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Associação Brasileira de Hematologia, Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular Consensus on genetically modified cells. VIII: CAR-T cells: preclinical development - Safety and efficacy evaluation. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 43 Suppl 2:S54-S63. [PMID: 34794798 PMCID: PMC8606693 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are four CAR-T products commercially available on the market. CAR-T cells have shown high remission rates and they represent an effective treatment option for patients with resistant or refractory B cell malignancies. Approval of these cell therapy products came after an extended period of preclinical evaluation that demonstrated unprecedented efficacy in this difficult-to-treat patient population. This review article outlines the main preclinical evaluations needed for CAR T cell product development.
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Gomide MS, Sales TT, Barros LRC, Limia CG, de Oliveira MA, Florentino LH, Barros LMG, Robledo ML, José GPC, Almeida MSM, Lima RN, Rehen SK, Lacorte C, Melo EO, Murad AM, Bonamino MH, Coelho CM, Rech E. Genetic switches designed for eukaryotic cells and controlled by serine integrases. Commun Biol 2020; 3:255. [PMID: 32444777 PMCID: PMC7244727 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0971-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new serine integrases have been identified, increasing the possibility of scaling up genomic modulation tools. Here, we describe the use of unidirectional genetic switches to evaluate the functionality of six serine integrases in different eukaryotic systems: the HEK 293T cell lineage, bovine fibroblasts and plant protoplasts. Moreover, integrase activity was also tested in human cell types of therapeutic interest: peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), neural stem cells (NSCs) and undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. The switches were composed of plasmids designed to flip two different genetic parts driven by serine integrases. Cell-based assays were evaluated by measurement of EGFP fluorescence and by molecular analysis of attL/attR sites formation after integrase functionality. Our results demonstrate that all the integrases were capable of inverting the targeted DNA sequences, exhibiting distinct performances based on the cell type or the switchable genetic sequence. These results should support the development of tunable genetic circuits to regulate eukaryotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayna S Gomide
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910900, DF, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036900, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais T Sales
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910900, DF, Brazil
| | - Luciana R C Barros
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Research Coordination, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, 20231050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cintia G Limia
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Research Coordination, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, 20231050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marco A de Oliveira
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910900, DF, Brazil
| | - Lilian H Florentino
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Leila M G Barros
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria L Robledo
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Research Coordination, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, 20231050, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo P C José
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana S M Almeida
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Rayane N Lima
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Stevens K Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, 22281100, RJ, Brazil
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lacorte
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O Melo
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi, 77402970, TO, Brazil
| | - André M Murad
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil
| | - Martín H Bonamino
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, Research Coordination, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, 20231050, RJ, Brazil.
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), FIOCRUZ - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Institute, Rio de Janeiro, 21040900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cintia M Coelho
- Department of Genetic and Morphology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, 70910900, DF, Brazil.
| | - Elibio Rech
- Brazilian Agriculture Research Corporation - Embrapa - Genetic Resources and Biotechnology - CENARGEN, Brasília, 70770917, DF, Brazil.
