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Jobbagy S, Vitturi DA, Salvatore SR, Pires MF, Rowart P, Emlet DR, Ross M, Hahn S, St Croix C, Wendell SG, Subramanya AR, Straub AC, Tan RJ, Schopfer FJ. Nrf2 activation protects against lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. JCI Insight 2020; 5:128578. [PMID: 31941842 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the mainstay pharmacotherapeutic mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder. Its efficacious use is complicated by acute and chronic renal side effects, including nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) and progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway senses and coordinates cellular responses to oxidative and electrophilic stress. Here, we identify that graded genetic activation of Nrf2 protects against Li-induced NDI (Li-NDI) and volume wasting via an aquaporin 2-independent mechanism. Renal Nrf2 activity is differentially expressed on functional segments of the nephron, and its activation along the distal tubule and collecting duct directly modulates ion transporter expression, mimicking paradoxical effects of diuretics in mitigating Li-NDI. In addition, Nrf2 reduces cyclooxygenase expression and vasoactive prostaglandin biosynthesis. Pharmacologic activation of Nrf2 confers protective effects, confirming this pathway as a potentially novel druggable target for the prevention of acute and chronic renal sequelae of Li therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario A Vitturi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | | | | | - David R Emlet
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine
| | | | - Scott Hahn
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | | | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, and
| | - Arohan R Subramanya
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam C Straub
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute
| | - Roderick J Tan
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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A Case of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus During Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenomectomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2016; 28:79-80. [PMID: 25844954 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kalra S, Zargar AH, Jain SM, Sethi B, Chowdhury S, Singh AK, Thomas N, Unnikrishnan AG, Thakkar PB, Malve H. Diabetes insipidus: The other diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016; 20:9-21. [PMID: 26904464 PMCID: PMC4743391 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.172273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a hereditary or acquired condition which disrupts normal life of persons with the condition; disruption is due to increased thirst and passing of large volumes of urine, even at night. A systematic search of literature for DI was carried out using the PubMed database for the purpose of this review. Central DI due to impaired secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) could result from traumatic brain injury, surgery, or tumors whereas nephrogenic DI due to failure of the kidney to respond to AVP is usually inherited. The earliest treatment was posterior pituitary extracts containing vasopressin and oxytocin. The synthetic analog of vasopressin, desmopressin has several benefits over vasopressin. Desmopressin was initially available as intranasal preparation, but now the oral tablet and melt formulations have gained significance, with benefits such as ease of administration and stability at room temperature. Other molecules used for treatment include chlorpropamide, carbamazepine, thiazide diuretics, indapamide, clofibrate, indomethacin, and amiloride. However, desmopressin remains the most widely used drug for the treatment of DI. This review covers the physiology of water balance, causes of DI and various treatment modalities available, with a special focus on desmopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kalra
- Bharti Hospital and BRIDE, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Abdul Hamid Zargar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sunil M. Jain
- Managing Director, TOTALL Diabetes Hormone Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bipin Sethi
- Consultant Endocrinologist, CARE Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology, IPGMER and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Awadhesh Kumar Singh
- GD Diabetes Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sun Valley Diabetes and Endocrine Research Centre, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nihal Thomas
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Vice-Principal (Research), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Harshad Malve
- Lead Medical, Asia Pacific region, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Kjaersgaard G, Madsen K, Marcussen N, Jensen BL. Lithium induces microcysts and polyuria in adolescent rat kidney independent of cyclooxygenase-2. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00202. [PMID: 24744881 PMCID: PMC3967685 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients, chronic treatment with lithium leads to renal microcysts and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). It was hypothesized that renal cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) activity promotes microcyst formation and NDI. Kidney microcysts were induced in male adolescent rats by feeding dams with lithium (50 mmol/kg chow) from postnatal days 7–34. Lithium treatment induced somatic growth retardation, renal microcysts and dilatations in cortical collecting duct; it increased cortical cell proliferation and inactive pGSK‐3β abundance; it lowered aquaporin‐2 (AQP2) protein abundance and induced polyuria with decreased ability to concentrate the urine; and it increased COX‐2 protein level in thick ascending limb. Concomitant treatment with lithium and a specific COX‐2 inhibitor, parecoxib (5 mg/kg per day, P10–P34), did not prevent lithium‐induced microcysts and