Effect of Food Restriction on Caecal Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Rats

Fumonisin-Exposure Impairs Age-Related Ecological Succession of Bacterial Species in Weaned Pig Gut Microbiota

Pigs are highly affected by dietary mycotoxin contamination and particularly by fumonisin. The effects of fumonisin on pig intestinal health are well documented, but little is known regarding its impact on gut microbiota. We investigate the effects of the fumonisin (FB1, 12 mg/kg feed) on the fecal microbiota of piglets (n = 6) after 0, 8, 15, 22, and 29 days of exposure. A control group of six piglets received a diet free of FB1. Bacterial community diversity, structure and taxonomic composition were carried out by V3–V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Exposure to FB1 decreases the diversity index, and shifts and constrains the structure and the composition of the bacterial community. This takes place as early as after 15 days of exposure and is at a maximum after 22 days of exposure. Compared to control, FB1 alters the ecological succession of fecal microbiota species toward higher levels of Lactobacillus and lower levels of the Lachnospiraceae and Veillonellaceae families, and particularly OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) of the genera Mitsuokella, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia. In conclusion, FB1 shifts and constrains age-related evolution of microbiota. The direct or indirect contribution of FB1 microbiota alteration in the global host response to FB1 toxicity remains to be investigated.

The effect of food restriction on the composition of intestinal microflora in rats

The effect of a food-restricted diet on the fecal microflora of rats was studied by determining total anaerobic bacteria, bacterial cellular fatty acids, and the predominant intestinal bacteria shown by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers specific for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of 12 bacterial species. Twenty-four female Fischer 344 rats, 57 days old were divided into two groups and maintained on an NIH-31 diet. One group was fed ad libitum while the other group received 60% of ad libitum food intake (40% food restriction supplemented with vitamins and minerals equal to the ad libitum animals). After 2, 10, and 20 weeks on this dietary regimen, groups of four animals were sacrificed and the intestinal contents analyzed for changes in the bacterial flora. The anaerobic population for two-week (short-term) food-restricted rats was 3.2 x 10(8) per gram, slightly less than the 9.1 x 10(8) per gram found in the ad libitum-fed rats. The anaerobic populations in 20-week food restricted and ad libitum fed rats were 1.9 x 10(9) and 2.7 x 10(9) per gram, respectively. The total anaerobic population did not change significantly in either group during the 20-week study. No statistically significant differences were observed in the bacterial cellular fatty acid profiles between the two groups as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. PCR analysis of the intestinal contents indicated no significant shifts in the predominant flora due to dietary changes. The results, using three different methods to detect changes in the rat intestinal microflora, suggest that long-term dietary restriction had little effect on the microflora of female Fischer 344 rats.