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Dudzik T, Domański I, Makuch S. The impact of photodynamic therapy on immune system in cancer - an update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335920. [PMID: 38481994 PMCID: PMC10933008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic approach that has gained significant attention in recent years with its promising impact on the immune system. Recent studies have shown that PDT can modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Currently, numerous clinical trials are underway to investigate the effectiveness of this method in treating various types of cancer, as well as to evaluate the impact of PDT on immune system in cancer treatment. Notably, clinical studies have demonstrated the recruitment and activation of immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, at the treatment site following PDT. Moreover, combination approaches involving PDT and immunotherapy have also been explored in clinical trials. Despite significant advancements in its technological and clinical development, further studies are needed to fully uncover the mechanisms underlying immune activation by PDT. The main objective of this review is to comprehensively summarize and discuss both ongoing and completed studies that evaluate the impact of PDT of cancer on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dudzik
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Domański
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Makuch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Liu H, Lei D, Li J, Xin J, Zhang L, Fu L, Wang J, Zeng W, Yao C, Zhang Z, Wang S. MMP-2 Inhibitor-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Regulation Using a Sequentially Released Bio-Nanosystem for Enhanced Cancer Photo-Immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41834-41850. [PMID: 36073504 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) with natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has shown great potential against cancers, but the shedding of NK group 2, member D ligands (NKG2DLs) on tumor cells inhibited NK cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. Herein, we assembled microenvironment-/light-responsive bio-nanosystems (MLRNs) consisting of SB-3CT-containing β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs) and photosensitizer-loaded liposomes, in which SB-3CT was considered to remodel the tumor microenvironment. β-CDs and liposomes were linked by metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) responsive peptides, enabling sequential release of SB-3CT and chlorin e6 triggered by the MMP-2-abundant tumor microenvironment and 660 nm laser irradiation, respectively. Released SB-3CT blocked tumor immune escape by antagonizing MMP-2 and promoting the NKG2D/NKG2DL pathway, while liposomes were taken up by tumor cells for PDT. MLRN-mediated photo-immunotherapy significantly induced melanoma cell cytotoxicity (83.31%), inhibited tumor growth (relative tumor proliferation rate: 1.13% of that of normal saline) in the xenografted tumor model, and enhanced tumor-infiltrating NK cell (148 times) and NKG2DL expression (9.55 and 16.52 times for MICA and ULBP-1, respectively), achieving a synergistic effect. This study not only provided a simple insight into the development of new nanomedicine for programed release of antitumor drugs and better integration of PDT and immunotherapy but also a novel modality for clinical NK cell-mediated immunotherapy against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Dongqin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Jiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Jing Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Luwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
- School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, PR China
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Niu J, Cheng M, Hong Z, Ling J, Di W, Gu L, Qiu L. The effect of 5-Aminolaevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy versus CO 2 laser in the Treatment of Cervical Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions with High-Risk HPV Infection: A non-randomized, controlled pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102548. [PMID: 34562648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are insufficient studies comparing the efficacy of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) against CO2 laser therapy in the treatment of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV), especially for long-term efficacy. METHODS Patients with cervical LSIL and HR-HPV infection were divided into two treatment groups based on their own choice. All patients had a follow-up test including HPV testing, cytology and colposcopy at 4-6 months and 12 months after the treatment. RESULTS (1) Among 277 patients, 176 patients received 5-ALA PDT and 101 patients received CO2 laser therapy. (2) 4-6 months after treatment, there was no significant difference between two groups in the complete remission (CR) rates of cervical LSIL and the clearance rate of HR-HPV infection. (3) 12 months after treatment, compared with the CO2 laser group, the CR rates of cervical LSIL in the 5-ALA PDT group was significantly higher than the CO2 laser group. There was no statistical difference in the clearance rate of HR-HPV infection between the two groups. (4) 12 months after treatment, the recurrence rate of cervical lesions and the reinfection rate of HR-HPV infection in 5-ALA PDT group were significantly lower than those in CO2 laser group. CONCLUSION The effect of 5-ALA PDT is similar to CO2 laser at 4-6 months. The long-term efficacy of 5-ALA PDT appears better than CO2 laser. As a non-invasive treatment, 5-ALA PDT is a highly effective therapeutic procedure for cervical LSIL with HR-HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Mengxing Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Zubei Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Jiayan Ling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Wen Di
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine
| | - Liying Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine.
