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Foschi C, Bortolotti M, Marziali G, Polito L, Marangoni A, Bolognesi A. Survival and death of intestinal cells infected by Chlamydia trachomatis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215956. [PMID: 31026281 PMCID: PMC6485707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexually transmitted pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is able to replicate and survive in human intestinal epithelial cells, being the gastro-intestinal tract a suitable site of residence for this microorganism. In this context, no detailed information about the mechanisms of cell death in intestinal cell lines after a chlamydial infection is available. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two different CT serovars (D and L2) on the survival/death of different intestinal cell lines (Caco-2 and COLO-205), using endocervical cells (HeLa) as a reference model of genital infection. Seventy two hours after chlamydial infection at different multiplicity of infection (MOI) levels, the viability of HeLa, Caco-2 and COLO 205 cells was evaluated through dose-response experiments by means of a MTS-based assay. To get deeper insights in the mechanisms of cell death induced by CT, cell viability was assessed in presence of different inhibitors (i.e. pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD, necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1, hydrogen peroxide scavenger catalase, caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk). Moreover, the activation of effector caspases and the presence of cellular apoptotic/necrotic changes were evaluated at different time points after CT infection. Our results demonstrated that, for both chlamydial serovars, intestinal cell lines are more resistant to CT-induced cell death compared to HeLa, thus representing a suitable ‘niche’ for chlamydial residence and replication. In literature, apoptosis has been widely described to be the main cell death mechanism elicited by chlamydia infection. However, our data demonstrate that necroptosis plays a relevant role, proceeding in parallel with apoptosis. The protective effect of catalase suggests the involvement of oxidative stress in triggering both cell death pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that caspase-1 is involved in CT-induced cell death, potentially contributing to host inflammatory response and tissue damage. Cells infected by L2 serovar displayed a higher activation of effector caspases compared to cells infected with serovar D, suggesting a serovar-specific activation of apoptotic pathways and potentially explaining the greater virulence of L serovars. Finally, we found that Chlamydia elicits the early externalization of phosphatidylserine on the external leaflet of plasma membrane independently of caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Foschi
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Microbiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Marziali
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Microbiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Letizia Polito
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Unit, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Marangoni
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Microbiology Unit, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, General Pathology Unit, Bologna, Italy
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Jolly AL, Rau S, Chadha AK, Abdulraheem EA, Dean D. Stromal Fibroblasts Drive Host Inflammatory Responses That Are Dependent on Chlamydia trachomatis Strain Type and Likely Influence Disease Outcomes. mBio 2019; 10:e00225-19. [PMID: 30890604 PMCID: PMC6426598 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00225-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis ocular strains cause a blinding disease known as trachoma. These strains rarely cause urogenital infections and are not found in the upper genital tract or rectum. Urogenital strains are responsible for a self-limited conjunctivitis and the sequelae of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and hemorrhagic proctitis. However, the differential cellular responses that drive these clinically observed disease outcomes are not completely understood. Primary conjunctival, endocervical, and endometrial epithelial and stromal fibroblast cells, HeLa229 cells, and immortalized conjunctival epithelial (HCjE) cells were infected with the ocular A/Har-13 (A) and Ba/Apache-2 (Ba) strains and urogenital D/UW-3 (D) and E/Bour (E) strains. Infection rates, progeny production, and cytokine/chemokine secretion levels were evaluated in comparison with those in uninfected cells. All strain types infected all cell types with similar levels of efficacy and development. However, progeny production levels differed among primary cells: Ba produced significantly more progeny than E in endocervical and endometrial fibroblasts, while A progeny were less abundant than E progeny. C.trachomatis infection of primary epithelial cells elicited an increase in pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators compared to levels in uninfected cells, but there were no significant differences by strain type. In contrast, for primary fibroblasts, ocular strains elicited significant increases in the pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12p70, and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) compared to levels in urogenital strains, while urogenital strains elicited a distinct and significant increase in the proinflammatory mediators IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Our data indicate that primary fibroblasts, not epithelial cells, drive host inflammatory responses that are dependent on strain type and likely influence disease outcomes, establishing their importance as a novel model for studies of C. trachomatis disease pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEChlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen and the leading cause of preventable blindness and sexually transmitted diseases in the world. Certain C. trachomatis strains