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Hung HY, Chow LH, Kotlinska JH, Drabik A, Silberring J, Chen YH, Huang EYK. LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H7) plays a role in antinociception in a rat model of alcohol-induced pain disorders. Peptides 2021; 136:170455. [PMID: 33253777 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol can increase the sensitivity to painful stimulation or convert insensibility to pain at different stages. We hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption changes the level of LVV-hemorphin-7 (abbreviated as LVV-H7, an opioid-like peptide generated from hemoglobin β-chain), thereby affecting pain sensation. We established a chronic alcohol-exposed rat model to investigate the effects of LVV-H7. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to daily intraperitoneal injection of 10 % ethanol (w/v) at 0.5 g/kg for 15 days and subsequent alcohol withdrawal for 5 days. Using different pharmacological strategies to affect the LVV-H7 level, we investigated the correlation between LVV-H7 and pain-related behavior. Tail-flick and hot plate tests were employed to investigate alcohol-induced pain-related behavioral changes. The serum level of LVV-H7 was determined by ELISA. Our results showed that alcohol first induced an analgesia followed by a hyperalgesia during alcohol withdrawal, which could be driven by the quantitative change of LVV-H7. A positive correlation between the level of LVV-H7 and Δtail-flick latency (measured latency minus basal latency) confirmed this finding. Moreover, we revealed that the LVV-H7 levels were determined by the activity of cathepsin D and red blood cell/hemoglobin counts, which could be affected by alcohol. These results suggest that the deterioration of anti-nociception induced by alcohol is correlated to the decreased level of LVV-H7, and this could be due to alcohol-induced anemia. This study may help to develop LVV-H7 structure-based novel analgesics for treating alcohol-induced pain disorders and thus ameliorate the complications in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lok-Hi Chow
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jolanta H Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy With Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Drabik
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Silberring
- Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eagle Yi-Kung Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Codaccioni M, Bois F, Brochot C. Placental transfer of xenobiotics in pregnancy physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: Structure and data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2019.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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MacLean RR, Valentine GW, Jatlow PI, Sofuoglu M. Inhalation of Alcohol Vapor: Measurement and Implications. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:238-250. [PMID: 28054395 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decades of alcohol research have established the health risks and pharmacodynamic profile of oral alcohol consumption. Despite isolated periods of public health concern, comparatively less research has evaluated exposure to alcohol vapor. Inhaled alcohol initially bypasses first-pass metabolism and rapidly reaches the arterial circulation and the brain, suggesting that this route of administration may be associated with pharmacological effects that increase the risk of addiction. However, detailed reviews assessing the possible effects of inhaled alcohol in humans are lacking. A comprehensive, systematic literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed to examine manuscripts studying exposure to inhaled alcohol and measurement of biomarkers (biochemical or functional) associated with alcohol consumption in human participants. Twenty-one publications reported on alcohol inhalation. Fourteen studies examined inhalation of alcohol vapor associated with occupational exposure (e.g., hand sanitizer) in a variety of settings (e.g., naturalistic, laboratory). Six publications measured inhalation of alcohol in a controlled laboratory chamber, and 1 evaluated direct inhalation of an e-cigarette with ethanol-containing "e-liquid." Some studies have reported that inhalation of alcohol vapor results in measurable biomarkers of acute alcohol exposure, most notably ethyl glucuronide. Despite the lack of significantly elevated blood alcohol concentrations, the behavioral consequences and subjective effects associated with repeated use of devices capable of delivering alcohol vapor are yet to be determined. No studies have focused on vulnerable populations, such as adolescents or individuals with alcohol use disorder, who may be most at risk of problems associated with alcohol inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald W Valentine
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Peter I Jatlow
- Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
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4
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Lin Z, Gehring R, Mochel JP, Lavé T, Riviere JE. Mathematical modeling and simulation in animal health – Part
II