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine.
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Liu H, Yao C, Zhang L, Xin J, Zhang Z, Wang S. Nanoliposomes co-encapsulating Ce6 and SB3CT against the proliferation and metastasis of melanoma with the integration of photodynamic therapy and NKG2D-related immunotherapy on A375 cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:455102. [PMID: 34352746 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1afd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To overcome the insufficiency of conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating metastatic melanoma, the combination of smart nanoparticles and PDT with immunotherapy was used to achieve a higher efficiency by accumulating more photosensitizers in tumor areas and triggering stronger immune responses against tumors after PDT.Methods. In this study, we designed a nanoliposome co-encapsulation of chlorin E6 (Ce6) and SB-3CT to realize significant antitumoral proliferation and metastasis efficacy after laser irradiation in A375 cells. The morphology, size distribution, and loading efficiency of Ce6-SB3CT@Liposome (Lip-SC) were characterized. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytotoxicity were evaluated in A375 cells, and the mechanisms of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing were assessed.Results. Lip-SC showed good stability and was well-dispersed with a diameter of approximately 140 nm in phosphate-buffered saline. The nanoliposomes could accumulate in tumor areas and induce apoptosis in cancer cells upon 660 nm light irradiation, which could trigger an immune response and induce the expression of NK group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands. The subsequently released SB-3CT could further activate NK cells effectively and strengthen the immune system by inhibiting the shedding of soluble NKG2D ligands.Discussion. Taken together, the synergistic effects of SB-3CT on nanoliposomes for Ce6-mediated PDT were analyzed in detail to provide a new platform for future anti-melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Luwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xin
- Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Photonics and Sensing, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
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Hamblin MR, Abrahamse H. Factors Affecting Photodynamic Therapy and Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:123-136. [PMID: 32188394 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200318101037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy involving the systemic injection of a Photosensitizer (PS) that localizes to some extent in a tumor. After an appropriate time (ranging from minutes to days), the tumor is irradiated with red or near-infrared light either as a surface spot or by interstitial optical fibers. The PS is excited by the light to form a long-lived triplet state that can react with ambient oxygen to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen and/or hydroxyl radicals, that kill tumor cells, destroy tumor blood vessels, and lead to tumor regression and necrosis. It has long been realized that in some cases, PDT can also stimulate the host immune system, leading to a systemic anti-tumor immune response that can also destroy distant metastases and guard against tumor recurrence. The present paper aims to cover some of the factors that can affect the likelihood and efficiency of this immune response. The structure of the PS, drug-light interval, rate of light delivery, mode of cancer cell death, expression of tumor-associated antigens, and combinations of PDT with various adjuvants all can play a role in stimulating the host immune system. Considering the recent revolution in tumor immunotherapy triggered by the success of checkpoint inhibitors, it appears that the time is ripe for PDT to be investigated in combination with other approaches in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Yang D, Lei S, Pan K, Chen T, Lin J, Ni G, Liu J, Zeng X, Chen Q, Dan H. Application of photodynamic therapy in immune-related diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102318. [PMID: 33940209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that utilizes photodamage caused by photosensitizers and oxygen after exposure to a specific wavelength of light. Owing to its low toxicity, high selectivity, and minimally invasive properties, PDT has been widely applied to treat various malignant tumors, premalignant lesions, and infectious diseases. Moreover, there is growing evidence of its immunomodulatory effects and potential for the treatment of immune-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the effect of PDT on immunity and its application in immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Keran Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Physical Plasma-Treated Skin Cancer Cells Amplify Tumor Cytotoxicity of Human Natural Killer (NK) Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123575. [PMID: 33265951 PMCID: PMC7761052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural killer (NK)-cells are known to have antitumor potential. Cold physical plasma generates ROS exogenously to be utilized as a novel anticancer agent, especially in skin cancer. However, it is unknown whether plasma-treated skin cancer cells promote or inhibit NK-cell-mediated toxicity. To this end, we analyzed NK-cell-activating receptors on plasma-treated skin cancer cells and demonstrated an enhanced NK-cell activity augmenting tumor cell death upon plasma treatment. Abstract Skin cancers have the highest prevalence of all human cancers, with the most lethal forms being squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma. Besides the conventional local treatment approaches like surgery and radiotherapy, cold physical plasmas are emerging anticancer tools. Plasma technology is used as a therapeutic agent by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Evidence shows that inflammation and adaptive immunity are involved in cancer-reducing effects of plasma treatment, but the role of innate immune cells is still unclear. Natural killer (NK)-cells interact with target cells via activating and inhibiting surface receptors and kill in case of dominating activating signals. In this study, we investigated the effect of cold physical plasma (kINPen) on two skin cancer cell lines (A375 and A431), with non-malignant HaCaT keratinocytes as control, and identified a plasma treatment time-dependent toxicity that was more pronounced in the cancer cells. Plasma treatment also modulated the expression of activating and inhibiting receptors more profoundly in skin cancer cells compared to HaCaT cells, leading to significantly higher NK-cell killing rates in the tumor cells. Together with increased pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-6 and IL-8, we conclude that plasma treatment spurs stress responses in skin cancer cells, eventually augmenting NK-cell activity.
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Hou YJ, Yang XX, Liu RQ, Zhao D, Guo CX, Zhu AC, Wen MN, Liu Z, Qu GF, Meng HX. Pathological Mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy and Photothermal Therapy Based on Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:6827-6838. [PMID: 32982235 PMCID: PMC7501968 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s269321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of phototherapy based on nanoparticles, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) which generates heat and photodynamic therapy (PDT) which not only generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also induces a variety of anti-tumor immunity, is to kill tumors. In addition, due to strong efficacy in clinical treatment with minimal invasion and negligible side effects, it has received extensive attention and research in recent years. In this paper, the generations of nanomaterials in PTT and PDT are described separately. In clinical application, according to the different combination pathway of nanoparticles, it can be used to treat different diseases such as tumors, melanoma, rheumatoid and so on. In this paper, the mechanism of pathological treatment is described in detail in terms of inducing apoptosis of cancer cells by ROS produced by PDT, immunogenic cell death to provoke the maturation of dendritic cells, which in turn activate production of CD4+ T cells, CD8+T cells and memory T cells, as well as inhibiting heat shock protein (HSPs), STAT3 signal pathway and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jing Hou
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Xu Guo
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Chao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Na Wen
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Fan Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xue Meng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Falk-Mahapatra R, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic Therapy and Immunity: An Update. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 96:550-559. [PMID: 32128821 DOI: 10.1111/php.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Thomas Dougherty and his Oncology Foundation of Buffalo were the first to support my (S.O.G.) research into the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the host immune system. The small grant I was awarded in 2002 launched my career as an independent researcher; at the time, there were few studies on the importance of the immune response on the efficacy of PDT and no studies demonstrating the ability of PDT to enhance antitumor immunity. Over the last decades, the interest in PDT as an enhancer of antitumor immunity and our understanding of the mechanisms by which PDT enhances antitumor immunity have dramatically increased. In this review article, we look back on the studies that laid the foundation for our understanding and provide an update on current advances and therapies that take advantage of PDT enhancement of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra O Gollnick
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
