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Kogel U, Wong ET, Szostak J, Tan WT, Lucci F, Leroy P, Titz B, Xiang Y, Low T, Wong SK, Guedj E, Ivanov NV, Schlage WK, Peitsch MC, Kuczaj A, Vanscheeuwijck P, Hoeng J. Impact of whole-body versus nose-only inhalation exposure systems on systemic, respiratory, and cardiovascular endpoints in a 2-month cigarette smoke exposure study in the ApoE -/- mouse model. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1598-1619. [PMID: 33825214 PMCID: PMC8519037 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one major modifiable risk factor in the development and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease. To characterize and compare cigarette smoke (CS)-induced disease endpoints after exposure in either whole-body (WB) or nose-only (NO) exposure systems, we exposed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice to filtered air (Sham) or to the same total particulate matter (TPM) concentration of mainstream smoke from 3R4F reference cigarettes in NO or WB exposure chambers (EC) for 2 months. At matching TPM concentrations, we observed similar concentrations of carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, but higher concentrations of nicotine and formaldehyde in NOEC than in WBEC. In both exposure systems, CS exposure led to the expected adaptive changes in nasal epithelia, altered lung function, lung inflammation, and pronounced changes in the nasal epithelial transcriptome and lung proteome. Exposure in the NOEC caused generally more severe histopathological changes in the nasal epithelia and a higher stress response as indicated by body weight decrease and lower blood lymphocyte counts compared with WB exposed mice. Erythropoiesis, and increases in total plasma triglyceride levels and atherosclerotic plaque area were observed only in CS-exposed mice in the WBEC group but not in the NOEC group. Although the composition of CS in the breathing zone is not completely comparable in the two exposure systems, the CS-induced respiratory disease endpoints were largely confirmed in both systems, with a higher magnitude of severity after NO exposure. CS-accelerated atherosclerosis and other pro-atherosclerotic factors were only significant in WBEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kogel
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Ee Tsin Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Justyna Szostak
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Francesco Lucci
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Tiffany Low
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Sin Kei Wong
- Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research and Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
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Pennings JLA, Cremers JWJM, Becker MJA, Klerx WNM, Talhout R. Aldehyde and Volatile Organic Compound Yields in Commercial Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Are Mutually Related and Depend on the Sugar and Humectant Content in Tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1748-1756. [PMID: 31679033 PMCID: PMC7542651 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco control recognizes the need for tobacco product regulation. In line with that, the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) proposed to regulate nine toxicants in mainstream cigarette smoke, including aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO). We analyzed their relations in 50 commercially available cigarette brands, using two different smoking regimes, and their dependence on sugar and humectant concentrations in tobacco filler. Methods We measured sugar and humectant in tobacco filler and aldehydes, VOCs, and tar, nicotine, and CO (TNCO) in mainstream smoke. The general statistics, correlations between emission yields, and correlations between contents and emissions yields were determined for these data. Results For aldehydes, several significant correlations were found with precursor ingredients in unburnt tobacco when smoked with the Intense regime, most prominently for formaldehyde with sucrose, glucose, total sugars, and glycerol. For VOCs, 2,5-dimethylfuran significantly correlates with several sugars under both International Standards Organization (ISO) and Intense smoking conditions. A correlation network visualization shows connectivity between a sugar cluster, an ISO cluster, and an Intense cluster, with Intense formaldehyde as a central highest connected hub. Conclusions Our multivariate analysis showed several strong connections between the compounds determined. The toxicants proposed by WHO, in particular, formaldehyde, can be used to monitor yields of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Emissions of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 2,5-dimethylfuran may decrease when sugar and humectants contents are lowered in tobacco filler. Implications Our findings suggest that the aldehydes and VOCs proposed by TobReg are a representative selection for smoke component market monitoring purposes. In particular, formaldehyde yields may be useful to monitor emissions of other toxicants under Intense conditions. Since the most and strongest correlations were observed with the Intense regime, policymakers are advised to prescribe this regime for regulatory purposes. Policymakers should also consider sugars and humectants contents as targets for future tobacco product regulations, with the additional advantage that consumer acceptance of cigarette smoke is proportional to their concentrations in the tobacco blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W J M Cremers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J A Becker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N M Klerx
