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Landwehr KR, Nabi MN, Rasul MG, Kicic A, Mullins BJ. Biodiesel Exhaust Toxicity with and without Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Fuel Additive in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells Grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14640-14648. [PMID: 36177943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel usage is increasing steadily worldwide as the push for renewable fuel sources increases. The increased oxygen content in biodiesel fuel is believed to cause decreased particulate matter (PM) and increased nitrous oxides within its exhaust. The addition of fuel additives to further increase the oxygen content may contribute to even further benefits in exhaust composition. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of 10% (v/v) diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDME) added as a biodiesel fuel additive. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at the air-liquid interface and exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on either grapeseed, bran, or coconut biodiesel or the same three biodiesels with 10% (v/v) DGDME added to them; mineral diesel and air were used as controls. Exhaust properties, culture permeability, epithelial cell damage, and IL-6 and IL-8 release were measured postexposure. The fuel additive DGDME caused a decrease in PM and nitrous oxide concentrations. However, exhaust exposure with DGDME also caused decreased permeability, increased epithelial cell damage, and increased release of IL-6 and IL-8 (p < 0.05). Despite the fuel additive having beneficial effects on the exhaust properties of the biodiesel, it was found to be more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Md Nurun Nabi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Mohammad G Rasul
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
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Novotná B, Sikorová J, Milcová A, Pechout M, Dittrich L, Vojtíšek-Lom M, Rossner P, Brzicová T, Topinka J. The genotoxicity of organic extracts from particulate truck emissions produced at various engine operating modes using diesel or biodiesel (B100) fuel: A pilot study. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 845:403034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cervena T, Rossnerova A, Sikorova J, Beranek V, Vojtisek-Lom M, Ciganek M, Topinka J, Rossner P. DNA Damage Potential of Engine Emissions Measured In Vitro
by Micronucleus Test in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121 Suppl 3:102-108. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Cervena
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Sikorova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Studies; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vit Beranek
- Center of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Center of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Czech Technical University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ciganek
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology; Veterinary Research Institute; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Nanotoxicology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, Schmid JE, Kooter IM, Linak WP, Ian Gilmour M, DeMarini DM. Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: bioassay-directed fractionation for mutagenicity. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:597-612. [PMID: 26514787 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel in the USA, but there is little understanding of the classes of chemicals responsible for the mutagenicity of its emissions. OBJECTIVE We determined some of the chemical classes responsible for the mutagenicity of the particulate matter (PM) of the emissions from petroleum diesel (B0) and biodiesel containing increasing concentrations of soy methyl esters (B20, B50, and B100). MATERIALS AND METHODS We subjected organic extracts of the PM to bioassay-directed fractionation by sequential elution on silica gel with solvents of increasing polarity to produce four fractions per fuel. We injected these onto high performance liquid chromatography to produce 62 sub-fractions per fraction based on chemical polarity and evaluated all fractions and sub-fractions for mutagenicity in Salmonella. We correlated the results with the concentrations of 32 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the fractions. RESULTS The mutagenicity-emission factors of the fractions generally decreased with increasing concentrations of soy in the fuel. Despite the different chemical compositions of the fuels, the extractable organics of all four emissions had similar features: ∼60% of the mass was nonpolar, non-mutagenic compounds; most of the PAHs were polar; and most of the mutagenicity was due to weakly polar and polar compounds. Some of the mutagenicity of B20 was due to highly polar compounds. CONCLUSIONS The PM from soy biodiesel emissions was less mutagenic than that from petroleum diesel, and this reduction was associated with reduced concentrations of various weakly polar, polar, and highly polar mutagens, including PAHs, aromatic amines, nitroarenes, and oxy-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Peggy P Matthews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- c Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands , and
| | - William P Linak
- d National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, King C, Walsh L, Kligerman AD, Schmid JE, Janek D, Kooter IM, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: mutagenicity-emission factors. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:585-96. [PMID: 26514786 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1080771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel fuel used in the USA, but only a few, frequently conflicting studies have examined the potential health effects of its emissions. OBJECTIVE We combusted petroleum diesel (B0) and fuels with increasing percentages of soy methyl esters (B20, B50 and B100) and determined the mutagenicity-emission factors expressed as revertants/megajoule of thermal energy consumed (rev/MJ(th)). MATERIALS AND METHODS We combusted each fuel in replicate in a small (4.3-kW) diesel engine without emission controls at a constant load, extracted organics from the particles with dichloromethane, determined the percentage of extractable organic material (EOM), and evaluated these extracts for mutagenicity in 16 strains/S9 combinations of Salmonella. RESULTS Mutagenic potencies of the EOM did not differ significantly between replicate experiments for B0 and B100 but did for B20 and B50. B0 had the highest rev/MJ(th), and those of B20 and B100 were 50% and ∼85% lower, respectively, in strains that detect mutagenicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, aromatic amines or oxidative mutagens. For all strains, the rev/MJ(th) decreased with increasing biodiesel in the fuel. The emission factor for the 16 EPA Priority PAHs correlated strongly (r(2 )= 0.69) with the mutagenicity-emission factor in strain TA100 + S9, which detects PAHs. CONCLUSIONS Under a constant load, soy-biodiesel emissions were 50-85% less mutagenic than those of petroleum diesel. Without additional emission controls, petroleum and biodiesel fuels had mutagenicity-emission factors between those of large utility-scale combustors (e.g. natural gas, coal, or oil) and inefficient open-burning (e.g. residential wood fireplaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Peggy P Matthews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Leon Walsh
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Andrew D Kligerman
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Daniel Janek
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA , and
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- d Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - William P Linak
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA , and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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