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Nath S, Obaid G, Hasan T. The Course of Immune Stimulation by Photodynamic Therapy: Bridging Fundamentals of Photochemically Induced Immunogenic Cell Death to the Enrichment of T-Cell Repertoire. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1288-1305. [PMID: 31602649 PMCID: PMC6878142 DOI: 10.1111/php.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potentially immunogenic and FDA-approved antitumor treatment modality that utilizes the spatiotemporal combination of a photosensitizer, light and oftentimes oxygen, to generate therapeutic cytotoxic molecules. Certain photosensitizers under specific conditions, including ones in clinical practice, have been shown to elicit an immune response following photoillumination. When localized within tumor tissue, photogenerated cytotoxic molecules can lead to immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells, which release damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-specific antigens. Subsequently, the T-lymphocyte (T cell)-mediated adaptive immune system can become activated. Activated T cells then disseminate into systemic circulation and can eliminate primary and metastatic tumors. In this review, we will detail the multistage cascade of events following PDT of solid tumors that ultimately lead to the activation of an antitumor immune response. More specifically, we connect the fundamentals of photochemically induced ICD with a proposition on potential mechanisms for PDT enhancement of the adaptive antitumor response. We postulate a hypothesis that during the course of the immune stimulation process, PDT also enriches the T-cell repertoire with tumor-reactive activated T cells, diversifying their tumor-specific targets and eliciting a more expansive and rigorous antitumor response. The implications of such a process are likely to impact the outcomes of rational combinations with immune checkpoint blockade, warranting investigations into T-cell diversity as a previously understudied and potentially transformative paradigm in antitumor photodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Nath
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Cramer G, Shin M, Hagan S, Katz SI, Simone CB, Busch TM, Cengel KA. Modeling Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitor-mediated Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy Using 3D Mesothelioma Cell Culture. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:397-405. [PMID: 30499112 DOI: 10.1111/php.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that lung-sparing surgery with intraoperative photodynamic therapy (PDT) achieves remarkably extended survival for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Nevertheless, most patients treated using this approach experience local recurrence, so it is essential to identify ways to enhance tumor response. We previously reported that PDT transiently activates EGFR/STAT3 in lung and ovarian cancer cells and inhibiting EGFR via erlotinib can increase PDT sensitivity. Additionally, we have seen higher EGFR expression associating with worse outcomes after Photofrin-mediated PDT for MPM, and the extensive desmoplastic reaction associated with MPM influences tumor phenotype and therapeutic response. Since extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins accrued during stroma development can alter EGF signaling within tumors, we have characterized novel 3D models of MPM to determine their response to erlotinib combined with Photofrin-PDT. Our MPM cell lines formed a range of acinar phenotypes when grown on ECM gels, recapitulating the locally invasive phenotype of MPM in pleura and endothoracic fascia. Using these models, we confirmed that EGFR inhibition increases PDT cytotoxicity. Together with emerging evidence that EGFR inhibition may improve survival of lung cancer patients through immunologic and direct cell killing mechanisms, these results suggest erlotinib-enhanced PDT may significantly improve outcomes for MPM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn Cramer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Shin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah Hagan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sharyn I Katz
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Charles B Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keith A Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Cascone R, Carlucci A, Pierdiluca M, Santini M, Fiorelli A. Prognostic value of soluble major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A in non-small-cell lung cancer - significance and development. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 8:161-167. [PMID: 29066938 PMCID: PMC5644548 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Soluble major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A (sMICA) is a useful marker in surveillance of lung cancer. High serum sMICA level in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) seems to be a poor prognostic factor being correlated with poor differentiation and advanced stage. However, the low specificity limits its role as a single prognostic marker of NSCLC, but its evaluation, in addition to standard serum markers, could improve the staging of NSCLC. Despite promising, all current studies are insufficient to assess the real efficiency of sMICA as a prognostic marker of NSCLC, and hence, future studies are required to validate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cascone