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Ho J, Sciuscio D, Kogel U, Titz B, Leroy P, Vuillaume G, Talikka M, Martin E, Pospisil P, Lebrun S, Xia W, Lee T, Chng YX, Phillips BW, Veljkovic E, Guedj E, Xiang Y, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Vanscheeuwijck P. Evaluation of toxicity of aerosols from flavored e-liquids in Sprague-Dawley rats in a 90-day OECD inhalation study, complemented by transcriptomics analysis. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2179-2206. [PMID: 32367274 PMCID: PMC7303093 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of flavoring substances is an important element in the development of reduced-risk products for adult smokers to increase product acceptance and encourage switching from cigarettes. In a first step towards characterizing the sub-chronic inhalation toxicity of neat flavoring substances, a study was conducted using a mixture of the substances in a base solution of e-liquid, where the standard toxicological endpoints of the nebulized aerosols were supplemented with transcriptomics analysis. The flavor mixture was produced by grouping 178 flavors into 26 distinct chemical groups based on structural similarities and potential metabolic and biological effects. Flavoring substances predicted to show the highest toxicological effect from each group were selected as the flavor group representatives (FGR). Following Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Testing Guideline 413, rats were exposed to three concentrations of the FGR mixture in an e-liquid composed of nicotine (23 µg/L), propylene glycol (1520 µg/L), and vegetable glycerin (1890 µg/L), while non-flavored and no-nicotine mixtures were included as references to identify potential additive or synergistic effects between nicotine and the flavoring substances. The results indicated that the inhalation of an e-liquid containing the mixture of FGRs caused very minimal local and systemic toxic effects. In particular, there were no remarkable clinical (in-life) observations in flavored e-liquid-exposed rats. The biological effects related to exposure to the mixture of neat FGRs were limited and mainly nicotine-mediated, including changes in hematological and blood chemistry parameters and organ weight. These results indicate no significant additive biological changes following inhalation exposure to the nebulized FGR mixture above the nicotine effects measured in this sub-chronic inhalation study. In a subsequent study, e-liquids with FGR mixtures will be aerosolized by thermal treatment and assessed for toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ho
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Davide Sciuscio
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Titz
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Vuillaume
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elyette Martin
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Lebrun
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wenhao Xia
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tom Lee
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Chng
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Blaine W Phillips
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd., Science Park II, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- PMI S&I, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Stabbert R, Ghosh D, Clarke A, Miller J, Collard J, Crooks I, Tafin Djoko D, Larroque S, Jaccard G, Roemer E, Park CH, Esposito M. Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements in the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 2: Smoke chemistry and in vitro toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:163-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Simms L, Clarke A, Paschke T, Manson A, Murphy J, Stabbert R, Esposito M, Ghosh D, Roemer E, Martinez J, Freiesleben J, Kim HK, Lindegaard T, Scharfe M, Vincze I, Vlachos P, Wigotzki D, Pollner G, Lutz R. Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 1: Background, approach, and summary of findings. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:84-97. [PMID: 30797887 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper is part of a series of 3 publications and describes the non-clinical and clinical assessment performed to fulfill the regulatory requirement per Art. 6 (2) of the EU Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU; under which Member States shall require manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco containing an additive that is included in the priority list established by Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/787 to carry out comprehensive studies. The Directive requires manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and Roll Your Own tobacco to examine for each additive whether it; contributes to and increases the toxicity or addictiveness of tobacco products to a significant or measurable degree; if it leads to a characterizing flavor of the product; if it facilitates inhalation or nicotine uptake, and if it results in the formation of CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic) constituents and if these substances increase the CMR properties of the respective tobacco product to a significant or measurable degree. This publication gives an overview on comprehensive smoke chemistry, in vitro toxicity, and human clinical studies commissioned by the members of the Priority Additives Tobacco Consortium to independent Contract Research Organizations (CROs) where the emissions of test cigarettes containing priority additives were compared to emissions emerging from an additive-free reference cigarette. Whilst minor changes in smoke chemistry parameters were observed when comparing emissions from test cigarettes with emissions from additive-free reference cigarettes, only two of the additives (sorbitol and guar gum) tested led to significant increases in a limited number of smoke constituents. These changes were not observed when sorbitol or guar gum were tested in a mixture with other priority additives. None of the priority additives resulted in increases in in vitro toxicity (Ames, Micronucleus, Neutral Red Uptake) or led to changes in smoking behavior or absorption (rate or amount) of nicotine measured during the human clinical study as compared to the additive-free reference cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Tobacco, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Clarke