polyuria, but improved urine concentrating ability transiently after a 1‐desamino‐8‐D‐arginine vasopressin challenge. COX‐2 inhibition did not reduce cortical lithium‐induced cell proliferation and phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β). COX‐1 protein abundance increased in rat kidney cortex in response to lithium. COX‐1 immunoreactivity was found in microcyst epithelium in rat kidney. A human nephrectomy specimen from a patient treated for 28 years with lithium displayed multiple, COX‐1‐immunopositive, microcysts. In chronic lithium‐treated adolescent rats, COX‐2 is not colocalized with microcystic epithelium, mitotic activity, and inactive pGSK‐3β in collecting duct; a blocker of COX‐2 does not prevent cell proliferation, cyst formation, or GSK‐3β inactivation. It is concluded that COX‐2 activity is not the primary cause for microcysts and polyuria in a NaCl‐substituted rat model of lithium nephropathy. COX‐1 is a relevant candidate to affect the injured epithelium. Long‐term use of lithium is associated with development of microcysts in the kidney. In this study the role for cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)‐derived prostaglandins in cyst formation was tested in a rat model. Inhibition of COX‐2 did not resolve or prevent kidney injury. COX‐1 was associated with the cyst epithelium and is more likely to play a functional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Kjaersgaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Madsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark ; Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye L Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jia Z, Wang H, Yang T. Mice lacking mPGES-1 are resistant to lithium-induced polyuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1689-96. [PMID: 19692487 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00117.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 activity is required for the development of lithium-induced polyuria. However, the involvement of a specific, terminal prostaglandin (PG) isomerase has not been evaluated. The present study was undertaken to assess lithium-induced polyuria in mice deficient in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). A 2-wk administration of LiCl (4 mmol.kg(-1).day(-1) ip) in mPGES-1 +/+ mice led to a marked polyuria with hyposmotic urine. This was associated with elevated renal mPGES-1 protein expression and increased urine PGE(2) excretion. In contrast, mPGES-1 -/- mice were largely resistant to lithium-induced polyuria and a urine concentrating defect, accompanied by nearly complete blockade of high urine PGE(2) and cAMP output. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative (q) RT-PCR consistently detected a significant decrease in aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein expression in both the renal cortex and medulla of lithium-treated +/+ mice. This decrease was significantly attenuated in the -/- mice. qRT-PCR detected similar patterns of changes in AQP2 mRNA in the medulla but not in the cortex. Similarly, the total protein abundance of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) in the medulla but not in the cortex of the +/+ mice was significantly reduced by lithium treatment. In contrast, the dowregulation of renal medullary NKCC2 expression was significantly attenuated in the -/- mice. We conclude that mPGES-1-derived PGE(2) mediates lithium-induced polyuria likely via inhibition of AQP2 and NKCC2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Jia
- Univ. of Utah and VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Liamis G, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hypernatraemia. NDT Plus 2009; 2:339-46. [PMID: 25949338 PMCID: PMC4421386 DOI: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfp085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced electrolyte abnormalities have been increasingly reported and may be associated with considerable morbidity and/or mortality. In clinical practice, hypernatraemia (serum sodium higher than 145 mmol/L) is usually of multifactorial aetiology and drug therapy not infrequently is disregarded as a contributing factor for increased serum sodium concentration. Strategies to prevent this adverse drug effect involve careful consideration of risk factors and clinical and laboratory evaluation in the course of treatment. Herein, we review evidence-based information via PubMed and EMBASE and the relevant literature implicating pharmacologic treatment as an established cause of hypernatraemia and discuss its incidence and the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liamis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
| | - Haralampos J Milionis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
| | - Moses Elisaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Ioannina , Ioannina , Greece
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Abstract
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is defined as the inability of the kidney to concentrate urine owing to the insensitivity of the distal nephron to the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin. NDI can be either a congenital or an acquired disorder. Acquired NDI most commonly is secondary to drugs such as lithium or metabolic disturbances, such as hypokalemia and hypercalcemia. Disturbance of the aquaporin-2 shuttle is the underlying molecular basis of acquired NDI. NDI is diagnosed with the help of a water-deprivation test. Patients with the disorder will have a urinary osmolality of less than 300 mosm/kg H2O despite water deprivation. On administration of aqueous vasopressin, patients with NDI will show little or no increase in urine osmolality. Therapy consists of identifying and correcting the underlying disorder, or withdrawing the offending drug. Other treatment options that may be beneficial include diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, decreased dietary solute intake, and desmopressin (DDAVP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurv Khanna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA.