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Carlucci
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Pierdiluca
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Santini
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Malatesti N, Munitic I, Jurak I. Porphyrin-based cationic amphiphilic photosensitisers as potential anticancer, antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:149-168. [PMID: 28510089 PMCID: PMC5425819 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) combines a photosensitiser, light and molecular oxygen to induce oxidative stress that can be used to kill pathogens, cancer cells and other highly proliferative cells. There is a growing number of clinically approved photosensitisers and applications of PDT, whose main advantages include the possibility of selective targeting, localised action and stimulation of the immune responses. Further improvements and broader use of PDT could be accomplished by designing new photosensitisers with increased selectivity and bioavailability. Porphyrin-based photosensitisers with amphiphilic properties, bearing one or more positive charges, are an effective tool in PDT against cancers, microbial infections and, most recently, autoimmune skin disorders. The aim of the review is to present some of the recent examples of the applications and research that employ this specific group of photosensitisers. Furthermore, we will highlight the link between their structural characteristics and PDT efficiency, which will be helpful as guidelines for rational design and evaluation of new PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Malatesti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Munitic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Igor Jurak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
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Yu DP, Han Y, Zhao QY, Liu ZD. CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ lymphocyte subgroups and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:2685-8. [PMID: 24761885 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the prevalence of lymphocyte subgroups CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 patients with NSCLC were divided into different groups according to different clinical factors (TNM staging, pathological patterns and genders) for assessment of relations with CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ and the surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. RESULTS Patients in the advanced group had evidently lower levels of CD3+ CD4+ but markedly higher levels of CD3+ CD8+ in peripheral blood than those with early lesions (p<0.05). In addition, NSCLC patients in the advanced group had obviously higher CD3+ CD4+ NKG2D and CD3+ CD8+ NKG2A expression rates but lower CD3+ CD4+ NKG2A and CD3+ CD8+ NKG2D expression rates (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between NSCLC patients with different genders and pathological patterns in expression levels of lymphocyte subgroups CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A. CONCLUSIONS Unbalanced expression of surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ lymphocytes may be associated with a poor prognosis, greater malignancy and immunological evasion by advanced cancers, related to progression of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ping Yu
- Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China E-mail :
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15
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Inflammation-related genetic variations and survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 96:360-369. [PMID: 24755914 PMCID: PMC4141040 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background accurate prognostic prediction is challenging for advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods we systematically investigated genetic variants within inflammation pathway as potential prognostic markers for advanced-stage NSCLC patients treated with first-line chemotherapy. A discovery phase in 502 patients and an internal validation in 335 patients were completed at MD Anderson Cancer Center. External validation was performed in 371 patients at Harvard University. Results a missense SNP (HLA-DOB:rs2071554) predicted to influence protein function was significantly associated with poor survival in the discovery (HR:1.46, 95% CI:1.02-2.09), internal validation (HR:1.51, 95% CI:1.02-2.25), and external validation (HR:1.52, 95% CI:1.01-2.29) populations. KLRK1:rs2900420 was associated with a reduced risk in the discovery (HR:0.76, 95% CI:0.60-0.96), internal validation (HR:0.77, 95% CI:0.61-0.99), and external validation (HR:0.80, 95% CI:0.63-1.02) populations. A strong cumulative effect was observed for these SNPs on overall survival. Conclusions Genetic variations in inflammation-related genes could have potential to complement prediction of prognosis.
