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Srivatsa Palakurthi S, Bharat Charbe N, Recalde Phillips SY, Alge DL, Lu D, Palakurthi S. Development of an Optimal In vitro Release and Permeation Testing Method for Rectal Suppositories. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123042. [PMID: 37178789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Currently there are no compendial assays for testing drug release from rectal suppositories. It is therefore essential to study different in vitro release testing (IVRT) and in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) methods for identifying a suitable technique to compare in vitro drug release and to predict in vivo performance of rectal suppositories. In the present study, three different rectal suppository formulations of mesalamine (CANASA, Generic, and In-house) were studied for in vitro bioequivalence. All the different suppository products were characterized by performing weight variation, content uniformity, hardness, melting time, and pH tests. Viscoelastic behavior of the suppositories was also tested both in presence and absence of mucin. Four different IVRT techniques such as Dialysis, Horizontal Ussing Chamber, Vertical Franz cell, and USP apparatus 4. IVPT studies were performed using Horizontal Ussing chamber and Vertical Franz cell methods. Q1/Q2 equivalent products (CANASA, Generic) and a half-strength product were studied to understand the reproducibility, bio relevance, and discriminatory ability of the IVRT and IVPT methods. This study is the first of its kind where molecular docking studies were performed to determine the potential interactions of drug (mesalamine) with mucin, IVRT studies were conducted with and without the presence of mucin, and porcine rectal mucosa was used to perform IVPT tests. The USP 4 method and Horizontal Ussing chamber methods were found to be suitable IVRT and IVPT techniques, respectfully, for rectal suppositories. RLD (Reference Listed Drug) and Generic rectal suppositories were found to exhibit similar release rate and permeation profiles obtained from USP 4, and the IVPT studies, respectfully. Wilcoxon Rank Sum/Mann-Whitney rank test, conducted for the IVRT profiles obtained using USP 4 method, proved the sameness of RLD and Generic suppository products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushesh Srivatsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Sarea Y Recalde Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Daniel L Alge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Dai Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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Lu SS, Liu WJ, Niu QY, Huo CY, Cheng YQ, Wang EJ, Li RN, Feng FF, Cheng YM, Liu R, Huang J. Establishing a rabbit model of perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1536-1547. [PMID: 35582134 PMCID: PMC9048459 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i15.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic nonspecific intestinal inflammatory disease. The aetiology and pathogenesis of CD are still unclear. Anal fistula is the main complication of CD and is a difficult problem to solve at present. The main limitation of developing new therapies is bound up with the short of preclinical security and effectiveness data. Therefore, an ideal animal model is needed to establish persistent anal fistula and an inflamed rectal mucosa.
AIM To improve the induction method of colitis and establish a reliable and reproducible perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease animal model to evaluate new treatment strategies.
METHODS Twenty male New Zealand rabbits underwent rectal enema with different doses of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to induce proctitis. Group A was treated with an improved equal interval small dose increasing method. The dosage of group B was constant. Seven days later, the rabbits underwent surgical creation of a transsphincteric fistula. Then, three rabbits were randomly selected from each group every 7 d to remove the seton from the fistula. The rabbits were examined by endoscopy every 7 days, and biopsy forceps were used to obtain tissue samples from the obvious colon lesions for histological analysis. The disease activity index (DAI), colonoscopy and histological scores were recorded. Perianal endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was used to evaluate the healing of fistulas.
RESULTS Except for the DAI score, the colonoscopy and histological scores in group A were significantly higher than those in group B (P < 0.05). In the ideal model rabbit group, on the 7th day after the removal of the seton, all animals had persistent lumens on EUS imaging, showing continuous full-thickness high signals. Histological inspection of the fistula showed acute and chronic inflammation, fibrosis, epithelialization and peripheral proctitis of the adjoining rectum.
