step-wise involvement of different brain-regions. Twenty-six independent observers reached an 81% absolute agreement while assessing the phase of Aβ, i.e. phase 1 = deposition of Aβ exclusively in neocortex, phase 2 = additionally in allocortex, phase 3 = additionally in diencephalon, phase 4 = additionally in brainstem, and phase 5 = additionally in cerebellum. These high agreement rates were reached when at least six brain regions were evaluated. Likewise, a high agreement (93%) was reached while assessing the absence/presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and the type of CAA (74%) while examining the six brain regions. Of note, most of observers failed to detect capillary CAA when it was only mild and focal and thus instead of type 1, type 2 CAA was diagnosed. In conclusion, a reliable assessment of Aβ phase and presence/absence of CAA was achieved by a total of 26 observers who examined a standardized set of blocks taken from only six anatomical regions, applying commercially available reagents and by assessing them as instructed. Thus, one may consider rating of Aβ-phases as a diagnostic tool while analyzing subjects with suspected Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because most of these blocks are currently routinely sampled by the majority of laboratories, assessment of the Aβ phase in AD is feasible even in large scale retrospective studies.
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Nguyen JT, Hamada Y, Kimura T, Kiso Y. Design of potent aspartic protease inhibitors to treat various diseases. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2008; 341:523-35. [PMID: 18763714 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective, personal review covering our research from the late 1980s until 2007, we outline nearly two-decade worth of our own work on several aspartic protease inhibitors including those affecting renin, HIV-1 protease, plasmepsins, beta-secretase, and HTLV-I protease and we report on aspartic protease inhibitors as potential drugs to treat hypertension, AIDS, malaria, Alzheimer's disease and adult T-cell leukemia, HTLV-I associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis, and various, respectively, associated diseases. Herein, we describe our methods for rational substrate-based drug design of peptidomimetics that potently inhibit the activity of renin, HIV-1 protease, plasmepsins, beta-secretase, and HTLV-I protease accordingly, using an appropriately selected inhibitory residue that contained a hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere. Although this non-hydrolyzable isostere mimics the transition state that is formed during protein cleavage of a substrate, the isostere-containing inhibitor is not cleaved. We highlight our optimization studies in which we used various techniques and tools such as truncation studies, natural and non-natural amino acid substitution studies, various moieties to promote chemical and pharmacological stability, X-ray crystallography, computer-assisted docking and dynamic simulations, quantitative structure-activity relationship studies, and various other methods that this review can barely mention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey-Tri Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science and 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Novel non-peptidic and small-sized BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1643-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Stopa EG, Butala P, Salloway S, Johanson CE, Gonzalez L, Tavares R, Hovanesian V, Hulette CM, Vitek MP, Cohen RA. Cerebral Cortical Arteriolar Angiopathy, Vascular Beta-Amyloid, Smooth Muscle Actin, Braak Stage, and
APOE
Genotype. Stroke 2008; 39:814-21. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.493429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Stopa
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Parag Butala
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Stephen Salloway
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Conrad E. Johanson
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Liliana Gonzalez
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Rosemarie Tavares
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Virginia Hovanesian
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Christine M. Hulette
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
| | - Ronald A. Cohen
- From the Departments of Pathology (E.G.S., P.B., R.T., V.H.), Psychiatry and Human Behavior (S.S., R.A.C.), and Clinical Neurosciences (E.G.S., S.S., C.E.J.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; the Department of Computer Science and Statistics (L.G.), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI; and Departments of Medicine (Neurology Division) and Pathology (Neuropathology Division) (C.M.H., M.P.V.), Bryan Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Duke University School of
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Hirko AC, Meyer EM, King MA, Hughes JA. Peripheral transgene expression of plasma gelsolin reduces amyloid in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1623-9. [PMID: 17609655 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and deposition of the 40-42-amino acid peptide amyloid beta (Abeta) is thought to be a critical event in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both passive and active immunizations against Abeta in amyloid-depositing transgenic mice have reduced Abeta pathology and improved memory-related behavior. Peripheral treatments with other amyloid-binding agents have also reduced Abeta pathology. The present study demonstrates that peripheral delivery of plasmid DNA coding for the amyloid-binding protein plasma gelsolin reduces brain Abeta in two separate amyloid-depositing transgenic mouse models of AD when inter-litter variability is accounted for. The reduction in Abeta pathology observed is accompanied by an apparent increase in activated and reactive microglia and soluble oligomeric forms of amyloid. These findings demonstrate that peripheral expression of plasma gelsolin may be a suitable gene-therapeutic approach for the prevention or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Hirko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Requirement of aggregation propensity of Alzheimer amyloid peptides for neuronal cell surface binding. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:29. [PMID: 17475015 PMCID: PMC1871596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggregation of the amyloid peptides, Aβ40 and Aβ42, is known to be involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we investigate the relationship between peptide aggregation and cell surface binding of three forms of Aβ (Aβ40, Aβ42, and an Aβ mutant). Results Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry with fluorescently labelled Aβ, we demonstrate a correlation between the aggregation propensity of the Alzheimer amyloid peptides and their neuronal cell surface association. We find that the highly aggregation prone Aβ42 associates with the surface of neuronal cells within one hour, while the less aggregation prone Aβ40 associates over 24 hours. We show that a double mutation in Aβ42 that reduces its aggregation propensity also reduces its association with the cell surface. Furthermore, we find that a cell line that is resistant to Aβ cytotoxicity, the non-neuronal human lymphoma cell line U937, does not bind either Aβ40 or Aβ42. Conclusion Taken together, our findings reveal that amyloid peptide aggregation propensity is an essential determinant of neuronal cell surface association. We anticipate that our approach, involving Aβ imaging in live cells, will be highly useful for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic drugs that prevent toxic Aβ association with neuronal cells.
