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Psilopatis I, Vrettou K, Nousiopoulou E, Palamaris K, Theocharis S. The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082912. [PMID: 37109247 PMCID: PMC10141215 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) constitutes the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Patients usually suffer from severe menstrual irregularities, skin conditions, and insulin resistance-associated health conditions. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptor proteins that regulate gene expression. In order to investigate the role of PPARs in the pathophysiology of PCOS, we conducted a literature review using the MEDLINE and LIVIVO databases and were able to identify 74 relevant studies published between 2003 and 2023. Different study groups reached contradictory conclusions in terms of PPAR expression in PCOS. Interestingly, numerous natural agents were found to represent a novel, potent anti-PCOS treatment alternatives. In conclusion, PPARs seem to play a significant role in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iason Psilopatis
- Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kleio Vrettou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Nousiopoulou
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Palamaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Alkan I, Kaplan S. An investigation of the potential effects of amitriptyline on polycystic ovary syndrome induced by estradiol valerate. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02188-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Pangath M, Unnikrishnan L, Throwba PH, Vasudevan K, Jayaraman S, Li M, Iyaswamy A, Palaniyandi K, Gnanasampanthapandian D. The Epigenetic Correlation among Ovarian Cancer, Endometriosis and PCOS: A Review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 180:103852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Gorkem U, Yildirim E. Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:980-986. [PMID: 35174578 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is scant evidence concerning the relationship of alarin concentrations for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) status in the existing literature. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the relationship about predictive value of serum alarin concentrations for PCOS risk in infertile women. METHODS This prospective case-control study included a total of 151 infertile women who met eligibility criteria of the study. Infertile women diagnosed with PCOS formed the study group (n = 80). Women with diagnoses of unexplained infertility constituted the control group (n = 71). The biochemical analyses of serum concentrations of lipid profiles, estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and alarin were performed. RESULTS There were no differences for the study parameters, including age, body mass index, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total triglyceride, E2, and FSH levels in either group. Serum LH, AMH, alarin concentrations, and antral follicle counts had higher values in the PCOS group compared with the controls. Correlation analysis revealed that serum alarin levels were significantly positively correlated with LH and AMH levels, only in the PCOS group. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that infertile women with high alarin concentrations were significantly more likely to develop PCOS (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 0.095-0.332, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Higher serum concentrations of alarin and a positive correlation with serum LH levels were found in infertile women with PCOS. This evidence supported that high alarin concentrations might play a role in the development of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Gorkem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Engin Yildirim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Turkey
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Altinkaya SO. Galanin and glypican-4 levels depending on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2021; 65:479-487. [PMID: 33740336 PMCID: PMC10522184 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Galanin is a neuropeptide which has effects not only on metabolic syndrome but also on reproduction. Glypican-4 is an adipokine associated with insulin sensitivity by interacting directly with the insulin receptor. This study evaluated serum concentrations of galanin and glypican-4 in relation with the hormonal profile as well as metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS A total of 44 women with PCOS and 44 age-matched controls were eligible. Hirsutism scores, hormonal profile, metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors as well as galanin and glypican-4 levels were evaluated in each subject. RESULTS Women with PCOS exhibited lower levels of galanin (20.2 pg/mL versus 26.4 pg/mL, p = 0.002) and higher concentrations of glypican-4 (3.1 ng/mL versus 2.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001) than controls. Both adipokines were correlated positively with body mass index (BMI), insulin, triglyceride and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index; glypican-4 also showed positive correlations with fasting blood glucose, free testosterone, modified Ferriman-Gallwey scores (p < 0.05). Multiple Linear Regression analyses showed that PCOS and BMI were the best predictors affecting galanin levels with a decreasing and increasing effect respectively; however BMI was the best predictor affecting glypican-4 levels with an increasing effect (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Galanin levels were lower and glypican-4 levels were higher in women with PCOS than controls. Further studies are needed to determine whether these adipokines could be used as additional markers for insulin sensitivity and lipid profile and whether they might play a role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, in which metabolic cardiovascular risks are increased.