- Imperial Tobacco, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Paschke
- Japan Tobacco International SA, Rue Kazem Radjavi 8, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Manson
- British American Tobacco, Globe House, Temple Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO158TL, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Stabbert
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Ghosh
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris International Management SA, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ewald Roemer
- TobToxConsulting, Imp. Blanchet-Dailleres 9, 1585, Cotterd, Switzerland
| | - Javier Martinez
- Japan Tobacco International SA, Rue Kazem Radjavi 8, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jarl Freiesleben
- Mac Baren Tobacco Company A/S, Porthusvej 100, DK-5700 Svenborg, Denmark
| | - Hyo-Keun Kim
- KT&G Research Institute, 30 Gajeong-ro, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Marc Scharfe
- LandewykTobacco S. A, 31 rue de Hollerich, 1741, Luxembourg B.P, 2202L-1022, Luxembourg
| | - Istvan Vincze
- Continental Tobacco Corporation, Continental Dohányipari Zrt, 1-3, Dohány utca Sátoraljaújhely, 3980, Hungary
| | | | - Diane Wigotzki
- Joh. Wilh. von Eicken GmbH, Drechslerstr. 1 - 3, 23556, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gwen Pollner
- Pöschl Tabak GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 1, 84144, Geisenhausen, Germany
| | - Rolf Lutz
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris International Management SA, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Paumgartten FJR, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Oliveira ACAXD. The impact of tobacco additives on cigarette smoke toxicity: a critical appraisal of tobacco industry studies. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33Suppl 3:e00132415. [PMID: 28954055 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.
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7
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Kienhuis AS, Staal YCM, Soeteman-Hernández LG, van de Nobelen S, Talhout R. A test strategy for the assessment of additive attributed toxicity of tobacco products. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:93-102. [PMID: 27155068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The new EU Tobacco Product Directive (TPD) prohibits tobacco products containing additives that are toxic in unburnt form or that increase overall toxicity of the product. This paper proposes a strategy to assess additive attributed toxicity in the context of the TPD. Literature was searched on toxicity testing strategies for regulatory purposes from tobacco industry and governmental institutes. Although mainly traditional in vivo testing strategies have been applied to assess toxicity of unburnt additives and increases in overall toxicity of tobacco products due to additives, in vitro tests combined with toxicogenomics and validated using biomarkers of exposure and disease are most promising in this respect. As such, tests are needed that are sensitive enough to assess additive attributed toxicity above the overall toxicity of tobacco products, which can associate assay outcomes to human risk and exposure. In conclusion, new, sensitive in vitro assays are needed to conclude whether comparable testing allows for assessment of small changes in overall toxicity attributed to additives. A more pragmatic approach for implementation on a short-term is mandated lowering of toxic emission components. Combined with risk assessment, this approach allows assessment of effectiveness of harm reduction strategies, including banning or reducing of additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne C M Staal
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Lya G Soeteman-Hernández
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van de Nobelen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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8
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Shintu L, Caldarelli S, Campredon M. HRMAS NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative analytical tool to control cigarette authenticity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9093-100. [PMID: 24057027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present for the first time the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative tool for the characterization of tobacco products from different commercial international brands as well as for the identification of counterfeits. Although cigarette filling is a very complex chemical mixture, we were able to discriminate between dark, bright, and additive-free cigarette blends belonging to six different filter-cigarette brands, commercially available, using an approach for which no extraction procedure is required. Second, we focused our study on a specific worldwide-distributed brand for which established counterfeits were available. We discriminated those from their genuine counterparts with 100% accuracy using unsupervised multivariate statistical analysis. The counterfeits that we analyzed showed a higher amount of nicotine and solanesol and a lower content of sugars, all endogenous tobacco leaf metabolites. This preliminary study demonstrates the great potential of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to help in controlling cigarette authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Shintu
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2-UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France,