CONCLUSION The improved method of CD colitis induction successfully established a rabbit perianal fistula CD preclinical model, which was confirmed by endoscopy and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Lu
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wen-Jia Liu
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qiu-Ya Niu
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Qing Cheng
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - En-Jing Wang
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rong-Nan Li
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fang-Fang Feng
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yi-Ming Cheng
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Medical Statistics Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Gastroenterology Center, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
- Medical Statistics Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu Province, China
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Sorkhi S, Seo Y, Bhargava V, Rajasekaran MR. Preclinical applications of high-definition manometry system to investigate pelvic floor muscle contribution to continence mechanisms in a rabbit model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G134-G141. [PMID: 34877885 PMCID: PMC8742739 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00295.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
External anal sphincter (EAS), external urethral sphincters, and puborectalis muscle (PRM) have important roles in the genesis of anal and urethral closure pressures. In the present study, we defined the contribution of these muscles alone and in combination with the sphincter closure function using a rabbit model and a high-definition manometry (HDM) system. A total of 12 female rabbits were anesthetized and prepared to measure anal, urethral, and vaginal canal pressures using a HDM system. Pressure was recorded at rest and during electrical stimulation of the EAS and PRM. A few rabbits (n = 6) were subjected to EAS injury and the impact of EAS injury on the closure pressure profile was also evaluated. Anal, urethral, and vaginal canal pressures recorded at rest and during electrical stimulation of EAS and PRM demonstrated distinct pressure profiles. EAS stimulation induced anal canal pressure increase, whereas PRM stimulation increased the pressures in all the three orifices. Electrical stimulation of EAS after injury resulted in about 19% decrease in anal canal pressure. Simultaneous electrical stimulation of EAS and PRM resulted in an insignificant increase of individual anal canal pressures when compared with pressures recorded after EAS or PRM stimulations alone. Our data confirm that HDM is a viable system to measure dynamic pressure changes within the three orifices and to define the role of each muscle in the development of closure pressures within these orifices in preclinical studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We anticipate that with this new HDM technology, physiological changes within these orifices may be redefined using the extensive data that are generated from 96 sensors. When compared with conventional methods, HDM offers the advantages of an increased response rate, as well as the utilization of 96 circumferential sensors to simultaneously measure pressure along the three orifices. Our findings suggest a potential use of this technology to better define urinary leak point pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Sorkhi
- 1Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Youngjin Seo
- 1Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Valmik Bhargava
- 2Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Mahadevan Raj Rajasekaran
- 1Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California,3San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Diego, California
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Abstract
Drug delivery via the rectum is a useful alternative route of administration to the oral route for patients who cannot swallow. Traditional rectal dosage forms have been historically used for localized treatments including delivery of laxatives, treatment of hemorrhoids and for delivery of antipyretics. However, the recent trend is showing an increase in the development of novel rectal delivery systems to deliver drug directly into the systemic circulation by taking advantage of porto-systemic shunting. The present review is based on research studies carried out between years 1969-2017. Data for this review have been derived from keyword searches using Scopus and Medline databases. Novel rectal drug delivery systems including hollow-type suppositories, thermo-responsive and muco-adhesive liquid suppositories, and nanoparticulate systems incorporated into an appropriate vehicle have offered more control over delivery of drug molecules for local or systemic actions. In addition, various methods for in vitro-in vivo evaluation of rectal drug delivery systems are covered which is as important as the formulation, and must be carried out using appropriate methodology. Continuous research and development in this field of drug delivery may unleash the hidden potential of the rectal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trusha J Purohit
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Sara M Hanning
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- a School of Pharmacy , The University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal incontinence is a common disorder, but its pathophysiology is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to present animal models that have a place in the study of fecal incontinence. DATA SOURCES A literature review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines performed in August 2016 revealed 50 articles of interest. Search terms included fecal/faecal incontinence and animal model or specific species. STUDY SELECTION Articles not describing an animal model, in vitro studies, veterinary literature, reviews, and non-English articles were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The articles described models in rats (n = 31), dogs (n = 8), rabbits (n = 7), and pigs (n = 4). RESULTS Different fecal incontinence etiologies were modeled, including anal sphincter lesions (33 articles) ranging from a single anal sphincter cut to destruction of 50% of the anal sphincter by sharp dissection, electrocautery, or diathermy. Neuropathic fecal incontinence (12 articles) was achieved by complete or incomplete pudendal, pelvic, or inferior rectal nerve damage. Mixed fecal incontinence (5 articles) was modeled either by the inflation of pelvic balloons or an array of several lesions including nervous and muscular damage. Anal fistulas (2 articles), anal sphincter resection (3 articles), and diabetic neuropathy (2 articles) were studied to a lesser extent. LIMITATIONS Bias may have arisen from the authors' own work on fecal incontinence and the absence of blinding to the origins of articles. CONCLUSIONS Validated animal models representing the main etiologies of fecal incontinence exist, but no animal model to date represents the whole pathophysiology of fecal incontinence. Therefore, the individual research questions still dictate the choice of model and species.