: principles, methods, applications, and value of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in veterinary medicine and food safety assessment. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:421-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM) Department of Anatomy and Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA
| | - R. Gehring
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM) Department of Anatomy and Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA
| | - J. P. Mochel
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel Switzerland
| | - T. Lavé
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel Switzerland
| | - J. E. Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM) Department of Anatomy and Physiology College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan KS USA
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Jasper MN, Martin SA, Oshiro WM, Ford J, Bushnell PJ, El-Masri H. Application of Biologically Based Lumping To Investigate the Toxicokinetic Interactions of a Complex Gasoline Mixture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3231-3238. [PMID: 26889718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
People are often exposed to complex mixtures of environmental chemicals such as gasoline, tobacco smoke, water contaminants, or food additives. We developed an approach that applies chemical lumping methods to complex mixtures, in this case gasoline, based on biologically relevant parameters used in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Inhalation exposures were performed with rats to evaluate the performance of our PBPK model and chemical lumping method. There were 109 chemicals identified and quantified in the vapor in the chamber. The time-course toxicokinetic profiles of 10 target chemicals were also determined from blood samples collected during and following the in vivo experiments. A general PBPK model was used to compare the experimental data to the simulated values of blood concentration for 10 target chemicals with various numbers of lumps, iteratively increasing from 0 to 99. Large reductions in simulation error were gained by incorporating enzymatic chemical interactions, in comparison to simulating the individual chemicals separately. The error was further reduced by lumping the 99 nontarget chemicals. The same biologically based lumping approach can be used to simplify any complex mixture with tens, hundreds, or thousands of constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah N Jasper
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Sheppard A Martin
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Wendy M Oshiro
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jermaine Ford
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Philip J Bushnell
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Hisham El-Masri
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
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6
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Herr DW, Freeborn DL, Degn L, Martin SA, Ortenzio J, Pantlin L, Hamm CW, Boyes WK. Neurophysiological assessment of auditory, peripheral nerve, somatosensory, and visual system function after developmental exposure to gasoline, E15, and E85 vapors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 54:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Testing for cognitive function in animals in a regulatory context. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 52:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Crowell SR, Smith JN, Creim JA, Faber W, Teeguarden JG. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of ethyl acetate and ethanol in rodents and humans. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:452-62. [PMID: 26297692 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed and applied to a metabolic series approach for the ethyl series (i.e., ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate). This approach bases toxicity information on dosimetry analyses for metabolically linked compounds using pharmacokinetic data for each compound and toxicity data for parent or individual compounds. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of ethyl acetate and ethanol were conducted in rats following IV and inhalation exposure. Regardless of route, ethyl acetate was rapidly converted to ethanol. Blood concentrations of ethyl acetate and ethanol following both IV bolus and infusion suggested linear kinetics across blood concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mM ethyl acetate and 0.01-0.8 mM ethanol. Metabolic parameters were optimized and evaluated based on available pharmacokinetic data. The respiratory bioavailability of ethyl acetate and ethanol were estimated from closed chamber inhalation studies and measured ventilation rates. The resulting ethyl series model successfully reproduces blood ethyl acetate and ethanol kinetics following IV administration and inhalation exposure in rats, and blood ethanol kinetics following inhalation exposure to ethanol in humans. The extrapolated human model was used to derive human equivalent concentrations for the occupational setting of 257-2120 ppm ethyl acetate and 72-517 ppm ethyl acetate for continuous exposure, corresponding to rat LOAELs of 350 and 1500 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Crowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States.