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de Macedo Abdo L, Barros LRC, Saldanha Viegas M, Vieira Codeço Marques L, de Sousa Ferreira P, Chicaybam L, Bonamino MH. Development of CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL using a point-of-care approach. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1752592. [PMID: 32363126 PMCID: PMC7185214 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1752592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently approved by the FDA and European Medicines Agency, CAR-T cell therapy is a new treatment option for B-cell malignancies. Currently, CAR-T cells are manufactured in centralized facilities and face bottlenecks like complex scaling up, high costs, and logistic operations. These difficulties are mainly related to the use of viral vectors and the requirement to expand CAR-T cells to reach the therapeutic dose. In this paper, by using Sleeping Beauty-mediated genetic modification delivered by electroporation, we show that CAR-T cells can be generated and used without the need for ex vivo activation and expansion, consistent with a point-of-care (POC) approach. Our results show that minimally manipulated CAR-T cells are effective in vivo against RS4;11 leukemia cells engrafted in NSG mice even when inoculated after only 4 h of gene transfer. In an effort to better characterize the infused CAR-T cells, we show that 19BBz T lymphocytes infused after 24 h of electroporation (where CAR expression is already detectable) can improve the overall survival and reduce tumor burden in organs of mice engrafted with RS4;11 or Nalm-6 B cell leukemia. A side-by-side comparison of POC approach with a conventional 8-day expansion protocol using Transact beads demonstrated that both approaches have equivalent antitumor activity in vivo. Our data suggest that POC approach is a viable alternative for the generation and use of CAR-T cells, overcoming the limitations of current manufacturing protocols. Its use has the potential to expand CAR immunotherapy to a higher number of patients, especially in the context of low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza de Macedo Abdo
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Saldanha Viegas
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luisa Vieira Codeço Marques
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Sousa Ferreira
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Chicaybam
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martín Hernán Bonamino
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Chicaybam L, Abdo L, Carneiro M, Peixoto B, Viegas M, de Sousa P, Fornazin MC, Spago MC, Albertoni Laranjeira AB, de Campos-Lima PO, Nowill A, Barros LRC, Bonamino MH. CAR T Cells Generated UsingSleeping BeautyTransposon Vectors and Expanded with an EBV-Transformed Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Display Antitumor ActivityIn VitroandIn Vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 30:511-522. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Chicaybam
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza Abdo
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mayra Carneiro
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Peixoto
- Cell Biology Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Viegas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Sousa
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia C. Fornazin
- Integrated Center for Oncohematology Research in Infancy, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C. Spago
- Integrated Center for Oncohematology Research in Infancy, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro O. de Campos-Lima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Boldrini Children's Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Functional and Molecular Biology Program, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Nowill
- Integrated Center for Oncohematology Research in Infancy, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Martín H. Bonamino
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Program, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Vice-Presidency of Research and Biological Collections, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Barros L, Pretti MA, Chicaybam L, Abdo L, Boroni M, Bonamino MH. Immunological-based approaches for cancer therapy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e429s. [PMID: 30133560 PMCID: PMC6097086 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e429s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunologic landscape of tumors has been continuously unveiled, providing a new look at the interactions between cancer cells and the immune system. Emerging tumor cells are constantly eliminated by the immune system, but some cells establish a long-term equilibrium phase leading to tumor immunoediting and, eventually, evasion. During this process, tumor cells tend to acquire more mutations. Bearing a high mutation burden leads to a greater number of neoantigens with the potential to initiate an immune response. Although many tumors evoke an immune response, tumor clearance by the immune system does not occur due to a suppressive tumor microenvironment. The mechanisms by which tumors achieve the ability to evade immunologic control vary. Understanding these differences is crucial for the improvement and application of new immune-based therapies. Much effort has been placed in developing in silico algorithms to predict tumor immunogenicity and to characterize the microenvironment via high-throughput sequencing and gene expression techniques. Each sequencing source, transcriptomics, and genomics yields a distinct level of data, helping to elucidate the tumor-based immune responses and guiding the fine-tuning of current and upcoming immune-based therapies. In this review, we explore some of the immunological concepts behind the new immunotherapies and the bioinformatic tools to study the immunological aspects of tumors, focusing on neoantigen determination and microenvironment deconvolution. We further discuss the immune-based therapies already in clinical use, those underway for future clinical application, the next steps in immunotherapy, and how the characterization of the tumor immune contexture can impact therapies aiming to promote or unleash immune-based tumor elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Barros
- Programa de Carcinogenese Molecular, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Marco Antonio Pretti
- Programa de Carcinogenese Molecular, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | | | - Luiza Abdo
- Programa de Carcinogenese Molecular, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Laboratorio de Bioinformatica e Biologia Computacional, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Martin Hernán Bonamino
- Laboratorio de Bioinformatica e Biologia Computacional, Coordenacao de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail: /
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Arya M, Zarredar H, Nasrolahi A. CRISPR and personalized Treg therapy: new insights into the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:201-211. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1437625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Arya