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Giménez-Llort L, Blázquez G, Cañete T, Johansson B, Oddo S, Tobeña A, LaFerla FM, Fernández-Teruel A. Modeling behavioral and neuronal symptoms of Alzheimer's disease in mice: A role for intraneuronal amyloid. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:125-47. [PMID: 17055579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid Abeta-peptide (Abeta) is suspected to play a critical role in the cascade leading to AD as the pathogen that causes neuronal and synaptic dysfunction and, eventually, cell death. Therefore, it has been the subject of a huge number of clinical and basic research studies on this disease. Abeta is typically found aggregated in extracellular amyloid plaques that occur in specific brain regions enriched in nAChRs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS) brains. Advances in the genetics of its familiar and sporadic forms, together with those in gene transfer technology, have provided valuable animal models that complement the traditional cholinergic approaches, although modeling the neuronal and behavioral deficits of AD in these models has been challenging. More recently, emerging evidence indicates that intraneuronal accumulation of Abeta may also contribute to the cascade of neurodegenerative events and strongly suggest that it is an early, pathological biomarker for the onset of AD and associated cognitive and other behavioral deficits. The present review covers these studies in humans, in in vitro and in transgenic models, also providing more evidence that adult 3xTg-AD mice harboring PS1M146V, APPSwe, tauP301L transgenes, and mimicking many critical hallmarks of AD, show cognitive deficits and other behavioral alterations at ages when overt neuropathology is not yet observed, but when intraneuronal Abeta, synaptic and cholinergic deficits can already be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giménez-Llort
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hamada Y, Igawa N, Ikari H, Ziora Z, Nguyen JT, Yamani A, Hidaka K, Kimura T, Saito K, Hayashi Y, Ebina M, Ishiura S, Kiso Y. β-Secretase inhibitors: Modification at the P4 position and improvement of inhibitory activity in cultured cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4354-9. [PMID: 16757166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported potent and small-sized beta-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors KMI-570 and KMI-684 in which we replaced carboxylic acid groups at the P(1)(') position of KMI-420 and KMI-429, respectively, with tetrazole derivatives as carboxylic acid bioisosteres. These modifications improved significantly BACE1 inhibitory activity and chemical stability. In this study, the acidic tetrazole ring of the P(4) position of KMI-420 and KMI-570, respectively, was replaced with various hydrogen bond acceptor groups. We found BACE1 inhibitor KMI-574 that exhibited potent inhibitory activity in cultured cells as well as in vitro enzymatic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science and 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Japan
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Kimura T, Hamada Y, Stochaj M, Ikari H, Nagamine A, Abdel-Rahman H, Igawa N, Hidaka K, Nguyen JT, Saito K, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y. Design and synthesis of potent β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors with carboxylic acid bioisosteres. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2380-6. [PMID: 16481167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported potent and small-sized beta-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors KMI-420 and KMI-429 in which we replaced the Glu residue at the P4 position of KMI-260 and KMI-360, respectively, with a 1H-tetrazole-5-carbonyl DAP (L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid) residue. At the P1' position, these compounds contain one or two carboxylic acid groups, which are unfavorable for crossing the blood-brain barrier. Herein, we report BACE1 inhibitors with P1' carboxylic acid bioisosteres in order to develop practical anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. Among them, tetrazole ring-containing compounds, KMI-570 (IC50=4.8 nM) and KMI-684 (IC50=1.2 nM), exhibited significantly potent BACE1 inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooru Kimura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science and 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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Pike CJ, Rosario ER, Nguyen TVV. Androgens, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Endocrine 2006; 29:233-41. [PMID: 16785599 DOI: 10.1385/endo:29:2:233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone depletion is a normal consequence of aging in men that is associated with senescent effects in androgen- responsive tissues. We discuss new evidence that one consequence of testosterone depletion in men is an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we discuss two candidate mechanisms by which testosterone may affect AD pathogenesis. First, testosterone has been identified as an endogenous regulator of beta-amyloid, a protein that abnormally accumulates in AD brain and is implicated as a causal factor in the disease. Second, findings from several different paradigms indicate that testosterone has both neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. These new findings support the clinical evaluation of androgen-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Pike