| | - J N Smith
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - J A Creim
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - W Faber
- Willem Faber Toxicology Consulting, LLC, Victor, NY, United States
| | - J G Teeguarden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
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9
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Safety assessment for ethanol-based topical antiseptic use by health care workers: Evaluation of developmental toxicity potential. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26212636 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol-based topical antiseptic hand rubs, commonly referred to as alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS), are routinely used as the standard of care to reduce the presence of viable bacteria on the skin and are an important element of infection control procedures in the healthcare industry. There are no reported indications of safety concerns associated with the use of these products in the workplace. However, the prevalence of such alcohol-based products in healthcare facilities and safety questions raised by the U.S. FDA led us to assess the potential for developmental toxicity under relevant product-use scenarios. Estimates from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach suggest that occupational use of alcohol-based topical antiseptics in the healthcare industry can generate low, detectable concentrations of ethanol in blood. This unintended systemic dose probably reflects contributions from both dermal absorption and inhalation of volatilized product. The resulting internal dose is low, even under hypothetical, worst case intensive use assumptions. A significant margin of exposure (MOE) exists compared to demonstrated effect levels for developmental toxicity under worst case use scenarios, and the MOE is even more significant for typical anticipated occupational use patterns. The estimated internal doses of ethanol from topical application of alcohol-based hand sanitizers are also in the range of those associated with consumption of non-alcoholic beverages (i.e., non-alcoholic beer, flavored water, and orange juice), which are considered safe for consumers. Additionally, the estimated internal doses associated with expected exposure scenarios are below or in the range of the expected internal doses associated with the current occupational exposure limit for ethanol set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. These results support the conclusion that there is no significant risk of developmental or reproductive toxicity from repeated occupational exposures and high frequency use of ABHSs or surgical scrubs. Overall, the data support the conclusion that alcohol-based hand sanitizer products are safe for their intended use in hand hygiene as a critical infection prevention strategy in healthcare settings.
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Oshiro W, Beasley T, McDaniel K, Evansky P, Martin S, Moser V, Gilbert M, Bushnell P. Prenatal exposure to vapors of gasoline–ethanol blends causes few cognitive deficits in adult rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 49:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Martin SA, Oshiro WM, Evansky PA, Degn LL, Ledbetter AD, Ford J, Todd Krantz Q, LeFew WR, Beasley TE, El-Masri H, McLanahan ED, Boyes WK, Bushnell PJ. Use of novel inhalation kinetic studies to refine physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for ethanol in non-pregnant and pregnant rats. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 26:598-619. [PMID: 25144475 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.938184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) exposure induces a variety of concentration-dependent neurological and developmental effects in the rat. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have been used to predict the inhalation exposure concentrations necessary to produce blood EtOH concentrations (BEC) in the range associated with these effects. Previous laboratory reports often lacked sufficient detail to adequately simulate reported exposure scenarios associated with BECs in this range, or lacked data on the time-course of EtOH in target tissues (e.g. brain, liver, eye, fetus). To address these data gaps, inhalation studies were performed at 5000, 10 000, and 21 000 ppm (6 h/d) in non-pregnant female Long-Evans (LE) rats and at 21 000 ppm (6.33 h/d) for 12 d of gestation in pregnant LE rats to evaluate our previously published PBPK models at toxicologically-relevant blood and tissue concentrations. Additionally, nose-only and whole-body plethysmography studies were conducted to refine model descriptions of respiration and uptake within the respiratory tract. The resulting time-course and plethysmography data from these in vivo studies were compared to simulations from our previously published models, after which the models were recalibrated to improve descriptions of tissue dosimetry by accounting for dose-dependencies in pharmacokinetic behavior. Simulations using the recalibrated models reproduced these data from non-pregnant, pregnant, and fetal rats to within a factor of 2 or better across datasets, resulting in a suite of model structures suitable for simulation of a broad range of EtOH exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheppard A Martin
- Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division, Office of Research and Development (ORD), US Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, NC , USA
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12