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Liu C, Li Z, Sheng W, Fu R, Li L, Zhang T, Wu Y, Xing L, Song J, Wang H, Shao Z. Abnormalities of quantities and functions of natural killer cells in severe aplastic anemia. Immunol Invest 2014; 43:491-503. [PMID: 24661133 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.888448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is a rare disease characterized by severe pancytopenia and bone marrow failure. Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or common lymphoid progenitors (CLP). They play a key role in n the innate immunity and adaptive immune. In this study, the quantitative and functional changes of natural killer (NK) cell subsets in peripheral blood of severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients before and after immunosuppressive therapy (IST) were investigated. Results showed that the percentage of NK cells and its subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes was decreased in SAA patients. After IST, the percentage of NK cells and their subsets increased dramatically. The median expressions of CD158a, NKG2D and NKp46 on NK cells were higher in SAA patients compared to that in normal controls, and the expressions of perforin in newly diagnosed and recovery SAA patients were higher than that in controls. Therefore, we concluded that the decrease of total NK cells, and CD56(bright), CD56(dim) NK cell subsets and the higher expressions of NKp46 and perforin on NK cells may cause the over-function of T lymphocytes and thus lead to hematopoiesis failure in SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin , P.R. China
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Guo H, Xu B, Yang X, Wang Y, Liu X, Cui C, Jiang Y. A high frequency of peripheral blood NKG2D+NK and NKT cells in euthyroid patients with new onset hashimoto’s thyroiditis—a pilot study. Immunol Invest 2013; 43:312-23. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.854377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fan X, Ye M, Xue B, Ke Y, Wong CK, Xie Y. Human Dendritic Cells Engineered to Secrete Interleukin-18 Activate MAGE-A3-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytesin vitro. Immunol Invest 2012; 41:469-83. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.664225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wang H, Zheng X, Wei H, Tian Z, Sun R. Important role for NKp30 in synapse formation and activation of NK cells. Immunol Invest 2012; 41:367-81. [PMID: 22221078 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.632799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in host defense against viral infections and tumor cells. NK cells require contact with target cells and must subsequently form an NK cell immunological synapse (NKIS). The NKIS represents the interface formed between NK cells and their target cells via receptor recognition and adhesion molecule binding, and it is essential for NK cell cytotoxicity, which is mediated through degranulation and release of cytolytic enzymes. In this study, NKp30-mediated signaling and the role of NKp30 in the formation of the NKIS were investigated. The results from confocal microscopy studies showed that the activating receptor, NKp30, and the adhesion molecule, LFA-1 (CD11a), accumulated at the interface between NK92 cells, which are a human NK cell line, and HeLa cells, which are a human tumor cell line (NK92-HeLa). Blockade of NKp30 inhibited NK cell degranulation, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion but did not affect the conjugation between NK and target cells. Additionally, ligation with HeLa cells activated the Erk1/2 signaling pathway in NK92 cells, and blockade of NKp30 decreased the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Therefore, NKp30 is a triggering receptor downstream of adhesion and plays an important role in NK cell activation, degranulation and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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Belicha-Villanueva A, Riddell J, Bangia N, Gollnick SO. The effect of photodynamic therapy on tumor cell expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class I-related molecules. Lasers Surg Med 2012; 44:60-8. [PMID: 22246985 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is FDA-approved anti-cancer modality for elimination of early disease and palliation in advanced disease. PDT efficacy depends in part on elicitation of a tumor-specific immune response that is dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. The cytolytic potential of CTLs and NK cells is mediated by the ability of these cells to recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class I-related molecules. The MHC class I-related molecules MICA and MICB are induced by oxidative stress and have been reported to activate NK cells and co-stimulate CD8(+) T cells. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of PDT on tumor cell expression of MHC classes I and II-related molecules in vivo and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Human colon carcinoma Colo205 cells and murine CT26 tumors were treated with 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-PDT at various doses. MHC classes I and I-related molecule expression following treatment of Colo205 cells was temporally examined by flow cytometry using antibodies specific for components of MHC class I molecules and by quantitative PCR using specific primers. Expression of MHC class I-related molecules following HPPH-based PDT (HPPH-PDT) of murine tumors was monitored using a chimeric NKG2D receptor. RESULTS In vitro HPPH-PDT significantly induces MICA in Colo205 cells, but had no effect on MHC class I molecule expression. PDT also induced expression of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL) following in vivo HPPH-PDT of a murine tumor. Induction of MICA corresponded to increased NK killing of PDT-treated tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS PDT induction of MICA on human tumor cells and increased expression of NKG2DL by murine tumors following PDT may play a role in PDT induction of anti-tumor immunity. This conclusion is supported by our results demonstrating that tumor cells have increased sensitivity to NK cell lysis following PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Belicha-Villanueva
- Department of Immunology, Elm and Carlton Sts., Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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