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Bai X, Chen H, Oliver BG. The health effects of traffic-related air pollution: A review focused the health effects of going green. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133082. [PMID: 34843836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is global concern due to both the ecological damage of TRAP and the adverse health effects in Humans. Several strategies to reduce TRAP have been implemented, including the use of sustainable fuels, after-treatment technologies, and new energy vehicles. Such approaches can reduce the exhaust of particulate matter, adsorbed chemicals and a range of gases, but from a health perspective these approaches are not always successful. This review aims to discuss the approaches taken, and to then describe the likely health effects of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2037, Australia.
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Maikawa CL, Zimmerman N, Rais K, Shah M, Hawley B, Pant P, Jeong CH, Delgado-Saborit JM, Volckens J, Evans G, Wallace JS, Godri Pollitt KJ. Murine precision-cut lung slices exhibit acute responses following exposure to gasoline direct injection engine emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1102-1109. [PMID: 27369091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are increasingly prevalent in the global vehicle fleet. Particulate matter emissions from GDI engines are elevated compared to conventional gasoline engines. The pulmonary effects of these higher particulate emissions are unclear. This study investigated the pulmonary responses induced by GDI engine exhaust using an ex vivo model. The physiochemical properties of GDI engine exhaust were assessed. Precision cut lung slices were prepared using Balb/c mice to evaluate the pulmonary response induced by one-hour exposure to engine-out exhaust from a laboratory GDI engine operated at conditions equivalent to vehicle highway cruise conditions. Lung slices were exposed at an air-liquid interface using an electrostatic aerosol in vitro exposure system. Particulate and gaseous exhaust was fractionated to contrast mRNA production related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolism and oxidative stress. Exposure to GDI engine exhaust upregulated genes involved in PAH metabolism, including Cyp1a1 (2.71, SE=0.22), and Cyp1b1 (3.24, SE=0.12) compared to HEPA filtered air (p<0.05). GDI engine exhaust further increased Cyp1b1 expression compared to filtered GDI engine exhaust (i.e., gas fraction only), suggesting this response was associated with the particulate fraction. Exhaust particulate was dominated by high molecular weight PAHs. Hmox1, an oxidative stress marker, exhibited increased expression after exposure to GDI (1.63, SE=0.03) and filtered GDI (1.55, SE=0.04) engine exhaust compared to HEPA filtered air (p<0.05), likely attributable to a combination of the gas and particulate fractions. Exposure to GDI engine exhaust contributes to upregulation of genes related to the metabolism of PAHs and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Maikawa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA; Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Naomi Zimmerman
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Khaled Rais
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mittal Shah
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, University College London, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, London HA7 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Brie Hawley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Pallavi Pant
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Cheol-Heon Jeong
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Greg Evans
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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Akopian AN, Fanick ER, Brooks EG. TRP channels and traffic-related environmental pollution-induced pulmonary disease. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:331-8. [PMID: 26837756 PMCID: PMC4896490 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutant exposures are major risk factors for adverse health outcomes, with increased morbidity and mortality in humans. Diesel exhaust (DE) is one of the major harmful components of traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to DE affects several physiological systems, including the airways, and pulmonary diseases are increased in highly populated urban areas. Hence, there are urgent needs to (1) create newer and lesser polluting fuels, (2) improve exhaust aftertreatments and reduce emissions, and (3) understand mechanisms of actions for toxic effects of both conventional and cleaner diesel fuels on the lungs. These steps could aid the development of diagnostics and interventions to prevent the negative impact of traffic-related air pollution on the pulmonary system. Exhaust from conventional, and to a lesser extent, clean fuels, contains particulate matter (PM) and more than 400 additional chemical constituents. The major toxic constituents are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM and PAHs could potentially act via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this review, we will first discuss the associations between DE from conventional as well as clean fuel technologies and acute and chronic airway inflammation. We will then review possible activation and/or potentiation of TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels by PM and PAHs. Finally, we will discuss and summarize recent findings on the mechanisms whereby TRPs could control the link between DE and airway inflammation, which is a primary determinant leading to pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen N Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - E Robert Fanick
- Office of Automotive Engineering, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78228, USA
| | - Edward G Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Center for Airway Inflammation Research, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, STRF Microbiology MC 8259, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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La Merrill M, Birnbaum LS. Childhood obesity and environmental chemicals. THE MOUNT SINAI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, NEW YORK 2011; 78:22-48. [PMID: 21259261 PMCID: PMC3076189 DOI: 10.1002/msj.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent rates of obesity and overweight are continuing to increase in much of the world. Risk factors such as diet composition, excess caloric intake, decreased exercise, genetics, and the built environment are active areas of etiologic research. The obesogen hypothesis, which postulates that prenatal and perinatal chemical exposure can contribute to risk of childhood and adolescent obesity, remains relatively underexamined. This review surveys numerous classes of chemicals for which this hypothesis has been explored. We focus on human data where they exist and also discuss the findings of rodent and cell culture studies. Organochlorine chemicals as well as several classes of chemicals that are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists are identified as possible risk factors for obesity. Recommendations for future epidemiologic and experimental research on the chemical origins of obesity are also given.
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