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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Pérez M, Ribe E, Rubio A, Lim F, Morán MA, Ramos PG, Ferrer I, Isla MTG, Avila J. Characterization of a double (amyloid precursor protein-tau) transgenic: tau phosphorylation and aggregation. Neuroscience 2005; 130:339-47. [PMID: 15664690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A double transgenic mouse expressing the amyloid precursor protein, bearing the Swedish mutations, and expressing tau protein containing three of the mutations present in frontotemporal dementia linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), has been characterized. In the double transgenic mouse an increase in tau phosphorylation at serine S262 and S422 was observed compared with that found in simple transgenic mice. The phosphorylation at S262 was also found, in a much lower level, in the single transgenic mouse expressing amyloid precursor protein (APP), and it was absent in that overexpressing tau variant. Additionally, in the double transgenic mouse a slight increase in the amount of sarkosyl insoluble tau polymers was observed in comparison with that found in single transgenic tau mouse. Also, wider tau filaments were found in the double transgenic mouse compared with those found in the single transgenic mouse. Our results suggest that beta-amyloid peptide could facilitate the phosphorylation of tau at a site not directed by proline, such as serine 262, and that modification could facilitate tau aberrant aggregation. Also, they suggest that different types of tau filamentous polymers can occur in different mouse models for tauopathies, like those used for Alzheimer's disease or FTDP-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Raghu P, Sivakumar B. Interactions amongst plasma retinol-binding protein, transthyretin and their ligands: implications in vitamin A homeostasis and transthyretin amyloidosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1703:1-9. [PMID: 15588697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinol transport complex consisting of retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR) is involved in the transport of retinol (vitamin A) and thyroxine (T(4)) in the human plasma. RBP is a 21-kDa single polypeptide chain protein, synthesized in the liver, which binds and transports retinol to the target organs. The circulating RBP binds to another protein called TTR, a 55-kDa homotetrameric T(4) transport protein. Such protein-protein complex formation is thought to prevent glomerular filtration of low molecular mass RBP. Misfolding and aggregation of TTR is implicated in amyloid disorders such as familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) and senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA). Recent observations suggest that both RBP and T(4), the physiological ligands of TTR, prevent its misfolding and amyloid fibril formation, suggesting yet another structure-function relationship to this protein-protein complex. TTR2, a poorly characterized protein, was also found bound to RBP in human and pig plasma but its significance remains to be understood. Furthermore, knockout models of both RBP and TTR unequivocally demonstrated the importance of this protein-protein complex in retinoid transport. Thus, interactions amongst multiple components of retinol transport play critical roles in vitamin A homeostasis and TTR amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pullakhandam Raghu
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Nutrition, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad-500 007, India
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Kimura T, Shuto D, Hamada Y, Igawa N, Kasai S, Liu P, Hidaka K, Hamada T, Hayashi Y, Kiso Y. Design and synthesis of highly active Alzheimer’s β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors, KMI-420 and KMI-429, with enhanced chemical stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:211-5. [PMID: 15582441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported potent and small-sized BACE1 inhibitors KMI-358 and KMI-370 in which the Glu residue is replaced by a beta-N-oxalyl-DAP (l-alpha,beta-diaminopropionyl) residue at the P(4) position. The beta-N-oxalyl-DAP group is important for enhancing BACE1 inhibitory activity, but these inhibitors isomerized to alpha-N-oxalyl-DAP derivatives in solvents. Hence, we used a tetrazole moiety as a bioisostere of the free carboxylic acid of the oxalyl group. KMI-420 and KMI-429, containing a tetrazole ring, showed improved stability and potent enzyme inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooru Kimura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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Chakrabartty A. Progress in transthyretin fibrillogenesis research strengthens the amyloid hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:14757-9. [PMID: 11752419 PMCID: PMC64929 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261596398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Chakrabartty
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Yatin SM, Yatin M, Varadarajan S, Ain KB, Butterfield DA. Role of spermine in amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurosci Res 2001; 63:395-401. [PMID: 11223914 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20010301)63:5<395::aid-jnr1034>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The polyamines, relatively low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds, are the main inducers of eukaryotic cell growth and proliferation. Although polyamine requirements for cell growth are well defined, their role is still enigmatic. We have previously reported that amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, is toxic to neurons through a free radical-dependent oxidative stress mechanism and that A beta(1--42), the principal form of A beta in AD brain, causes an increase in polyamine metabolism manifested by up-regulated polyamine uptake and increased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Both effects