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Guan M, Yao L, Zhen Y, Song Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Chen R, Cui Y, Li S. Sporothrix globosa melanin regulates autophagy via the TLR2 signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011281. [PMID: 37141335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin, an important virulence factor of pathogenic fungi, has been shown to suppress host immune responses in multiple ways. Autophagy is a vital cellular mechanism underlying the host's innate immunity against microbial infections. However, the potential influence of melanin on autophagy has not been explored. We investigated the effect of melanin on autophagy in macrophages, which play a key role in controlling Sporothrix spp. infection, as well as the mechanism of melanin interaction with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced pathways. Sporothrix globosa conidia (wild-type and melanin-deficient mutant strains) or yeast cells were co-cultured with THP-1 macrophages to demonstrate that, although S. globosa infection led to the activation of autophagy-related proteins and increased autophagic flux, S. globosa melanin suppressed macrophage autophagy. Incubation with S. globosa conidia also increased the expression levels of reactive oxygen species and multiple proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ) in macrophages. These effects were attenuated as melanin presented. Furthermore, while S. globosa conidia significantly increased the expression of both TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages, the knockdown of TLR2, but not TLR4, with small interfering RNA suppressed autophagy. Overall, this study revealed the novel immune defense ability of S. globosa melanin to inhibit macrophage functionality by resisting macrophage autophagy through the regulation of TLR2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Guan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Precision Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruili Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Lin P, Zhang J, Xie G, Li J, Guo C, Lin H, Zhang Y. Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:71-86. [PMID: 36329281 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guinan Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA. Virulence Factors of Sporothrix schenckii. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030318. [PMID: 35330320 PMCID: PMC8949611 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is one of the etiological agents of sporotrichosis. In this review, we discuss the virulence factors that have been proven to participate in the S. schenckii-host interaction. Among these known factors, we can find cell wall glycoproteins, adhesins, melanin, extracellular vesicles, and dimorphism. Furthermore, the morphological transition of S. schenckii in response to environmental conditions such as pH and temperature represents a means by which the fungus is able to establish mycosis in mammals. One of the key features in the development of sporotrichosis is the adhesion of the fungus to the host extracellular matrix. This event represents the first step to developing the mycosis, which involves adhesins such as the glycoproteins Gp70, Hsp60, and Pap1, which play a key role during the infection. The production of melanin helps the fungus to survive longer in the tissues and to neutralize or diminish many of the host’s attacks, which is why it is also considered a key factor in pathogenesis. Today, the study of human fungal pathogens’ virulence factors is a thriving area of research. Although we know some of the virulence factors in S. schenckii, much remains to be understood about the complex process of sporotrichosis development and the factors involved during the infection.
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Melanin of Sporothrix globosa affects the function of THP-1 macrophages and modulates the expression of TLR2 and TLR4. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105158. [PMID: 34454025 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin is an important virulence factor for Sporothrix globosa, the causative agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis that occurs worldwide. Although previous research suggests that melanin is involved in the pathogenesis of sporotrichosis, little is known about its influence on the macrophages that represent the frontline components of innate immunity. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of melanin on phagocytic activity and the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 during S. globosa infection of macrophages in vitro. METHODS To compare phagocytic activity and survival rates, THP-1 macrophages and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were co-cultured with a wild-type S. globosa strain (Mel+), an albino mutant strain (Mel-), a tricyclazole-treated Mel + strain (TCZ-Mel+), or melanin ghosts extracted from S. globosa conidia. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) generation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were assayed in THP-1 cells infected with S. globosa conidia. Quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to observe the effect of melanin on TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Knockdown of TLR2/4 expression with small interfering RNA was performed to further verify the role of these receptors during infection. RESULTS Macrophages infected with Mel + conidia showed a lower phagocytosis index and a higher survival rate than TCZ-Mel+ and Mel- in vitro. After incubation with S. globosa, the release of ROS, NO, TNF-α and IL-6 by THP-1 were decreased in the presence of melanin. Increased mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 occurred upon S. globosa infection in THP-1, whereas the presence of melanin suppressed TLR2 and TLR4. Moreover, TLR2 or TLR4 knockdown showed a trend toward reducing the pernicious effect of S. globosa conidia on THP-1 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results indicated that melanin inhibits the phagocytosis of S. globosa and guards against macrophage attack by providing protection from oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals, as well as suppressing the host pro-inflammatory cytokine response (TNF-α and IL-6). Melanin was also involved in modulating TLR2 and TLR4 receptor expression, weakening the killing efficiency of S. globosa.