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ava Nasrolahi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Chicaybam L, Barcelos C, Peixoto B, Carneiro M, Limia CG, Redondo P, Lira C, Paraguassú-Braga F, Vasconcelos ZFMD, Barros L, Bonamino MH. An Efficient Electroporation Protocol for the Genetic Modification of Mammalian Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 4:99. [PMID: 28168187 PMCID: PMC5253374 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of cell lines and primary cells is an expensive and cumbersome approach, often involving the use of viral vectors. Electroporation using square-wave generating devices, like Lonza's Nucleofector, is a widely used option, but the costs associated with the acquisition of electroporation kits and the transient transgene expression might hamper the utility of this methodology. In the present work, we show that our in-house developed buffers, termed Chicabuffers, can be efficiently used to electroporate cell lines and primary cells from murine and human origin. Using the Nucleofector II device, we electroporated 14 different cell lines and also primary cells, like mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood CD34+, providing optimized protocols for each of them. Moreover, when combined with sleeping beauty-based transposon system, long-term transgene expression could be achieved in all types of cells tested. Transgene expression was stable and did not interfere with CD34+ differentiation to committed progenitors. We also show that these buffers can be used in CRISPR-mediated editing of PDCD1 gene locus in 293T and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The optimized protocols reported in this study provide a suitable and cost-effective platform for the genetic modification of cells, facilitating the widespread adoption of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Chicaybam
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Barcelos
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Barbara Peixoto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Mayra Carneiro
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Cintia Gomez Limia
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Patrícia Redondo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Lira
- Banco de Cordão Umbilical e Placentário, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Paraguassú-Braga
- Banco de Cordão Umbilical e Placentário, Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Barros
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Martin Hernán Bonamino
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vargas JE, Chicaybam L, Stein RT, Tanuri A, Delgado-Cañedo A, Bonamino MH. Retroviral vectors and transposons for stable gene therapy: advances, current challenges and perspectives. J Transl Med 2016; 14:288. [PMID: 27729044 PMCID: PMC5059932 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy protocols require robust and long-term gene expression. For two decades, retrovirus family vectors have offered several attractive properties as stable gene-delivery vehicles. These vectors represent a technology with widespread use in basic biology and translational studies that require persistent gene expression for treatment of several monogenic diseases. Immunogenicity and insertional mutagenesis represent the main obstacles to a wider clinical use of these vectors. Efficient and safe non-viral vectors are emerging as a promising alternative and facilitate clinical gene therapy studies. Here, we present an updated review for beginners and expert readers on retro and lentiviruses and the latest generation of transposon vectors (sleeping beauty and piggyBac) used in stable gene transfer and gene therapy clinical trials. We discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of these systems such as cellular responses (immunogenicity or genome modification of the target cell) following exogenous DNA integration. Additionally, we discuss potential implications of these genome modification tools in gene therapy and other basic and applied science contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Vargas
- Centro Infantil-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Chicaybam
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua Andre Cavalcanti 37/6º andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050, Brazil.,Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Tetelbom Stein
- Centro Infantil-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Martin H Bonamino
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rua Andre Cavalcanti 37/6º andar, Centro, Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050, Brazil. .,Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Palumbo A, Da Costa NDOM, Bonamino MH, Pinto LFR, Nasciutti LE. Genetic instability in the tumor microenvironment: a new look at an old neighbor. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:145. [PMID: 26227631 PMCID: PMC4521350 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0409-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent exponential increase in our knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis has largely failed to translate into new therapies and clinical practices. This lack of success may result in part from the fact that most studies focus on tumor cells as potential therapeutic targets and neglect the complex microenvironment that undergoes profound changes during tumor development. Furthermore, an unfortunate association of factors such as tumor genetic complexity, overestimation of biomarker and drug potentials, as well as a poor understanding of tumor microenvironment in diagnosis and prognosis leads to the current levels of treatment failure regarding a vast majority of cancer types. A growing body of evidence points to the importance of the functional diversity of immune and structural cells during tumor development. In this sense, the lack of technologies that would allow for molecular screening of individual stromal cell types poses a major challenge for the development of therapies targeting the tumor microenvironment. Progress in microenvironment genetic studies represents a formidable opportunity for the development of new selective drugs because stromal cells have lower mutation rates than malignant cells, and should prove to be good targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Palumbo
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio de Ciências da Saúde - Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, 373 - bloco F, sala 26, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. .,Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Nathalia de Oliveira Meireles Da Costa
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Martin Hernan Bonamino
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. .,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Vice-presidência de Pesquisa e Laboratórios de Referência, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Pavilhão Mourisco - Manguinhos, 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José de Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rua André Cavalcanti, 37 - 6° andar - Centro, 20231-050, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio de Ciências da Saúde - Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, 373 - bloco F, sala 26, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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