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Lee SH, Lim TJ, Yun EJ, Kim KH, Lim S. Anti-Menopausal Effect of Soybean Germ Extract and Lactobacillus gasseri in the Ovariectomized Rat Model. Nutrients 2023; 15:4485. [PMID: 37892560 PMCID: PMC10609938 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a significant phase in a woman's life. Menopausal symptoms can affect overall well-being and quality of life. Conventionally, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is used to alleviate menopausal symptoms; however, depending on the conditions, HRT may lead to side effects, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of a combination of soybean germ extract (S30) containing 30% (w/w) isoflavone and a probiotic, Lactobacillus gasseri (LGA1), on menopausal conditions in an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model. We evaluated the impact of S30+LGA on body weight, estrogen markers, uterine and bone health, vascular markers, and neurotransmitter levels. The results revealed that treatment with S30+LGA1 significantly improved body weight and uterine and bone health. Moreover, S30+LGA1 demonstrated promising effects on lipid profile, liver function, and vascular markers and positively impacted serotonin and norepinephrine levels, indicating potential mood-enhancing effects. In conclusion, S30+LGA1, possessing anti-menopausal effects in vitro and in vivo, can be recommended as a soy-based diet, which offers various health benefits, especially for menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Tae-Joong Lim
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10003, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Ju Yun
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sanghyun Lim
- R&D Center, Cell Biotech Co., Ltd., Gimpo 10003, Republic of Korea;
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Park DR, Yeo CH, Yoon JE, Hong EY, Choi BR, Lee YJ, Ha IH. Polygonatum sibiricum improves menopause symptoms by regulating hormone receptor balance in an ovariectomized mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hanaki Y, Miyoshi S, Sugiyama Y, Yanagita RC, Sato M. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate promotes proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HHUA cells cultured on collagen type I gel: A feasible model to find new therapies for endometrial diseases. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1417-1422. [PMID: 35973688 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
HHUA endometrial adenocarcinoma cells aggregated into spheroids when cultured on collagen type I gels. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, a PKC activator, disassembled the spheroids through epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increased their proliferation rate, while inducing cell death under monolayer culture conditions. These unusual behaviors of endometrial epithelial cells with collagen fibers could be a target for the treatment of some endometrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hanaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Sena Miyoshi
- Division of Applied Biological and Rare Sugar Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Masashi Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Conversation with Tumor Cells in Endometrial Cancers: A Partner in Crime. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179121. [PMID: 34502029 PMCID: PMC8430936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor cell carrying characteristic genomic alteration(s) exists within its host’s microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) renders holistic support to the tumor via cross-talk between tumor cells and three components of TME, immune components, vascular components, and fibroblast components. The tempero-spatial interaction of tumor cells with its microenvironment is the deterministic factor for tumor growth, progression, resistance to therapy, and its outcome in clinics. TME (1) facilitates proliferation, and the ensuing metastasis-associated phenotypes, (2) perturbs immune surveillance and supports tumor cells in their effort to evade immune recognition, and (3) actively participates in developing drug-induced resistance in cancer cells. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast (CAF) is a unique component of TME. CAF is the host mesenchyme immediately surrounding the tumor cells in solid tumors. It facilitates tumor growth and progression and participates in developing drug resistance in tumor cells by playing a critical role in all the ways mentioned above. The clinical outcome of a disease is thus critically contributed to by the CAF component of TME. Although CAFs have been identified historically, the functional relevance of CAF-tumor cell cross-talk and their influence on angiogenic and immune-components of TME are yet to be characterized in solid tumors, especially in endometrial cancers. Currently, the standard of care for the treatment of endometrial cancers is primarily guided by therapies directed towards the disease’s tumor compartment and immune compartments. Unfortunately, in the current state of therapies, a complete response (CR) to the therapy is still limited despite a more commonly achieved partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD) in patients. Acknowledging the limitations of the current sets of therapies based on only the tumor and immune compartments of the disease, we sought to put forward this review based on the importance of the cross-talk between CAF of the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells. The premise of the review is to recognize the critical role of CAF in disease progression. This manuscript presents a systemic review of the role of CAF in endometrial cancers. We critically interrogated the active involvement of CAF in the tumor compartment of endometrial cancers. Here we present the functional characteristics of CAF in the context of endometrial cancers. We review (1) the characteristics of CAF, (2) their evolution from being anti-tumor to pro-tumor, (3) their involvement in regulating growth and several metastasis-associated phenotypes of tumor cells, (4) their participation in perturbing immune defense and evading immune surveillance, and (5) their role in mediating drug resistance via tumor-CAF cross-talk with particular reference to endometrial cancers. We interrogate the functional characteristics of CAF in the light of its dialogue with tumor cells and other components of TME towards developing a CAF-based strategy for precision therapy to supplement tumor-based therapy. The purpose of the review is to present a new vision and initiate a thought process which recognizes the importance of CAF in a tumor, thereby resulting in a novel approach to the design and management of the disease in endometrial cancers.
