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Association of Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms With Nephrolithiasis and End-Stage Renal Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:1773-1780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mohammadi A, Shabestari AN, Baghdadabad LZ, Khatami F, Reis LO, Pishkuhi MA, Kazem Aghamir SM. Genetic Polymorphisms and Kidney Stones Around the Globe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:913908. [PMID: 35846117 PMCID: PMC9280078 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.913908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study explores associations between recurrent kidney stones and genetic polymorphisms. Methods: Meta-analysis of polymorphisms in renal stone cases versus control groups. Four electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science) were searched up to 30 May 2021, using the keywords: “kidney stone” or “kidney calculi,” or “urolithiasis” or “nephrolithiasis” or “urinary calculi” and “genome” or “genetic” or “mutation” or “single nucleotide polymorphism.” Forrest plots, ORs, 95% CI, Chi-square (χ2)-test, and index of heterogeneity (I2) were calculated. Only studies with Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS) ≥ 6 were included for quality control, and Funnel, Begg’s, and Eager’s plots assessed publication bias. PROSPERO: CRD42022250427. Results: Among 7,671 searched articles, 72 were included. Polymorphisms in VDR (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.06–1.36), CASR (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.01–1.52), Osteopontin (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.09–1.74), and Urokinase genes (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.02–2.28) showed a significant association with risk of urinary stone formation, while Klotho gene showed a protective effect (OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57–0.99). The VDR gene polymorphism was frequent in Asians, whereas CASR polymorphism was frequent in European and North American populations. Conclusion: Multifactorial nature of the stone formation, emphasizing the role of environmental factors, might explain contradictory results in the literature. While polymorphisms in VDR, CASR, Osteopontin, and Urokinase genes were associated with urinary stone formation, the Klotho gene showed a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Mohammadi
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Namazi Shabestari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Khatami
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Reis
- UroScience and Department of Surgery (Urology), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Unicamp, and Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mahin Ahmadi Pishkuhi
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir,
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Chamsuwan S, Angkanaporn K, Dissayabutra T, Chuaypen N, Buranakarl C. The association between single nucleotide polymorphism in vitamin D receptor and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2263-2270. [PMID: 34322901 PMCID: PMC8478019 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are associated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in humans. Objectives To investigate the association between VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to CaOx urolithiasis in dogs. Animals Thirty‐five dogs with CaOx urolithiasis were compared with 40 stone‐free dogs. Methods This was a case‐control study. Two VDR gene polymorphisms (rs851998024 and rs852900542) were detected by specific TaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay, and their relationship with serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, serum and urinary electrolyte concentrations was evaluated. Results The distribution of the rs852900542 polymorphism was significantly different between the case and the control dogs (x2 = 6.369, P = .04). Dogs with a CC or CT genotype had an increased risk of CaOx stones than those with the TT genotype (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval 1.04‐13.98). The CaOx dogs with the TT genotype had a significantly lower urinary calcium‐to‐creatinine ratio than the CT+CC genotypes. 1,25‐(OH)2D concentrations did not differ between the cases and the controls (308.7 ± 217.4 vs 286.7 ± 185.1 pg/mL, P = .45). Conclusions and Clinical Importance This finding suggests that vitamin D metabolism might play a role in CaOx stone formation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumonwan Chamsuwan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kris Angkanaporn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thasinas Dissayabutra
- STAR unit of Renal Biochemistry and Stone Disease, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthaya Chuaypen
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chollada Buranakarl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Halbritter J. Genetics of kidney stone disease-Polygenic meets monogenic. Nephrol Ther 2021; 17S:S88-S94. [PMID: 33910705 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kidney stone disease comprising nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis is a clinical syndrome of increasing prevalence with remarkable heterogeneity. Stone composition, age of manifestation, rate of recurrence, and impairment of kidney function varies with underlying etiologies. While calcium-based kidney stones account for the vast majority their etiology is still poorly understood. Recent studies underline the notion that genetic susceptibility together with dietary habits constitutes the major driver of kidney stone formation. In addition to single gene (Mendelian) disorders, which are most likely underestimated in the adult population, common risk alleles explain part of the observed heritability. Interestingly, identified GWAS loci often match those of Mendelian disease genes and vice versa (CASR, SLC34A1, CYP24A1). These findings provide mechanistic links related to renal calcium homeostasis, vitamin D metabolism, and CaSR-signaling regulated by the CaSR-CLDN14-CLDN16/19 axis (paracellular Ca2+ reabsorption) and TRPV5 (transcellular Ca2+ reabsorption). Recent identification of new single gene disorders of calcium-oxalate-nephrolithiasis (SLC26A1, CLDN2) and distal renal tubular acidosis with nephrocalcinosis (FOXI1, WDR72, ATP6V1C2) enabled additional insights into the kidney-gut axis and molecular prerequisites of proper urinary acidification. Implementation of centralized patient registries on hereditary kidney stone diseases are necessary to build up well characterized cohorts for urgently needed clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Halbritter
- Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Division of Nephrology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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Imani D, Razi B, Khosrojerdi A, Lorian K, Motallebnezhad M, Rezaei R, Aslani S. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to urolithiasis: a meta-regression and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:263. [PMID: 32650740 PMCID: PMC7350604 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The currently available data with respect to the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and risk to urolithiasis are inconclusive and inconsistent. Hence, an exhaustive meta-analysis can solve the discrepancies and provide a hint for upcoming investigations. Herein, a meta-analysis was carried out to attain a conclusive estimate of the association between VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and urolithiasis risk. METHODS The major databases, including ISI Web of science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE were searched systematically from until June 2020 to retrieve all relevant studies. Association between VDR gene polymorphisms, including FokI (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236), BsmI (rs1544410), and ApaI (rs7975232), and urolithiasis risk was evaluated using pooled odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Additionally, to seek for the potential source of heterogeneity, meta-regression analyses were exerted. RESULTS Literature search led to finally finding of 33 studies evaluating the VDR gene SNPs and urolithiasis risk. It was observed that none of the four SNPs were significantly associated with urolithiasis predisposition. However, subgroup analysis confirmed higher risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasian population with ApaI and TaqI gene polymorphism. The analyses of sensitivity acknowledged the results stability. CONCLUSION Although this meta-analysis did not support the association of FokI, TaqI, BsmI, and ApaI in the overall polled analysis, it suggests that ApaI and TaqI SNPs is associated with increased risk of urolithiasis in East-Asian and Caucasians populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyal Imani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Razi
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaivan Lorian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramazan Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chen G, Hu C, Song Y, Xiu M, Liang W, Ou N, Liu X, Huang P. Relationship Between the ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228570), and TaqI (rs731236) Variants in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Urolithiasis Susceptibility: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:234. [PMID: 32346382 PMCID: PMC7175806 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between urolithiasis and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene variants is still under debate according to the available published literature. To assess correlations between VDR gene variants ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228570), and TaqI (rs731236) and urolithiasis susceptibility, we performed the present study through meta-analysis. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Wanfang databases were searched to retrieve qualified case-control studies. Finally, 31 reports were selected for the present meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that the VDR gene TaqI TT genotype was related to decreased risk of urolithiasis in the overall population (TT vs. Tt+tt: P = 0.011, OR = 0.824, 95% CI = 0.709–0.957). In ethnicity subgroup analysis, we found that the TaqI variant was obviously correlated to urolithiasis risk among Asians and Caucasians (P < 0.05). Additionally, significant urolithiasis risk was identified in adults. However, the FokI, BsmI, and ApaI variants did not have an increased risk of developing urolithiasis. Trial sequential analysis results were on a sufficiently large number of participants and did not require more research to confirm associations. Our research suggested that the VDR gene variant TaqI was correlated with urolithiasis susceptibility and that the t-allele might be the risk gene and T-allele the protective gene in VDR TaqI variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cong Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuxuan Song
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengxi Xiu
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wanfeng Liang
- School of Statics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningjing Ou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Association of vitamin D receptor TaqI and ApaI genetic polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis and end stage renal disease: a meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:193. [PMID: 31822280 PMCID: PMC6902508 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deficiency of vitamin D receptor (VDR) or its ligand, vitamin D3, is linked to the development of renal diseases. The TaqI (rs731236) and ApaI (rs7975232) polymorphisms of VDR gene are widely studied for their association with renal disease risk. However, studies have largely been ambiguous. METHODS Meta-analysis was carried out to clarify the association of TaqI (2777 cases and 3522 controls) and ApaI (2440 cases and 3279 controls) polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis (NL), diabetic nephropathy (DN) and end stage renal disease (ESRD). RESULTS The VDR TaqI C-allele under allele contrast was significantly associated with ESRD in both fixed effect and random effect models, and ApaI C-allele with ESRD only under fixed effect model. Cochrane Q-test showed no evidence of heterogeneity for TaqI polymorphism and a significant heterogeneity for Apa I polymorphism. No publication bias was observed for both the polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis identifies TaqI and ApaI polymorphisms of VDR gene as risk factors for renal diseases.