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The Role of Macrophages in the Host's Defense against Sporothrix schenckii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070905. [PMID: 34358055 PMCID: PMC8308788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host-pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host-pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.
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The Role of IL-17-Producing Cells in Cutaneous Fungal Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115794. [PMID: 34071562 PMCID: PMC8198319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the body and is exposed to many environmental stimuli, which cause various inflammatory immune responses in the skin. Among them, fungi are common microorganisms that colonize the skin and cause cutaneous fungal diseases such as candidiasis and dermatophytosis. The skin exerts inflammatory responses to eliminate these fungi through the cooperation of skin-component immune cells. IL-17 producing cells are representative immune cells that play a vital role in anti-fungal action in the skin by producing antimicrobial peptides and facilitating neutrophil infiltration. However, the actual impact of IL-17-producing cells in cutaneous fungal infections remains unclear. In this review, we focused on the role of IL-17-producing cells in a series of cutaneous fungal infections, the characteristics of skin infectious fungi, and the recognition of cell components that drive cutaneous immune cells.
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Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, de Andrade CR, Polesi MC, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Transient Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell depletion enhances protective Th1/Th17 immune response in murine sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151993. [PMID: 32962813 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on protective immunity in fungal infections, is controversial. Sporotrichosis is an emerging and worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis caused by various related thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. Previously, we showed an elevated percent of Tregs around 21 days post-infection (dpi) in C57BL/6 mice infected with either Sporothrix schenckii or Sporothrix brasiliensis, but the effect of these cells in the ongoing infection was not evaluated. Here, we aim to characterize the role of Foxp3+ Tregs in a subcutaneous S. schenckii infection model. The flow cytometric analyses showed that S. schenckii infection elicited an expansion of a splenic CD4+Foxp3+ population, including a subset of Helioslow+ after ex vivo stimulation with S. schenckii-heat killed yeast. Depletion of Tregs in DEREG mice revealed a reduction of fungal burden in the skin and systemically in liver and kidneys, associated with enhanced Th1 and Th17 responses. Altogether, our results reveal for the first time that Tregs depletion in ongoing S. schenckii infection improves the protective antifungal immunity and these data suggest that Tregs modulation could be explored as a potential therapeutic strategy in sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Jiao Q, Luo Y, Scheffel J, Geng P, Wang Y, Frischbutter S, Li R, Maurer M, Zhao Z. Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:469. [PMID: 32265923 PMCID: PMC7096480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a dimorphic fungus, causes sporotrichosis. Mast cells (MCs) have been described to be involved in skin fungal infections. The role of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis remains largely unknown. Objectives: To characterize the role and relevance of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis. Methods: We analyzed cutaneous sporotrichosis in wild-type (WT) mice and two different MC-deficient strains. In vitro, MCs were assessed for S. schenckii-induced cytokine production and degranulation after incubation with S. schenckii. We also explored the role of MCs in human cutaneous sporotrichosis. Results: WT mice developed markedly larger skin lesions than MC-deficient mice (> 1.5 fold) after infection with S. schenckii, with significantly increased fungal burden. S. schenckii induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-1β by MCs, but not degranulation. S. schenckii induced larger skin lesions and higher release of IL-6 and TNF by MCs as compared to the less virulent S. albicans. In patients with sporotrichosis, TNF and IL-6 were increased in skin lesions, and markedly elevated levels in the serum were linked to disease activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cutaneous MCs contribute to skin sporotrichosis by releasing cytokines such as TNF and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Geng
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zuotao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Téllez-Martínez D, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis. Feasibility and prospects. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:432-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Queiroz-Telles F, Buccheri R, Benard G. Sporotrichosis In Immunocompromised Hosts. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010008. [PMID: 30641918 PMCID: PMC6463096 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a global implantation or subcutaneous mycosis caused by several members of the genus Sporothrix, a thermo-dimorphic fungus. This disease may also depict an endemic profile, especially in tropical to subtropical zones around the world. Interestingly, sporotrichosis is an anthropozoonotic disease that may be transmitted to humans by plants or by animals, especially cats. It may be associated with rather isolated or clustered cases but also with outbreaks in different periods and geographic regions. Usually, sporotrichosis affects immunocompetent hosts, presenting a chronic to subacute evolution course. Less frequently, sporotrichosis may be acquired by inhalation, leading to disseminated clinical forms. Both modes of infection may occur in immunocompromised patients, especially associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but also diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, steroids, anti-TNF treatment, hematologic cancer and transplanted patients. Similar to other endemic mycoses caused by dimorphic fungi, sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts may be associated with rather more severe clinical courses, larger fungal burden and longer periods of systemic antifungal therapy. A prolonged outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is in progress in Brazil and potentially crossing the border to neighboring countries. This huge outbreak involves thousands of human and cats, including immunocompromised subjects affected by HIV and FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), respectively. We reviewed the main epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata Buccheri
- Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo 05411-000, Brazil.
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
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12
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Rossato L, Silvana dos Santos S, Ferreira LG, Rogério de Almeida S. The impact of the absence of Toll-like receptor-2 during Sporothrix brasiliensis infection. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:87-94. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Rossato
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Suelen Silvana dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gonçalves Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sandro Rogério de Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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13
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Ferreira LS, Portuondo DL, Polesi MC, Carlos IZ. Natural killer cells are pivotal for in vivo protection following systemic infection by Sporothrix schenckii. Immunology 2018; 155:467-476. [PMID: 30030839 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the first cell types to enter inflammation sites and have been historically known as key effector cells against tumours and viruses; now, accumulating evidence shows that NK cells are also capable of direct in vitro activity and play a protective role against clinically important fungi in vivo. However, our understanding of NK cell development, maturation and activation in the setting of fungal infections is preliminary at best. Sporotrichosis is an emerging worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis endemic in many countries, affecting humans and other animals and caused by various related thermodimorphic Sporothrix species, whose prototypical member is Sporothrix schenckii. We show that following systemic infection of BALB/c mice with S. schenckii sensu stricto, NK cells displayed a more mature phenotype as early as 5 days post-infection as judged by CD11b/CD27 expression. At 10 days post-infection, NK cells had increased expression of CD62 ligand (CD62L) and killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 (KLRG1), but not of CD25 or CD69. Depletion of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 drastically impaired fungal clearance, leading to a more than eightfold increase in splenic fungal load accompanied by heightened systemic inflammation, as shown by augmented production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-6, but not interleukin-17A, in the spleen and serum. Our study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to demonstrate that a fungal infection can drive NK cell maturation in vivo and that such cells are pivotal for in vivo protection against S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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14
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Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Ferreira LS, de Andrade CR, Quinello C, Téllez-Martínez D, de Aguiar Loesch ML, Carlos IZ. Comparative efficacy and toxicity of two vaccine candidates against Sporothrix schenckii using either Montanide™ Pet Gel A or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants in mice. Vaccine 2017; 35:4430-4436. [PMID: 28687406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an important zoonosis in Brazil and the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America, caused by different Sporothrix species. Currently, there is no effective vaccine available to prevent this disease. In this study, the efficacy and toxicity of the adjuvant Montanide™ Pet Gel A (PGA) formulated with S. schenckii cell wall proteins (ssCWP) was evaluated and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide (AH). Balb/c mice received two subcutaneous doses (1st and 14th days) of either the unadjuvanted or adjuvanted vaccine candidates. On the 21st day, anti-ssCWP antibody levels (ELISA), the phagocytic index, as well as the ex vivo release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by splenocytes and IL-12 by peritoneal macrophages were assessed. Cytotoxicity of the vaccine formulations was evaluated in vitro and by histopathological analysis of the inoculation site. Both adjuvanted vaccine formulations increased anti-ssCWP IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3 levels, although IgG2a levels were higher in response to PGA+CWP100, probably contributing to the increase in S. schenckii yeast phagocytosis by macrophages in the opsonophagocytosis assay when using serum from PGA+CWP100-immunized mice. Immunization with AH+CWP100 led to a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 ex vivo cytokine release profile, while PGA+CWP100 stimulated a preferential Th1/Th2 profile. Moreover, PGA+CWP100 was less cytotoxic in vitro, caused less local toxicity and led to a similar reduction in fungal load in the liver and spleen of S. schenckii- or S. brasiliensis-challenged mice as compared with AH+CWP100. These results suggest that PGA may be an effective and safe adjuvant for a future sporotrichosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila Quinello
