Humoral Immunity to Commensal Bacteria: Quantification, Specificity and Avidity of Serum IgG and IgM Antibodies Reactive with the Oral BacteriaPrevotella intermediaandPrevotella nigrescens

Characterization of the mucosal immune response in breast milk after peroral immunization of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with Streptococcus mutans

The characteristics of the mucosal immune response to Streptococcus mutans cells, antigen A, antigen B, glucosyltransferases and glucan-binding proteins were examined in four pregnant chimpanzees that had been immunized perorally with Strep. mutans. Six pregnant chimpanzees served as non-immunized controls. None of the chimpanzees harbored S. mutans. Samples of milk were collected from all animals throughout the experiment. Peroral immunization resulted in an overall 17-fold median increase in SIgA in milk. Although SIgA1 comprised almost two-thirds of milk SIgA, Strep. mutans whole-cell antibody activity was contained predominantly in the SIgA2 subclass. The difference between the specific activities of anti-Strep. mutans SIgA1 and SIgA2 antibodies compared over time reached the borderline of statistical significance (p = 0.08). The avidity of anti-Strep. mutans antibodies was low in three of four chimpanzees and there was no evidence of affinity maturation. SIgA antibodies from the milk of all four immunized chimpanzees recognized antigen A. In three animals these antibodies were restricted to the SIgA1 subclass and, in one animal, anti-A antibodies were confined to SIgA2. Antibodies from all of the immunized chimpanzees recognized degradation products of antigen B in both the SIgA1 and the SIgA2 subclasses. Only two of four immunized chimpanzees responded to glucosyltransferases and these antibodies were restricted to the SIgA1 subclass. None of the chimpanzees responded to the 74-kDa glucan-binding protein. However, three animals produced SIgA1 antibodies against the 59-kDa glucan-binding protein and two of these also produced SIgA2 antibodies against this protein.