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Fistula tract curettage and the use of biological dermal plugs improve high transsphincteric fistula healing in an animal model. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016; 31:291-9. [PMID: 26310797 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-015-2374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The treatment of high transsphincteric fistula is a complex procedure, which may be associated with the risk of recurrence and fecal incontinence. In this study, we used an animal model to compare different types of sphincter-preserving treatments for transsphincteric fistula. METHODS Sixteen female New Zealand rabbits, weighing 2.8-4.8 kg underwent a surgical creation of high transsphincteric fistula. After 6 weeks, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in order to confirm fistula formation and measure the fistula diameter. The rabbits were divided into three groups. Group 1 received no plug treatment (control). Autologous dermal graft and acellular dermal matrix were used as a plug in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Five weeks after treatment, fistula tract healing was determined by measuring the largest fistula diameter with MRI. All rabbits were euthanized and the anorectum excised en bloc for histopathological examination. RESULTS According to the MRI findings, all groups showed significant healing after the treatment (p < 0.05). The healing rate of fistula diameters after treatment was 40, 66, and 29% in the control, dermal graft, and acellular dermal matrix groups, respectively. In terms of negative healing parameters such as neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, and plasmocyte accumulation, dermal graft and acellular dermal matrix groups showed significantly lower results than those in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION According to MRI and histopathological results, fistula tract curettage and fistula orifice closure improved transsphincteric anal fistula healing. Additionally, in this study, plug treatment favoring autologous dermal graft resulted in better healing.
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Corona-Quintanilla DL, López-Juárez R, Zempoalteca R, Cuevas E, Castelán F, Martínez-Gómez M. Anatomic and functional properties of bulboglandularis striated muscle support its contribution as sphincter in female rabbit micturition. Neurourol Urodyn 2015; 35:689-95. [PMID: 25962327 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine anatomic and functional properties of the bulboglandularis muscle (Bgm) for clarifying its role in micturition in female rabbits. MATERIAL AND METHODS Virgin female rabbits were used to describe the gross anatomy and innervation of the Bgm, to determine the effect of the Bgm contraction on urethral pressure, and to evaluate the Bgm activity during the induced-micturition. Both electromyogram and cystometrogram activity were simultaneously recorded in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. Bladder function was assessed measuring standard urodynamic variables before and after blocking the Bgm activity for approaching its contribution to micturition. The relevance of the Bgm activation for micturition was approached applying lidocaine injections. RESULTS The Bgm was composed of circularly oriented striated fibers enveloping distal urethra and pelvic vagina. Both the venous plexus and urethra were comprised by the Bgm contraction induced by electrical stimulation. The Bgm showed bursts of tonic activity at the storage phase of micturition that gradually decreased until turning off as the onset of the voiding phase. The voided volume, the voiding efficiency, the threshold pressure, and the maximal pressure were decreased after lidocaine injection. Contrastingly, the threshold volume, the residual volume, the voiding duration, and the urethral resistance at voiding were increased. CONCLUSIONS Present anatomical and physiological findings support that the Bgm acts as a sphincter during micturition of female rabbits. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:689-695, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhode López-Juárez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - René Zempoalteca
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UATx), Tlaxcala, México
| | - Estela Cuevas
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UATx), Tlaxcala, México
| | - Francisco Castelán
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UATx), Tlaxcala, México
| | - Margarita Martínez-Gómez
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UATx), Tlaxcala, México
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México D.F., México
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Rajasekaran MR, Sinha S, Seo Y, Salehi M, Bhargava V, Mittal RK. Myoarchitectural and functional alterations in rabbit external anal sphincter muscle following experimental surgical trauma. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G445-51. [PMID: 24994856 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00450.