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Tran-Van D, Avargues P, Labadie P, Hervé Y, Dardare E, Fontaine B. [Intravenous ketoprofen for severe lithium-induced polyuria]. Presse Med 2005; 34:1137-40. [PMID: 16208259 DOI: 10.1016/s0755-4982(05)84137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although lithium has a narrow therapeutic range, it is widely used in psychiatry because of its antipsychotic and antidepressant properties. During long-term treatment, the onset of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is common, but few cases of severe hypotonic polyuria, which would be an aggravating factor, have been reported. Appropriate treatment in such cases is an open question. CASE We report a case of acute lithium poisoning in a 42-year-old man, due to chronic lithium treatment (plasma lithium=2.6 mmol/L). This patient, admitted to our intensive care unit, presented neurological disorders complicated by the early emergence of severe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. After perfusion of hypotonic solution and intravenous treatment with ketoprofen (100 mg x 3/24 h), the polyuria improved rapidly. COMMENTS The beneficial action of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs lies in their capacity to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Lithium causes excess production of prostaglandins, which decrease the ability of kidneys to reabsorb free water. Some publications report indomethacin to be effective in this case. Because it is available only in oral or rectal forms, however, its effect may be delayed. Our case suggests that intravenous ketoprofen, with its rapid onset of action, is effective in the treatment of severe lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Rehydration must be strictly monitored because of the risk of renal failure connected with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tran-Van
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation-urgences, HIA Robert Picqué, BP 28, 339898 Bordeaux Armées 33, France.
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Garofeanu CG, Weir M, Rosas-Arellano MP, Henson G, Garg AX, Clark WF. Causes of reversible nephrogenic diabetes insipidus: A systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 45:626-37. [PMID: 15806465 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), the kidney is unable to produce concentrated urine because of the insensitivity of the distal nephron to antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin). In settings in which fluid intake cannot be maintained, this may result in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The risk for conversion of reversible to irreversible NDI seems to be a potential complication. This review summarizes the reversible causes of acquired NDI to facilitate earlier recognition and more effective treatment by clinicians. METHODS Two reviewers independently searched MEDLINE, Experta Medica (EMBASE), and ISI bibliographic databases. Human studies that described NDI caused by drugs, substances, or metabolic disturbances were included. To evaluate the causal role of the risk factor, data were abstracted according to Koch's postulates. RESULTS One hundred fifty-five studies published between 1957 and March 2004 described 30 risk factors. Of 155 studies, 58 studies provided a "definite" diagnosis of NDI; 83 studies, a "probable" diagnosis; and 14 studies, a "possible" diagnosis. Nine factors were considered "definite" causes of NDI; 15 factors, "probable" causes; and 6 factors, "possible" causes. The most reported risk factors were lithium (84 studies), antibiotics (16 studies), antifungals (11 studies), antineoplastic agents (9 studies), antivirals (8 studies), and metabolic disturbances (8 studies). Duration of NDI reversal, as well as conversion to irreversible symptoms, seemed to depend on the duration of exposure. CONCLUSION Most risk factors for reversible NDI were medications, and their identification and removal resulted in resolution of the condition. Long-term treatment with lithium seemed to result in irreversible NDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia G Garofeanu
- Division of Nephrology, Walkerton Health Study, London Health Science Centre, Westminster Campus, Canada
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Sirois F. Lithium-Induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus in a Surgical Patient. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2004; 45:82-3. [PMID: 14709764 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.45.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- François Sirois
- Department of Psychiatry, Laval Hospital 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Timmer
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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