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza de Aguiar Loesch
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Wu C, Qin X, Li P, Pan T, Ren W, Li N, Peng Y. Transcriptomic Analysis on Responses of Murine Lungs to Pasteurella multocida Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:251. [PMID: 28676843 PMCID: PMC5476747 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida infection in cattle causes serious epidemic diseases and leads to great economic losses in livestock industry; however, little is known about the interaction between host and P. multocida in the lungs. To explore a fully insight into the host responses in the lungs during P. multocida infection, a mouse model of Pasteurella pneumonia was established by intraperitoneal infection, and then transcriptomic analysis of infected lungs was performed. P. multocida localized and grew in murine lungs, and induced inflammation in the lungs, as well as mice death. With transcriptomic analysis, approximately 107 clean reads were acquired. 4236 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were detected during P. multocida infection, of which 1924 DEGs were up-regulated. By gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichments, 5,303 GO enrichments and 116 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched in the context of P. multocida infection. Interestingly, genes related to immune responses, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, were significantly up-regulated, suggesting the key roles of these genes in P. multocida infection. Transcriptomic data showed that IFN-γ/IL-17-related genes were increased, which were validated by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Our study characterized the transcriptomic profile of the lungs in mice upon Pasteurella infection, and our findings could provide valuable information with respect to better understanding the responses in mice during P. multocida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Xiaobin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of SciencesChangsha, China
| | - Nengzhang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
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16
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Gonçalves AC, Ferreira LS, Manente FA, de Faria CMQG, Polesi MC, de Andrade CR, Zamboni DS, Carlos IZ. The NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to host protection during Sporothrix schenckii infection. Immunology 2017; 151:154-166. [PMID: 28140444 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a mycosis caused by fungi from the Sporothrix schenckii species complex, whose prototypical member is Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and shape the following adaptive immune response. A family of PRRs most frequently associated with fungal recognition is the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR). After PAMP recognition, NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) binds to apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1 to form the NLRP3 inflammasome. When activated, this complex promotes the maturation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and cell death through pyroptosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the importance of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the outcome of S. schenckii infection using the following three different knockout (KO) mice: NLRP3-/- , ASC-/- and caspase-1-/- . All KO mice were more susceptible to infection than the wild-type, suggesting that NLRP3-triggered responses contribute to host protection during S. schenckii infection. Furthermore, the NLRP3 inflammasome appeared to be critical for the ex vivo release of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-17 but not interferon-γ. Additionally, a role for the inflammasome in shaping the adaptive immune response was suggested by the lower frequencies of type 17 helper T (Th17) cells and Th1/Th17 but not Th1 cells in S. schenckii-infected KO mice. Overall, our results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome links the innate recognition of S. schenckii to the adaptive immune response, so contributing to protection against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Francine Alessandra Manente
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FOAR/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Dario Simões Zamboni
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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17
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Alba-Fierro CA, Pérez-Torres A, Toriello C, Romo-Lozano Y, López-Romero E, Ruiz-Baca E. Molecular Components of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex that Induce Immune Response. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:292-300. [PMID: 27117164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex that includes species such as S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. pallida, which exhibit different potentially antigenic molecular components. The immune response of susceptible hosts to control infection and disease caused by these fungi has been little studied. Besides, the fungus-host interaction induces the activation of different types of immune response. This mini-review analyzes and discusses existing reports on the identification and functional characterization of molecules from species of the S. schenckii complex with clinical relevance, and the mechanisms that mediate the type and magnitude of the immune response in experimental models in vivo and in vitro. This knowledge is expected to contribute to the development of protective and therapeutic strategies against sporotrichosis and other mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Romo-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico.