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obstetrical trauma to external anal sphincter (EAS) is extremely common; however, its role in the development of anal incontinence is not clear. We examined the regenerative process and functional impact of experimental surgical trauma to EAS muscle in an animal model. Surgical myotomy, a craniocaudal incision extending along the entire length and thickness of the EAS, was performed in rabbits. Animals were allowed to recover, and anal pressures were recorded at weekly intervals for 12 wk using a custom-designed probe system to determine the length-tension property of EAS muscle. Animals were killed at predetermined time intervals, and the anal canal was harvested for histochemical studies (for determination of muscle/connective tissue/collagen) and sarcomere length measurement. In addition, magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) and fiber tracking was performed to determine myoarchitectural changes in the EAS. Myotomy of the EAS muscle resulted in significant impairment of its length-tension property that showed only partial recovery during the 12-wk study period. Histology revealed marked increase in the fibrosis (connective tissue = 69% following myotomy vs. 28% in controls) at 3 wk, which persisted at 12 wk. Immunostaining studies confirmed deposition of collagen in the fibrotic tissue. There was no change in the sarcomere length following myotomy. MR-DTI studies revealed disorganized muscle fiber orientation in the regenerating muscle. We conclude that, following experimental injury, the EAS muscle heals with an increase in the collagen content and loss of normal myoarchitecture, which we suspect is the cause of impaired EAS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raj Rajasekaran
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System; and
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Youngjin Seo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System; and
| | - Mitra Salehi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System; and
| | - Valmik Bhargava
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System; and
| | - Ravinder K Mittal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, San Diego Veterans Affairs Health Care System; and
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Fiber type characterization of striated muscles related to micturition in female rabbits. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:481-6. [PMID: 24231156 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pelvic and perineal striated muscles are relevant for reproduction and micturition in female mammals. Damage to these muscles is associated with pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence. The fiber type composition of skeletal muscle influences the susceptibility for damage and/or regeneration. The aim of the present study was to determine the fiber type composition of a perineal muscle, the bulbospongiosus, and a pelvic muscle, the pubococcygeus. Both muscles were harvested from adult female rabbits (8-10 months old). NADH-TR (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase) histochemistry was undertaken to identify oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers. Alkaline (pH 9.4) ATP-ase (actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase) histochemistry was used to classify type I, type IIb or type IIa/IId muscle fibers. Results showed that the content of glycolytic fibers in the bulbospongiosus muscle was higher than that of oxidative fibers. Meanwhile, the opposite was true for the pubococcygeus. In the bulbospongiosus muscle, the content of type IIb muscle fibers was higher than that of type I, but was similar to that of type IIa/IId. In contrast, the content of each fiber type was similar in the pubococcygeus muscle. The relative proportion of fibers in bulbospongiosus and pubococcygeus muscles is consistent with their function during voiding and storage phases of micturition.
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Corona-Quintanilla DL, Zempoalteca R, Arteaga L, Castelán F, Martínez-Gómez M. The role of pelvic and perineal striated muscles in urethral function during micturition in female rabbits. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 33:455-60. [PMID: 23636895 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of pelvic and perineal striated muscles on urethral function during micturition. METHODS Pubococcygeus, or both bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles were electrically stimulated during the voiding phase of micturition, and bladder and urethral pressure were simultaneously recorded in urethane anesthetized female rabbits. Bladder and urethral function were assessed measuring urodynamic and urethral pressure variables obtained before and during the stimulation of muscles. Two-tail paired t-tests were carried out in order to determine significant differences (P < 0.05) between groups. RESULTS Electric stimulation of the pubococcygeus during voiding decreased voiding efficiency and voided volume, whereas residual volume, the duration of voiding, the interval between bladder contraction and urethral resistance increased. Simultaneously, there was an increase in maximum urethral pressure, as well as an increase in the pressure to return to baseline and in the pressure required to close the urethra. Electrical stimulation of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles increased voiding efficiency, voiding duration, and the maximal pressure in bladder. Meanwhile, the maximal urethral pressure, the time related to the rise of urethral pressure, and the urethral pressure required to close the urethra decreased. CONCLUSIONS The stimulation of pelvic and perineal muscles have opposing roles in urethral function during micturition. Pubococcygeus muscles facilitate urethral closure, while they inhibit bladder contraction. In contrast, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles prevent urethral contraction while they promote bladder contraction.
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