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Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and risk of urolithiasis: results of a genetic epidemiology study and comprehensive meta-analysis. Urolithiasis 2019; 48:385-401. [PMID: 31515573 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-019-01157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been associated with risk of urolithiasis, but, with inconsistent results and lack data from Pakistani population. Therefore, after including our indigenous study data, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to provide an evidence-based estimate of any association between VDR polymorphisms and urolithiasis risk. A total of 483 Pakistani subjects, comprising 235 urolithiasis patients and 248 healthy controls, were genotyped for 6 VDR polymorphisms. Additionally, a systematic literature search with subsequent meta-analysis was conducted and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were used to determine the strength of any existent associations. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was also performed. Results revealed no significant association of any VDR polymorphism and urolithiasis risk in indigenous Pakistani patients. However, meta-analysis of 29 relevant studies indicated that VDR FokI polymorphism significantly increased the risk of urolithiasis in allelic (f vs. F: OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.05-1.22; p ≤ 0.01) and recessive (ff vs. FF + Ff: OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.05-1.38; p = 0.01) models with no significant heterogeneity. No associations were evident for VDR ApaI, BsmI and TaqI polymorphic variants and urolithiasis risk after correction for multiple testing. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested significant association for FokI variant among Asians. The TSA results demonstrated that the evidence reflecting association of FokI polymorphism and urolithiasis risk was sufficient and conclusive. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that VDR FokI polymorphism is significantly associated with urolithiasis risk, especially in Asians, whereas ApaI, BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms are not associated.
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González-Castro TB, Blachman-Braun R, Hernández-Díaz Y, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Pérez-Hernández N, Moscardi PRM, Alam A, Borgonio-Cuadra VM, Reyes-López PA, Juárez-Rojop IE, López-Narváez ML, Posadas-Sánchez R, Vargas-Alarcón G, Rodríguez-Pérez JM. Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and nephrolithiasis: A meta-analysis. Gene 2019; 711:143936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hou J, Ding J, Li L, Peng Y, Gao X, Guo Z. Association of sirtuin 1 gene polymorphisms with nephrolithiasis in Eastern chinese population. Ren Fail 2019; 41:34-41. [PMID: 30714469 PMCID: PMC6366414 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1568258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD+-dependent deacylase, has been identified to be associated with renal tubular inflammatory conditions and metabolic disorders, which are risk factors of nephrolithiasis. To further confirm the role of the SIRT1 in kidney stone formation, the expression of SIRT1 was analyzed based on a mouse model and the genetic polymorphisms of SIRT1 gene was compared between patients with kidney stones and controls. The calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal-induced renal injury model was established to analyzed the expression of SIRT1 in the kidney tissue of both wild-type and ApoE(−/−) mice. And a total of 430 Eastern Chinese subjects (215 patients with nephrolithiasis and 215 age- and gender-matched controls) were recruited for the present study to investigate the associations between 6 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (i.e., rs10509291, rs3740051, rs932658, rs33957861, rs3818292 and rs1467568) in the SIRT1 gene and the incidence of kidney stones. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium and the haplotypes of the 6 SNPs were also analyzed. The genotypes of SIRT1 gene polymorphisms were analyzed by a Snapshot assay. Reduced expression of SIRT1 was observed in the kidney of the mice in the crystal group, revealing the potential role of SIRT1 in the nephrolithiasis. However, we did not find a significant association between the 6 SNPs of the SIRT1 gene and kidney stone formation in the Eastern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebin Hou
- a Department of Nephrology , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiarong Ding
- a Department of Nephrology , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu Li
- a Department of Nephrology , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Yonghan Peng
- b Department of Urology , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- b Department of Urology , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhiyong Guo
- a Department of Nephrology , Shanghai Changhai Hospital , Shanghai , China
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Yang S, Song N, Wang Y, Li A, Liu J, Deng F, Zhan M, Zhang W, Han Y, Zhang H. Association of Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism With the Risk of Nephrolithiasis. Ther Apher Dial 2019; 23:425-436. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐Kun Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Yang‐Yang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Ai‐Mei Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Nephrolithiasis, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Department of International Medicine, Ningbo First HospitalZhejiang University Ningbo China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Ya‐Chun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
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TaqI, FokI, and ApaI Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor in Behçet's Disease in Turkish Population. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:7475080. [PMID: 27688524 PMCID: PMC5023821 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7475080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. In our study we aimed to determine VDR gene polymorphisms in patients with Behçet's disease (BD) and neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD) in Turkish population. Methods. PBL obtained from 37 patients with BD, 21 patients with NB, and 30 healthy controls were investigated. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using the QIAamp Blood Kit. VDR ApaI (rs7975232), VDR FokI (rs2228570), and VDR TaqI (rs731236) genotyping was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction with SimpleProbe melting-curve analysis. Results. The allelic and genotype distributions of FokI and TaqI polymorphisms were not different among Behçet's disease, neuro-Behçet's disease, and control subjects in Turkish population (p > 0.05). Only the frequency of ApaI A allele in control is higher than that in BD (60% versus 38.5%), and the p value is 0.014, but the power is not enough to conclude that ApaI A allele is protective in BD in our study. Taken together, we found no significant differences between the BD, NBD, and control groups regarding the distribution of ApaI, TaqI, and FokI genotype and alleles frequencies. Conclusions. Future studies with larger patients' numbers may show differences between VDR polymorphisms and Behçet's disease.
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