were prevented by the free radical scavenger vitamin E. Spermine has been reported to function directly as a free radical scavenger. In the current study, we aimed to address whether up-regulation of polyamine metabolism is a defense against, or a result of, A beta-induced oxidative stress by investigating the capability of spermine to quench A beta-associated free radicals in solution and to assert a protective function of spermine in neuronal culture against A beta. Pretreatment of cultured neurons with spermine prior to A beta exposure failed to prevent A beta-induced cell death. Indeed, A beta plus spermine added to cultured neurons was even more neurotoxic than either agent alone. Additionally, inhibition of the polyamine synthesis by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) did not protect cells from A beta-induced free radical toxicity, and stimulation of the synthesis of putrescine and spermine by the aminopropyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosyl-1,8-diamino-thiooctane (AdoDATO), rather, further enhanced A beta-induced toxicity. Although spermine is capable of scavenging free radicals generated by A beta in solution as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the up-regulated transport of exogenously added spermine together with A beta may lead to overaccumulation of a cellular spermine pool, with resulting enhanced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Yatin
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0055, USA
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Bohrmann B, Tjernberg L, Kuner P, Poli S, Levet-Trafit B, Näslund J, Richards G, Huber W, Döbeli H, Nordstedt C. Endogenous proteins controlling amyloid beta-peptide polymerization. Possible implications for beta-amyloid formation in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:15990-5. [PMID: 10347147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.23.15990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that certain plasma proteins, at physiological concentrations, are potent inhibitors of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) polymerization. These proteins are also present in cerebrospinal fluid, but at low concentrations having little or no effect on Abeta. Thirteen proteins representing more than 90% of the protein content in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were studied. Quantitatively, albumin was the most important protein, representing 60% of the total amyloid inhibitory activity, followed by alpha1-antitrypsin and immunoglobulins A and G. Albumin suppressed amyloid formation by binding to the oligomeric or polymeric Abeta, blocking a further addition of peptide. This effect was also observed when the incorporation of labeled Abeta into genuine beta-amyloid in tissue section was studied. The Abeta and the anti-diabetic drug tolbutamide apparently bind to the same site on albumin. Tolbutamide displaces Abeta from albumin, increasing its free concentration and enhancing amyloid formation. The present results suggest that several endogenous proteins are negative regulators of amyloid formation. Plasma contains at least 300 times more amyloid inhibitory activity than cerebrospinal fluid. These findings may provide one explanation as to why beta-amyloid deposits are not found in peripheral tissues but are only found in the central nervous system. Moreover, the data suggest that some drugs that display an affinity for albumin may enhance beta-amyloid formation and promote the development of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bohrmann
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Division, Preclinical Research, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
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de Lustig ES, Kohan S, Famulari AL, Dominguez RO, Serra JA. Peripheral markers and diagnostic criteria in Alzheimer's disease: critical evaluations. Rev Neurosci 1994; 5:213-25. [PMID: 7889214 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro.1994.5.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review analyzes recent developments in diagnostic criteria and peripheral markers used clinically in the definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), comparing past and current views, together with a discussion of their shortcoming and difficulties of implementation. Consideration is given to studies on the presence of amyloid substances outside the central nervous system: in cerebrospinal fluid, in plasma, in primary cultures, and in continuous cultures of cell lines of neuronal and glial origin. We discuss alterations of cholinesterases and noradrenaline in red blood cells (RBC) in AD and, with relation to the infectious theory, the presence of spirochaetes in patients. The activities of the enzymes leading to the formation of amyloid substances and those reflecting more general alterations of metabolic processes are considered, both in respect to their role in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorders of AD and of their potential use as markers. Enzymatic changes have been studied comparing AD patients with non AD controls as well as with AD relatives: proteases and their inhibitors; plasminogen activators; transketolases; increases in the activity of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in AD patients' RBC, serum, fibroblasts and cortical neurons, pointing to alterations in oxidative processes; and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, linked to late-onset AD and familial cases. This review presents reasons why the involvement of peripheral markers in AD should advance from hypothesis to accepted fact.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S de Lustig
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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