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Abaj F, Sotoudeh G, Karimi E, Rafiee M, Koohdani F. Interaction between the dietary indices and PPAR-γ Pro12Ala gene variants on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14307. [PMID: 33930247 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the interaction between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) Pro12Ala polymorphism and healthy eating index (HEI), Dietary Quality Index-International (DQI-I), and dietary phytochemical index (DPI) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 393 diabetic patients. PPAR-γ Pro12Ala was genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. Biochemical markers including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-reactive protein (CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), isoprostaneF2α (PGF2α). Interleukin 18 (IL18), leptin, and ghrelin were measured by standard protocol. Food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) were used for dietary indices (DQI-I, DPI, HEI) calculation. RESULTS Homozygous carriers of the rs1801282 C allele showed higher leptin compared G allele carriers (P = .015). The rs1801282-DQI-I interactions were significant on waist circumference (WC) (P = .019). Thus, C-allele carriers in the higher tertile of DQI-I had higher WC compared with GG homozygous. Further, an interaction was observed between PPAR rs1801282 polymorphism and DQI-I on serum IL-18 level (P = .032). Besides, a significant rs1801282-DPI interaction was shown on HDL concentration (P = .041), G allele carriers who were in the highest tertile of DPI, had lower HDL. Moreover, there were significant rs1801282-HEI interactions on serum leptin (P = .021). Individuals with (CC, CG) genotypes in the higher tertile of HEI, had lower leptin concentration. CONCLUSION Higher dietary indices (DQI-I, DPI, HEI) may affect the relationship between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and WC, ghrelin, leptin, HDL, and IL-18 concentration in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Abaj
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gity Sotoudeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Elmira Karimi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Rafiee
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariba Koohdani
- Department of Cellular, Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Ilie IR. Neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and gut peptide profile in PCOS-pathways contributing to the pathophysiology, food intake and psychiatric manifestations of PCOS. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 96:85-135. [PMID: 32362321 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major health problem with a heterogeneous hormone-imbalance and clinical presentation across the lifespan of women. Increased androgen production and abnormal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and gonadotropin secretion, resulting in chronic anovulation are well-known features of the PCOS. The brain is both at the top of the neuroendocrine axis regulating ovarian function and a sensitive target of peripheral gonadal hormones and peptides. Current literature illustrates that neurotransmitters regulate various functions of the body, including reproduction, mood and body weight. Neurotransmitter alteration could be one of the reasons for disturbed GnRH release, consequently directing the ovarian dysfunction in PCOS, since there is plenty evidence for altered catecholamine metabolism and brain serotonin or opioid activity described in PCOS. Further, the dysregulated neurotransmitter and neuropeptide profile in PCOS could also be the reason for low self-esteem, anxiety, mood swings and depression or obesity, features closely associated with PCOS women. Can these altered central brain circuits, or the disrupted gut-brain axis be the tie that would both explain and link the pathogenesis of this disorder, the occurrence of depression, anxiety and other mood disorders as well as of obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal appetite in PCOS? This review intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of what is known about the relatively understudied, but very complex role that neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gut peptides play in PCOS. The answer to the above question may help the development of drugs to specifically target these central and peripheral circuits, thereby providing a valuable treatment for PCOS patients that present to the clinic with GnRH/LH hypersecretion, obesity or psychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana R Ilie
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Iuliu-Hatieganu', Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Fang P, Yu M, Wan D, Zhang L, Han L, Shen Z, Shi M, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Bo P. Regulatory effects of galanin system on development of several age-related chronic diseases. Exp Gerontol 2017; 95:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Crosstalk between exercise and galanin system alleviates insulin resistance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:141-6. [PMID: 26542124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that aerobic exercise can enhance insulin sensitivity, however, the precise mechanism for this outcome is not entirely identified. Emerging evidences point out that exercise can upregulate galanin protein and mRNA expression, resulting in improvement of insulin sensitivity via an increase in translocation of glucose transporter 4 and subsequent glucose uptake in myocytes and adipocytes of healthy and type 2 diabetic rats, which may be blocked by galanin antagonist. In return, galanin can exert the exercise-protective roles to prevent excessive movement of skeletal muscle and to accelerate exercise trauma repair in exercise-relative tissues. Studies also implicated that combination of aerobic exercise and activation of galanin system may make more significant improvement in insulin sensitivity than that of either one did. These suggest that galanin system is essential for physical activity to alleviate insulin resistance, namely, the beneficial effect of physical activity on glucose uptake is at least partly mediated by galanin system. Besides, co-treatment with galanin and exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy for reducing insulin resistance.