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Martin SA, McLanahan ED, Bushnell PJ, Hunter ES, El-Masri H. Species extrapolation of life-stage physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to investigate the developmental toxicology of ethanol using in vitro to in vivo (IVIVE) methods. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:512-35. [PMID: 25410581 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To provide useful alternatives to in vivo animal studies, in vitro assays for dose-response assessments of xenobiotic chemicals must use concentrations in media and target tissues that are within biologically-plausible limits. Determining these concentrations is a complex matter, which can be facilitated by applying physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) paradigm. We used ethanol (EtOH), a ubiquitous chemical with defined metrics for in vivo and in vitro embryotoxicity, as a model chemical to evaluate this paradigm. A published series of life-stage PBPK models for rats was extended to mice, yielding simulations that adequately predicted in vivo blood EtOH concentrations (BECs) from oral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes in nonpregnant and pregnant adult mice. The models were then extrapolated to nonpregnant and pregnant humans, replicating BEC data within a factor of two. The rodent models were then used to conduct IVIVEs for rodent and whole-embryo culture embryotoxicity data (neural tube closure defects, morphological changes). A second IVIVE was conducted for exposure scenarios in pregnant women during critical windows of susceptibility for developmental toxicity, such as the first 6-to-8 weeks (prerecognition period) or mid-to-late pregnancy period, when EtOH consumption is associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Incorporation of data from human embryonic stem cell studies led to a model-supported linkage of in vitro concentrations with plausible exposure ranges for pregnant women. This effort demonstrates benefits and challenges associated with use of multispecies PBPK models to estimate in vivo tissue concentrations associated with in vitro embryotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheppard A Martin
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Eva D McLanahan
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Philip J Bushnell
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency
| | - E Sidney Hunter
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency
| | - Hisham El-Masri
- *National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory and National Center for Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency
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13
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Health assessment of gasoline and fuel oxygenate vapors: Developmental toxicity in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:S69-79. [PMID: 24845242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Beasley TE, Evansky PA, Martin SA, McDaniel KL, Moser VC, Luebke RW, Norwood J, Rogers JM, B. Copeland C, Bushnell PJ. Toxicological outcomes in rats exposed to inhaled ethanol during gestation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 45:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Oshiro WM, Beasley TE, McDaniel KL, Taylor MM, Evansky P, Moser VC, Gilbert ME, Bushnell PJ. Selective cognitive deficits in adult rats after prenatal exposure to inhaled ethanol. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 45:44-58. [PMID: 25020118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of ethanol blends in gasoline suggests a need to assess the potential public health risks of exposure to these fuels. Ethanol consumed during pregnancy is a teratogen. However, little is known about the potential developmental neurotoxicity of ethanol delivered by inhalation, the most likely route of exposure from gasoline-ethanol fuel blends. We evaluated the potential cognitive consequences of ethanol inhalation by exposing pregnant Long Evans rats to clean air or ethanol vapor from gestational days 9-20, a critical period of neuronal development. Concentrations of inhaled ethanol (5000, 10,000, or 21,000 ppm for 6.5h/day) produced modeled peak blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) in exposed dams of 2.3, 6.8, and 192 mg/dL, respectively. In offspring, no dose-related impairments were observed on spatial learning or working memory in the Morris water maze or in operant delayed match-to-position tests. Two measures showed significant effects in female offspring at all ethanol doses: 1) impaired cue learning after trace fear conditioning, and 2) an absence of bias for the correct quadrant after place training during a reference memory probe in the Morris water maze. In choice reaction time tests, male offspring (females were not tested) from the 5000 and 10,000 ppm groups showed a transient increase in decision times. Also, male offspring from the 21,000 ppm group made more anticipatory responses during a preparatory hold period, suggesting a deficit in response inhibition. The increase in anticipatory responding during the choice reaction time test shows that inhaled ethanol yielding a peak BEC of ~200mg/dL can produce lasting effects in the offspring. The lack of a dose-related decrement in the effects observed in females on cue learning and a reference memory probe may reflect confounding influences in the exposed offspring possibly related to maternal care or altered anxiety levels in females. The surprising lack of more pervasive cognitive deficits, as reported by others at BECs in the 200mg/dL range, may reflect route-dependent differences in the kinetics of ethanol. These data show that response inhibition was impaired in the offspring of pregnant rats that inhaled ethanol at concentrations at least 5 orders of magnitude higher than concentrations observed during normal automotive transport and fueling operations, which rarely exceed 100 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Oshiro
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - T E Beasley
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - K L McDaniel
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - M M Taylor
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - P Evansky
- Environmental Public Health Division, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - V C Moser
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - M E Gilbert
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - P J Bushnell
- Toxicity Assessment Division, MD B105-04, MD B105-02, National Health Effects and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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16
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Boyes WK, Degn LL, Martin SA, Lyke DF, Hamm CW, Herr DW. Neurophysiological assessment of auditory, peripheral nerve, somatosensory, and visual system functions after developmental exposure to ethanol vapors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 43:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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