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9
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Appleton S, Olegario RM, Lipowicz PJ. TSNA levels in machine-generated mainstream cigarette smoke: 35 years of data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:197-207. [PMID: 23557986 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper characterizes historical and current tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke of US commercial cigarettes. To conduct this analysis, we gathered 35 years of published data of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) levels in MS cigarette smoke. We also assessed internal data of MS smoke NNK and NNN levels generated from various market monitoring initiatives and from control cigarettes used in a multi-year program for testing cigarette ingredients. In all, we analyzed machine smoking data from 401 cigarette samples representing a wide range of products and design characteristics from multiple manufacturers and market leaders. There was no indication that TSNA levels systematically increased in cigarette MS smoke over the 35-year analysis period. In particular, TSNA levels expressed as either per cigarette or normalized for tar suggest a downward trend in MS smoke over the past 10 years. The apparent downward trend in TSNA levels in MS smoke may reflect industry and agricultural community efforts to reduce levels of TSNAs in tobacco and cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Appleton
- Altria Client Services Inc., 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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10
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Oldham MJ, Coggins CRE, McKinney WJ. A comprehensive evaluation of selected components and processes used in the manufacture of cigarettes: approach and overview. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:1-5. [PMID: 24341842 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In addition to tobacco and cigarette ingredients, there are many non-tobacco components and processes used to manufacture commercial cigarettes. Proposed cigarette components and manufacturing process changes were evaluated using a tiered toxicological testing program. OBJECTIVE The toxicological testing and evaluation of proposed changes to selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes are described in this special report. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes were evaluated using experimental and control cigarettes. These experimental cigarettes were evaluated using mainstream smoke chemistry, bacterial mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays. In some evaluations, 90-day nose-only mainstream smoke inhalation studies using rats were performed. RESULTS Some proposed design changes were not implemented, or limitations on their use were established. Most study results, however, were similar to those previously reported in the scientific literature for design changes in cigarette construction. CONCLUSION The studies reported in the series of publication demonstrate that our testing approach is feasible for evaluation of cigarette component and manufacturing process changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond, VA , USA and
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11
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Roemer E, Schorp MK, Piadé JJ, Seeman JI, Leyden DE, Haussmann HJ. Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: a review of published and other publicly available studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:244-78. [PMID: 22263649 PMCID: PMC3296517 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.650789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sugars, such as sucrose or invert sugar, have been used as tobacco ingredients in American-blend cigarettes to replenish the sugars lost during curing of the Burley component of the blended tobacco in order to maintain a balanced flavor. Chemical-analytical studies of the mainstream smoke of research cigarettes with various sugar application levels revealed that most of the smoke constituents determined did not show any sugar-related changes in yields (per mg nicotine), while ten constituents were found to either increase (formaldehyde, acrolein, 2-butanone, isoprene, benzene, toluene, benzo[k]fluoranthene) or decrease (4-aminobiphenyl, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosonornicotine) in a statistically significant manner with increasing sugar application levels. Such constituent yields were modeled into constituent uptake distributions using simulations of nicotine uptake distributions generated on the basis of published nicotine biomonitoring data, which were multiplied by the constituent/nicotine ratios determined in the current analysis. These simulations revealed extensive overlaps for the constituent uptake distributions with and without sugar application. Moreover, the differences in smoke composition did not lead to relevant changes in the activity in in vitro or in vivo assays. The potential impact of using sugars as tobacco ingredients was further assessed in an indirect manner by comparing published data from markets with predominantly American-blend or Virginia-type (no added sugars) cigarettes. No relevant difference was found between these markets for smoking prevalence, intensity, some markers of dependence, nicotine uptake, or mortality from smoking-related lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In conclusion, thorough examination of the data available suggests that the use of sugars as ingredients in cigarette tobacco does not increase the inherent risk and harm of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Roemer
- Philip Morris International Management S.A., Operations Technical Services, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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