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Fang P, He B, Shi M, Kong G, Dong X, Zhu Y, Bo P, Zhang Z. The regulative effect of galanin family members on link of energy metabolism and reproduction. Peptides 2015; 71:240-9. [PMID: 26188174 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is essential for the species survival that an efficient coordination between energy storage and reproduction through endocrine regulation. The neuropeptide galanin, one of the endocrine hormones, can potently coordinate energy metabolism and the activities of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis to adjust synthesis and release of metabolic and reproductive hormones in animals and humans. However, few papers have summarized the regulative effect of the galanin family members on the link of energy storage and reproduction as yet. To address this issue, this review attempts to summarize the current information available about the regulative effect of galanin, galanin-like peptide and alarin on the metabolic and reproductive events, with special emphasis on the interactions between galanin and hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary luteinizing hormone and ovarian hormones. This research line will further deepen our understanding of the physiological roles of the galanin family in regulating the link of energy metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou 225300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Biao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Guimei Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ping Bo
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Ma J, Lin TC, Liu W. Gastrointestinal hormones and polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2014; 47:668-78. [PMID: 24791734 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease of women in reproductive age. It is characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Most often patients with PCOS have metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. It is not surprising that obesity is high prevalent in PCOS. Over 60 % of PCOS women are obese or overweight. Modulation of appetite and energy intake is essential to maintain energy balance and body weight. The gastrointestinal tract, where nutrients are digested and absorbed, plays a central role in energy homeostasis. The signals from the gastrointestinal tract arise from the stomach (ghrelin release), proximal small intestine (CCK release), and distal small intestine (GLP-1 and PYY) in response to food. These hormones are recognized as "appetite regulatory hormones." Weight loss is the key in the treatments of obese/overweight patients with PCOS. However, current non-pharmacologic management of body weight is hard to achieve. This review highlighted the gastrointestinal hormones, and discussed the potential strategies aimed at modifying hormones for treatment in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jungbauer A, Medjakovic S. Phytoestrogens and the metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:277-89. [PMID: 23318879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a diverse class of non-steroidal compounds that have an affinity for estrogen receptors α and β, for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family and for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Examples of phytoestrogens include prenylated flavonoids, isoflavones, coumestans and lignans. Many phytoestrogens counteract the cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome. Here we propose a mechanism of action which is based on five pillars/principles. First, phytoestrogens are involved in the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and iNOS, by activating PPAR and by inhibiting IκB activation. Second, they increase reverse cholesterol transport, which is mediated by PPARγ. Third, phytoestrogens increase insulin sensitivity, which is mediated via PPARα. Fourth, they exert antioxidant effects by activating antioxidant genes through KEAP. Fifth, phytoestrogens increase energy expenditure by affecting AMP-activated kinase signaling cascades, which are responsible for the inhibition of adipogenesis. In addition to these effects, which have been demonstrated in vivo and in clinical trials, other effects, such as eNOS activation, may also be important. Some plant extracts from soy, red clover or licorice can be described as panPPAR activators. Fetal programming for metabolic syndrome has been hypothesized; thus, the consumption of dietary phytoestrogens during pregnancy may be relevant. Extracts from soy, red clover or licorice oil have potential as plant-derived medicines that could be used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease linked to hyperandrogenism and obesity, although clinical trials have not yet been conducted. Phytoestrogens may help prevent metabolic syndrome, although intervention studies will be always be ambiguous, because physical activity and reduced calorie consumption also have a significant impact. Nevertheless, extracts rich in phytoestrogens may be an alternative treatment or may complement conventional treatment for diseases linked with metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Jungbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Receptor Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Lakkakula BVKS, Thangavelu M, Godla UR. Genetic variants associated with insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:883-95. [PMID: 23794114 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-013-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome must be recognized as a serious issue due to its implication on long term health regardless of an individual's age. PCOS and insulin resistance are interlinked, as approximately 40 % of women with PCOS are insulin resistant. However, the detailed molecular basis for insulin resistance that is coupled with PCOS remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To review the published evidence that polymorphisms in genes that are involved in insulin secretion and action are associated with an increased risk of PCOS. METHODS We reviewed articles published through November 2012 which concerned polymorphisms of genes related to insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis as well as their associations with PCOS. The articles were identified via Medline searches. CONCLUSIONS No consistent evidence emerged of a strong association between the risk of PCOS and any known gene that is related to insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Moreover, recent genome-wide association studies are inconsistent in identifying the associations between PCOS and insulin metabolism genes. Many of the studies reviewed were limited by heterogeneity in the PCOS diagnosis and by not have having a sufficient number of study participants. Further studies are warranted to determine predisposing risk factors which could modify environmental factors and thus reduce the risk of PCOS. Large genome-wide association studies devoted solely to PCOS will be necessary to identify new candidate genes and proteins that are involved in PCOS risk.
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Galanin participates in the functional regulation of the diabetic heart. Life Sci 2013; 92:628-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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He J, Wang L, Liu J, Liu F, Li X. A meta-analysis on the association between PPAR-γ Pro12Ala polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012; 29:669-77. [PMID: 22527903 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-012-9772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) Pro12Ala polymorphism on the susceptibility of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and body mass index (BMI), fast insulin levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in PCOS patients. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases were searched to identify eligible studies. We then conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association between Pro12Ala polymorphism and PCOS. RESULTS Seventeen eligible studies, including 2,149 patients and 2,124 controls were enrolled in this meta-analysis. Pro12Ala polymorphism was significantly associated with the susceptibility of PCOS (odds ratio [OR] 0.74, 95 % confidence interval [CI] [0.61, 0.90] for allele; OR 0.70, 95 % CI [0.57, 0.86] for genotype). In the European subgroup of PCOS, the X/Ala genotype was associated with lower BMI (mean difference [MD] -1.08, 95 % CI [-2.08, -0.09]) and fast insulin levels (MD -19.82, 95 % CI [-34.07, -5.58]). However, this polymorphism did not display an impact on HOMA-IR in PCOS patients. CONCLUSIONS Ala variant would decrease the risk of PCOS and result in lower BMI and fast insulin levels in a European population, but had no impact on HOMA-IR in PCOS patients. Further studies are required to elucidate these associations more clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, People's Republic of China
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