cause ocular disease, while others cause upper genital tract pathology. However, little is known about the cellular or immunologic basis for these differences. Here, we compared the abilities of the strain types to infect, replicate, and initiate an immune response in primary human ocular and urogenital epithelial cells, as well as in fibroblasts from the underlying stroma. While there were no significant differences in infection rates or intracellular growth for any strain in any cell type, proinflammatory responses were driven not by the epithelial cells but by fibroblasts and were distinct between ocular and urogenital strains. Our findings suggest that primary fibroblasts are a novel and more appropriate model for studies of immune responses that will expand our understanding of the differential pathological disease outcomes caused by various C. trachomatis strain types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Leah Jolly
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Sameeha Rau
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Anmol K Chadha
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Ekhlas Ahmed Abdulraheem
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Deborah Dean
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Kim RY, Pinkerton JW, Essilfie AT, Robertson AAB, Baines KJ, Brown AC, Mayall JR, Ali MK, Starkey MR, Hansbro NG, Hirota JA, Wood LG, Simpson JL, Knight DA, Wark PA, Gibson PG, O'Neill LAJ, Cooper MA, Horvat JC, Hansbro PM. Role for NLRP3 Inflammasome-mediated, IL-1β-Dependent Responses in Severe, Steroid-Resistant Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:283-297. [PMID: 28252317 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201609-1830oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Severe, steroid-resistant asthma is the major unmet need in asthma therapy. Disease heterogeneity and poor understanding of pathogenic mechanisms hampers the identification of therapeutic targets. Excessive nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and concomitant IL-1β responses occur in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory infections, and neutrophilic asthma. However, the direct contributions to pathogenesis, mechanisms involved, and potential for therapeutic targeting remain poorly understood, and are unknown in severe, steroid-resistant asthma. OBJECTIVES To investigate the roles and therapeutic targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β in severe, steroid-resistant asthma. METHODS We developed mouse models of Chlamydia and Haemophilus respiratory infection-mediated, ovalbumin-induced severe, steroid-resistant allergic airway disease. These models share the hallmark features of human disease, including elevated airway neutrophils, and NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β responses. The roles and potential for targeting of NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase-1, and IL-1β responses in experimental severe, steroid-resistant asthma were examined using a highly selective NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950; the specific caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cho; and neutralizing anti-IL-1β antibody. Roles for IL-1β-induced neutrophilic inflammation were examined using IL-1β and anti-Ly6G. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Chlamydia and Haemophilus infections increase NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β responses that drive steroid-resistant neutrophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Neutrophilic airway inflammation, disease severity, and steroid resistance in human asthma correlate with NLRP3 and IL-1β expression. Treatment with anti-IL-1β, Ac-YVAD-cho, and MCC950 suppressed IL-1β responses and the important steroid-resistant features of disease in mice, whereas IL-1β administration recapitulated these features. Neutrophil depletion suppressed IL-1β-induced steroid-resistant airway hyperresponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS NLRP3 inflammasome responses drive experimental severe, steroid-resistant asthma and are potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y Kim
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James W Pinkerton
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ama T Essilfie
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Avril A B Robertson
- 2 Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katherine J Baines
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Khadem Ali
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- 3 James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Lisa G Wood
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jodie L Simpson
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter A Wark
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter G Gibson
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- 4 School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- 2 Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- 1 Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Xu ZY, Zheng MX, Zhang L, Gong X, Xi R, Cui XZ, Bai R. Dynamic expression of death receptor adapter proteins tradd and fadd in Eimeria tenella-induced host cell apoptosis. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1438-1444. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Kerr MC, Gomez GA, Ferguson C, Tanzer MC, Murphy JM, Yap AS, Parton RG, Huston WM, Teasdale RD. Laser-mediated rupture of chlamydial inclusions triggers pathogen egress and host cell necrosis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14729. [PMID: 28281536 PMCID: PMC5353685 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkably little is known about how intracellular pathogens exit the host cell in order to infect new hosts. Pathogenic chlamydiae egress by first rupturing their replicative niche (the inclusion) before rapidly lysing the host cell. Here we apply a laser ablation strategy to specifically disrupt the chlamydial inclusion, thereby uncoupling inclusion rupture from the subsequent cell lysis and allowing us to dissect the molecular events involved in each step. Pharmacological inhibition of host cell calpains inhibits inclusion rupture, but not subsequent cell lysis. Further, we demonstrate that inclusion rupture triggers a rapid necrotic cell death pathway independent of BAK, BAX, RIP1 and caspases. Both processes work sequentially to efficiently liberate the pathogen from the host cytoplasm, promoting secondary infection. These results reconcile the pathogen's known capacity to promote host cell survival and induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus C. Kerr