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18
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Immune Response Induced by an Immunodominant 60 kDa Glycoprotein of the Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii in Two Mice Strains with Experimental Sporotrichosis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6525831. [PMID: 27051673 PMCID: PMC4808653 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6525831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall (CW) components of fungus Sporothrix schenckii are the major inductors antigens of immune responses. The immunodominant 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) has been shown to be associated with the virulence of this fungus but its role in experimental sporotrichosis is unknown. In this work, the immunological effects of CW-purified gp60 were investigated in a model of experimental subcutaneous sporotrichosis in normal and gp60-preimmunized C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice strains which were then infected with S. schenckii conidia. Results showed that both mice strains use different cytokine profiles in order to fight S. schenckii infection; C57BL/6 mice seem to use a Th17 response while BALB/c mice tend to depend on a Th1 profile. Preimmunization with gp60 showed a downregulatory effect on the immune response since cytokines levels were diminished in both strains. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of dorsoplantar inflammation between gp60-preimmunized and nonimmunized mice of both strains. However, skin lesions due to the infection in gp60-preimmunized mice were more severe in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that the antigen exerts a higher downregulatory effect on the Th1 response.
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19
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Maia DCG, Gonçalves AC, Ferreira LS, Manente FA, Portuondo DL, Vellosa JCR, Polesi MC, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Response of Cytokines and Hydrogen Peroxide to Sporothrix schenckii Exoantigen in Systemic Experimental Infection. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:207-15. [PMID: 26603044 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9966-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The response of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cytokines during an experimental sporotrichosis in male Swiss mice was assessed over a period of 10 weeks by monitoring macrophage activation challenged with exoantigen (ExoAg) from the fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The studied endpoints were: H2O2 production, fungal burden at spleen, apoptosis in peritoneal macrophages, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2, IL-10 production. During the two first weeks of infection was observed low burden of yeast in spleen and high response of H2O2, IL-2, and IL-1β. The weeks of highest fungal burden (fourth-sixth) coincided with major apoptosis in peritoneal macrophages, normal production of IL-6 and lower production of H2O2, IL-2, and IL-1β, suggesting a role for these three last in the early control of infection. On the other hand, IL-1β (but not IL-6) was recovered since the sixth week, suggesting a possible role in the late phase of infection, contributing to the fungal clearance in conjunction with the specific mechanisms. The IL-10 was elevated until the sixth, principally in the second week. These results evidences that ExoAg is involved in the host immune modulation, influencing the S. Schenckii virulence, and its role is related with the time of the infection in the model used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cardoso Geraldo Maia
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Francine Alessandra Manente
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Rebuglio Vellosa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil.,Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2, 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil n° 1621, Araraquara, SP, CEP 14.801-902, Brazil.
