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Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P. β-glucan as a new tool in vaccine development. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12833. [PMID: 31544248 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination constitutes one of the major breakthroughs in human medicine. At the same time, development of more immunogenic vaccine alternatives to using aluminium-based adjuvants is one of the most important phases of vaccination development. Among different sources of carbohydrate polymers, including plants, microbes and synthetic sources tested, glucans were found to be the most promising vaccine adjuvant, as they alone stimulate various immune reactions including antibody production without any negative side effects. The use of glucan particles as a delivery system is a viable option based on the documented efficient antigen loading and receptor-targeted uptake in antigen-presenting cells. In addition to particles, soluble glucans can be used as novel hydrogels or as direct immunocyte-targeting delivery systems employing novel complexes with oligodeoxynucleotides. This review focuses on recent advances in glucan-based vaccine development from glucan-based conjugates to a glucan-based delivery and adjuvant platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sima
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Shrestha G, St. Clair LL, O'Neill KL. The Immunostimulating Role of Lichen Polysaccharides: A Review. Phytother Res 2014; 29:317-22. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Shrestha
- Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
- M. L. Bean Life Science Museum; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Larry L. St. Clair
- Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
- M. L. Bean Life Science Museum; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Kim L. O'Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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Sima P, Vannucci L, Vetvicka V. Effects of glucan on bone marrow. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 2:18. [PMID: 25332994 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow damage represents a significant problem in cancer treatment. Therefore, it is clear that the pharmacologic protection against bone marrow damage is of considerable interest, since the development of novel and effective medical approaches to combat radiation or cytotoxic damage are of major importance not only to the medical field but also to several industries and the military. This review represents a summary of our knowledge of the effects of various glucans on bone marrow protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Sima
- 1 Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; 2 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luca Vannucci
- 1 Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; 2 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- 1 Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic ; 2 University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY, USA
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Kagimura FY, da Cunha MAA, Barbosa AM, Dekker RFH, Malfatti CRM. Biological activities of derivatized D-glucans: a review. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 72:588-98. [PMID: 25239192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
D-Glucans have triggered increasing interest in commercial applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors because of their technological properties and biological activities. The glucans are foremost among the polysaccharide groups produced by microorganisms with demonstrated activity in stimulating the immune system, and have potential in treating human disease conditions. Chemical alterations in the structure of D-glucans through derivatization (sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation, acetylation) contributes to their increased solubility that, in turn, can alter their biological activities such as antioxidation and anticoagulation. This review surveys and cites the latest advances on the biological and technological potential of D-glucans following chemical modifications through sulfonylation, carboxymethylation, phosphorylation or acetylation, and discusses the findings of their activities. Several studies suggest that chemically modified d-glucans have potentiated biological activity as anticoagulants, antitumors, antioxidants, and antivirals. This review shows that in-depth future studies on chemically modified glucans with amplified biological effects will be relevant in the biotechnological field because of their potential to prevent and treat numerous human disease conditions and their clinical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini Yumi Kagimura
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, km 01, Bairro Fraron, CEP: 85503-390 Pato Branco, PR, Brazil
| | - Mário Antônio A da Cunha
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Via do Conhecimento, km 01, Bairro Fraron, CEP: 85503-390 Pato Branco, PR, Brazil.
| | - Aneli M Barbosa
- Departamento de Química - CCE, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, CEP: 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Biorefining and Biotechnology Consultancy, Rua João Huss 200, Gleba Palanho, CEP: 86050-490 Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Maneck Malfatti
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas), Campus CEDETEG, CEP: 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
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Modulation of animal and human hematopoiesis by β-glucans: a review. Molecules 2011; 16:7969-79. [PMID: 21921869 PMCID: PMC6264280 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are cell wall constituents of bacteria, yeast, fungi, and plants. They are not expressed in mammalian cells, but they are recognized by mammalian cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors and thus act as biological response modifiers. This review summarizes data on the hematopoiesis-stimulating effects of β-glucans, as well as on their ability to enhance bone marrow recovery after an injury. β-Glucans have been shown to support murine hematopoiesis suppressed by ionizing radiation or cytotoxic anti-cancer therapy. They also enhance stem cell homing and engraftment. Basically, two forms of β-glucan preparations have been investigated, namely particulate and soluble ones. β-Glucans are generally well tolerated, the particulate forms showing a higher incidence of undesirable side effects. Taken together, the hematopoiesis-stimulating properties of β-glucans predetermine these biological response modifiers to ever increasing use in human medicinal practice.