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Maria C. Tanzer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - James M. Murphy
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alpha S. Yap
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina M. Huston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Rohan D Teasdale
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Lu J, Zhu L, Zhang L, Jiang J, Xie F, Huang Q, Li X, Yi C. Abnormal Expression of TRAIL Receptors in Decidual Tissue of Chlamydia trachomatis-Infected Rats During Early Pregnancy Loss. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:1041-1052. [PMID: 27852922 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116676393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the scientific name of pathogenic bacteria causing infection that has been linked to spontaneous abortion. In this study, the expression pattern of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; a cytokine related to cell apoptosis) and its receptors was monitored in the decidua of C trachomatis-infected pregnant rats during early gestation to investigate the potential role of this molecular system in C trachomatis-induced spontaneous abortion. The data showed that C trachomatis infection significantly altered the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the receptors; death receptor (DR) 4 and DR5 increased, but decoy receptor (DcR) 1 and DcR2 decreased. Consistent with mRNA data, immunohistochemical staining of TRAIL and its receptors indicated that both DR4 and DR5 protein levels were elevated in infected tissues, primarily, decidual cells, decidual vessel wall, and uterine glands, whereas DcR1 and DcR2 showed lower levels compared to the noninfected group. Although receptor expression was altered, there was no difference detected in TRAIL expression. The observed altered expression of TRAIL receptors in C trachomatis-infected rats compared to noninfected rats during the embryo implantation phase suggests a possible mechanism for spontaneous abortion due to apoptosis and therefore failed embryo implantation. In addition, the observed increase in caspase-3 levels in infected cells further supports this finding. Taken together, the data presented in this study suggests C trachomatis infection altered the expression of TRAIL receptors, thus representing a general mechanism for C trachomatis-induced spontaneous abortion in C trachomatis-infected rats during early pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhi Lu
- 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Zhu
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinpeng Jiang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Xie
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Huang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Li
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yichang second People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunjian Yi
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Timmermans K, van der Wal SE, Vaneker M, van der Laak JA, Netea MG, Pickkers P, Scheffer GJ, Joosten LA, Kox M. IL-1β processing in mechanical ventilation-induced inflammation is dependent on neutrophil factors rather than caspase-1. Intensive Care Med Exp 2013; 1:27. [PMID: 26266796 PMCID: PMC4797957 DOI: 10.1186/2197-425x-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanical ventilation can cause ventilator-induced lung injury, characterized by a sterile inflammatory response in the lungs resulting in tissue damage and respiratory failure. The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury. Cleavage of the inactive precursor pro-IL-1β to form bioactive IL-1β is mediated by several types of proteases, of which caspase-1, activated within the inflammasome, is the most important. Herein, we studied the roles of IL-1β, caspase-1 and neutrophil factors in the mechanical ventilation-induced inflammatory response in mice. METHODS Untreated wild-type mice, IL-1αβ knockout and caspase-1 knockout mice, pralnacasan (a selective caspase-1 inhibitor)-treated mice, anti-keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC)-treated mice and cyclophosphamide-treated neutrophil-depleted wild-type mice were ventilated using clinically relevant ventilator settings (tidal volume 8 ml/kg). The lungs and plasma were collected to determine blood gas values, cytokine profiles and neutrophil influx. RESULTS Mechanical ventilation resulted in increased pulmonary concentrations of IL-1β and KC and increased pulmonary neutrophil influx compared with non-ventilated mice. Ventilated IL-1αβ knockout mice did not demonstrate this increase in cytokines. No significant differences were observed between wild-type and caspase-1-deficient or pralnacasan-treated mice. In contrast, in anti-KC antibody-treated mice and neutropenic mice, inflammatory parameters decreased in comparison with ventilated non-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results illustrate that IL-1 is indeed an important cytokine in the inflammatory cascade induced by mechanical ventilation. However, the inflammasome/caspase-1 appears not to be involved in IL-1β processing in this type of inflammatory response. The attenuated inflammatory response observed in ventilated anti-KC-treated and neutropenic mice suggests that IL-1β processing in mechanical ventilation-induced inflammation is mainly mediated by neutrophil factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Timmermans
- Department of Anaesthesiology, RUNMC, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands,
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