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20
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Ferreira LS, Gonçalves AC, Portuondo DL, Maia DCG, Placeres MCP, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Optimal clearance of Sporothrix schenckii requires an intact Th17 response in a mouse model of systemic infection. Immunobiology 2015; 220:985-92. [PMID: 25776919 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Th17 cells, along with many other Th cell subsets in the recent years, has expanded the Th1/Th2 paradigm that had persisted since its proposition by Mosmann in 1986. Defined by the characteristic expression of the transcription factor retinoic-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and production of IL-17A (IL-17), Th17 cells are powerful inducers of tissue inflammation with a recognized role against extracellular bacteria and fungi. Despite this, the interest in their study came from the pivotal role they play in the development and maintenance of major chronic inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease, hence they have been the target of promising new anti-Th17 therapies. Accordingly, the identification of opportunistic pathogens whose clearance relies on the Th17 response is of huge prophylactic importance. As shown here for the first time, this applies to Sporothrix schenckii, a thermo-dimorphic fungus and the causative agent of sporotrichosis. Our results show that both Th17 and Th1/Th17 mixed cells are developed during the S. schenckii systemic mice infection, which also leads to augmented production of IL-17 and IL-22. Also, by using an antibody-mediated IL-23 depletion model, we further demonstrate that optimal fungal clearance, but not survival, depends on an intact Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Cardoso Geraldo Maia
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi Placeres
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, Júlio Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Postal Code: 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Téllez MD, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo D, Quinello C, Bonne-Hernández R, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix
schenckii complex biology: environment and fungal pathogenicity. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:2352-2365. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.081794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a complex of various species of fungus found in soils, plants, decaying vegetables and other outdoor environments. It is the aetiological agent of sporotrichosis in humans and several animals. Humans and animals can acquire the disease through traumatic inoculation of the fungus into subcutaneous tissue. Despite the importance of sporotrichosis, it being currently regarded as an emergent disease in several countries, the factors driving its increasing medical importance are still largely unknown. There have only been a few studies addressing the influence of the environment on the virulence of these pathogens. However, recent studies have demonstrated that adverse conditions in its natural habitats can trigger the expression of different virulence factors that confer survival advantages both in animal hosts and in the environment. In this review, we provide updates on the important advances in the understanding of the biology of Spor. schenckii and the modification of its virulence linked to demonstrated or putative environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Téllez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Oriente University, Ave Las Americas, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - A. Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2 CP 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - D. Portuondo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C. Quinello
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - I. Z. Carlos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP Rua Expedicionarios do Brasil 1621-CEP : 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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22
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Gonçalves AC, Maia DCG, Ferreira LS, Monnazzi LGS, Alegranci P, Placeres MCP, Batista-Duharte A, Carlos IZ. Involvement of major components from Sporothrix schenckii cell wall in the caspase-1 activation, nitric oxide and cytokines production during experimental sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 2014; 179:21-30. [PMID: 25205196 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9810-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a chronic infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii, involving all layers of skin and the subcutaneous tissue. The role of innate immune toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the defense against this fungus has been reported, but so far, there were no studies on the effect of cell wall major components over the cytosolic oligo-merization domain (NOD)-like receptors, important regulators of inflammation and responsible for the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, whose functions are dependents of the caspase-1 activation, that can participate of inflammasome. It was evaluated the percentage of activation of caspase-1, the production of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17, IFN-γ and nitric oxide in a Balb/c model of S. schenckii infection. It was observed a decreased activity of caspase-1 during the fourth and sixth weeks of infection accompanied by reduced secretion of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-17 and high production of nitric oxide. IFN-γ levels were elevated during the entire time course of infection. This temporal reduction in caspase-1 activity coincides exactly with the reported period of fungal burden associated with a transitory immunosuppression induced by this fungus and detected in similar infection models. These results indicate the importance of interaction between caspase-1, cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the host defense against S. schenckii infection, suggesting a participation the inflammasome in this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Costa Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14801-902, Brazil
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