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Vetvicka V. Glucan-immunostimulant, adjuvant, potential drug. World J Clin Oncol 2011; 2:115-9. [PMID: 21603320 PMCID: PMC3095473 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v2.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans belong to a group of biologically active natural compounds called biological response modifiers. These substances represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in fungi, yeast, grain and seaweed. Despite almost 160 years of intensive research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unsolved. The significant role of glucans in cancer treatment, infection immunity, stress reduction and restoration of damaged bone marrow has already been established. The present review focuses on the various less known but potentially significant roles glucans might play in medicine. In summary, glucan might represent the most important natural immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Vaclav Vetvicka, Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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Novak M, Vetvicka V. Beta-glucans, history, and the present: immunomodulatory aspects and mechanisms of action. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 5:47-57. [PMID: 18382858 DOI: 10.1080/15476910802019045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper represents a comprehensive up-to-date review of beta -glucans, their chemical and biological properties, and their role in immunological reactions. beta -D-Glucans belong to a group of physiologically active compounds called biological response modifiers and represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. Despite almost 150 years of research, the exact mechanisms of their action remain unclear. The present review starts with the history of glucans. Next, attention is focused on sources and structure, comparing the effects of physicochemical properties, and sources on biological effects. As glucans belong to natural products useful in preventing various diseases, they have been highly sought after throughout human history. Based on extensive recent research, this paper explains the various mechanisms of effects and the ways glucans mediate their effects on defense reactions against infections. Despite the fact that predominately pharmacological effects of glucans are positive, their unfavorable and potentially toxic side effects were not overlooked. In addition, attention was focused on the future research, possible alternatives such as synthetic oligosaccharides, and on clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Novak
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Vetvicka V, Dvorak B, Vetvickova J, Richter J, Krizan J, Sima P, Yvin JC. Orally administered marine (1→3)-β-d-glucan Phycarine stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 40:291-8. [PMID: 16978690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1-->3)-beta-D-Glucans represent highly conserved structural components of cell walls in yeast, fungi, or seaweed. However, it is still unknown how they mediate their effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate both intraperitoneal and oral application of seaweed-derived (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan Phycarine. Phycarine showed significant stimulation of phagocytosis by peripheral blood cells. In addition, the efficiency of chemotherapy of Lewis lung carcinoma with cyclophosphamide was potentiated by Phycarine administration. Phycarine also strongly shortened the recovery of leucopenia caused either by chemotherapy or irradiation. Besides the role in stimulation of cellular immunity, we also found a significant increase of antibody formation. Using a suckling rat model for evaluation of the absorption and tissues distribution of enterally administered (125)I-Phycarine, we found that the majority of Phycarine was detected in the stomach and duodenum 5 min after the administration. This amount sharply decreased during first 30 min. A significant amount of Phycarine entered proximal intestine in a shortly after the gavage. Its transit through proximal intestine was decreasing with time and simultaneously increasing in the ileum. Systemic blood levels were very low (less than 0.5%). Taken together, these observations suggest that Phycarine is similarly effective both after i.p. and oral application, has very strong stimulating effects on three types of experimentally induced leucopenia and stimulates both humoral and cellular branch of immune reactions. The majority of Phycarine can be detected throughout the gastrointestinal tract, supporting the feasibility of enteral administration of Phycarine in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antibody Formation/radiation effects
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/radiation effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Cell Count
- Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/radiation effects
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/radiation effects
- Leukopenia/chemically induced
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microspheres
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/radiation effects
- Proteoglycans
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Seaweed/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/radiation effects
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/drug effects
- Thymus Gland/radiation effects
- Tissue Distribution/drug effects
- beta-Glucans/administration & dosage
- beta-Glucans/pharmacokinetics
- beta-Glucans/pharmacology
- beta-Glucans/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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Talmadge J, Chavez J, Jacobs L, Munger C, Chinnah T, Chow JT, Williamson D, Yates K. Fractionation of Aloe vera L. inner gel, purification and molecular profiling of activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1757-73. [PMID: 15531292 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Products derived from the inner gel of the Aloe vera L. plant have demonstrated multiple clinical activities, and are used routinely to accelerate wound healing. However, typical of natural products, the complex nature of Aloe vera gels may contribute to diverse pharmacologic activities. Our focus on the hematopoietic activities of Aloe vera extracts is extended by these functional studies, which used purified fractions from Aloe vera gel and included a preliminary organ-specific in vitro molecular profile. Studies using a >99% pure carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera extracts revealed increased hematopoietic and hematologic activity compared to the starting material. In addition, this fraction differentially regulated liver and lung cytokine mRNA levels, resulting in significant increases in message for hematopoietic cytokines [granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF)]. This profile of activity differed from another fraction obtained from Aloe vera, suggesting the potential for diverse pharmacologic activity. The molecular studies were undertaken using co-cultures of organ slices to limit the amount of purified material required. In summary, these studies revealed significant hematopoietic activity by both pharmacologic and molecular analysis using a >99% pure carbohydrate fraction from Aloe vera gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Talmadge
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 987660 Nebraska Medical Center, South 42nd Street, Omaha, NE 68198-7660, USA.
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Tohamy AA, El-Ghor AA, El-Nahas SM, Noshy MM. β-Glucan inhibits the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and cisplatin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2003; 541:45-53. [PMID: 14568293 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of beta-glucan (betaG), one of the biological response modifiers, on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow and spermatogonial cells of mice treated with various anti-neoplastic drugs were investigated. beta-Glucan (100 mg/kg bw, i.p.) pre-treatment reduced the total number of cells with structural chromosomal aberrations scored after the treatment with cyclophosphamide (CP) (2.5 mg/kg bw, i.p.) adriamycin (ADR) (12 mg/kg bw, i.p.) and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-II (cisplatin) (5 mg/kg bw, i.p.) by about 41.1, 26.9 and 57.7% in bone marrow and 44.4, 55 and 57.1% in spermatogonial cells, respectively. This protective effect of beta-glucan could be attributed to its scavenging ability to trap free-radicals produced during the biotransformation of these anti-neoplastic drugs. Beta-glucan also markedly restored the mitotic activity of bone marrow cells that had been suppressed by the anti-neoplastic drugs. These results indicate that in addition to the known immunopotentiating activity of beta-glucan, it plays a role in reducing genotoxicity induced by anti-neoplastic drugs during cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Tohamy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kogan G. (1→3,1→6)-β-D-glucans of yeasts and fungi and their biological activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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