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Yang B, Chen R, Liang X, Shi J, Wu X, Zhang Z, Chen X. Estrogen Enhances Endometrial Cancer Cells Proliferation by Upregulation of Prohibitin. J Cancer 2019; 10:1616-1621. [PMID: 31205517 PMCID: PMC6548001 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen plays an essential role in type I endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Despite great progresses in the etiology has been obtained in the past, however, the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully clarified. Prohibitin has been demonstrated involvement in multiple cancers' development. If it also contributes to estrogen-driven endometrial cancer proliferation is not clear. IHC assay result display that prohibitin overexpressed in endometrial cancer tissue and associated with the poor prognosis; Western blot assay detect that upregulated prohibitin expression with dose- and time-dependent manners. The cellular growth was monitored with SRB assay which demonstrate that knockdown prohibitin attenuated estrogen-induced proliferation. Ubiquitination assay finds estrogen increased prohibitin level through stabilizing prohibitin protein via inhibition of ubiquitination, while estrogen-induced protein expression was mediated by estrogen receptor. Our findings provide a new insight on the mechanism of estrogen-induced proliferation, implying the possibility of using prohibitin as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, 201900, China.,Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Ruiying Chen
- Department of Cervical Diseases, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Jiayan Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, 201900, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Shanghai First people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201600,China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Zhenbo Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, 201900, China.,Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China.,Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Shanghai First people's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201600,China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch, Shanghai, 201900, China.,Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
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6
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Reis FM, Morsch DM, Rocha AL, Carneiro MM, Spritzer PM. The Early Genes c-fos and c-jun: Potential Targets to Modulate Estrogen Action in Endometriosis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/228402650900100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common estrogen-dependent disorder. C-fos and c-jun are early transcription factors probably related to estradiol-dependent cell proliferation. C-fos gene expression is higher in endometriotic implants compared to normal endometrium and the distribution of c-Fos protein is higher in the stroma of endometriotic tissue. C-Jun expression is also more abundant in ectopic endometrial tissue. These findings point to an increased estrogen signaling in endometriosis and suggest that c-fos and c-jun could be potential targets to emerging treatments designed to affect selectively the endometriotic tissue, such as tissue-specific gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Reis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Débora M. Morsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, and Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil
| | - Ana L. Rocha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Márcia M. Carneiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte
| | - Poli M. Spritzer
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, and Gynecological Endocrinology Unit, University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre - Brazil
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7
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Fujimoto J, Sato E. Sex steroids in uterine endometrial cancers. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 5:143-51. [PMID: 25961249 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci.2010.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Some uterine endometrial cancers conserve estrogen dependency in advancement. However, the concept of advancement in tumor is complicated, because it involves simple growth in primary tumor and secondary spreading. The expression manner of estrogen receptor alpha exon 5 splicing variant, ER beta, progesterone receptor-A (N-terminus deletion mutant) is associated with metastatic potential in uterine endometrial cancers. Increased estrogen-related receptor alpha expression is related to tumor advancement with the loss of estrogen dependency. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 contributes to tumor progression and can be used as a treatment target for advanced uterine endometrial cancers. Estrogen responsive oncogenes, c-jun and c-Ha-ras, are not modi-fied by progestin in uterine endometrial cancer cells and are considered to be an instinct phenotype as such cancers. By contrast, metastatic potential of estrogen-dependent uterine endometrial cancers can be partially controlled by progestin via metastasis-related genes, E-cadherin/catenins, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor. Thus, sex steroids related phenomena are impress-ive in the advancement of uterine endometrial cancers.
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8
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Thorne AM, Jackson TA, Willis VC, Bradford AP. Protein Kinase C α Modulates Estrogen-Receptor-Dependent Transcription and Proliferation in Endometrial Cancer Cells. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013:537479. [PMID: 23843797 PMCID: PMC3703424 DOI: 10.1155/2013/537479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the most common invasive gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. The most prevalent endometrioid tumors are linked to excessive estrogen exposure and hyperplasia. However, molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying their etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. We have shown that protein kinase C α (PKC α ) is aberrantly expressed in endometrioid tumors and is an important mediator of endometrial cancer cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of active, myristoylated PKC α conferred ligand-independent activation of estrogen-receptor- (ER-) dependent promoters and enhanced responses to estrogen. Conversely, knockdown of PKC α reduced ER-dependent gene expression and inhibited estrogen-induced proliferation of endometrial cancer cells. The ability of PKC α to potentiate estrogen activation of ER-dependent transcription was attenuated by inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt. Evidence suggests that PKC α and estrogen signal transduction pathways functionally interact, to modulate ER-dependent growth and transcription. Thus, PKC α signaling, via PI3K/Akt, may be a critical element of the hyperestrogenic environment and activation of ER that is thought to underlie the development of estrogen-dependent endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy. PKC α -dependent pathways may provide much needed prognostic markers of aggressive disease and novel therapeutic targets in ER positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Thorne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Twila A. Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Van C. Willis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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9
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Collins-Burow BM, Antoon JW, Frigo DE, Elliott S, Weldon CB, Boue SM, Beckman BS, Curiel TJ, Alam J, McLachlan JA, Burow ME. Antiestrogenic activity of flavonoid phytochemicals mediated via the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway. Cell-type specific regulation of estrogen receptor alpha. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:186-93. [PMID: 22634477 PMCID: PMC4083692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid phytochemicals act as both agonists and antagonists of the human estrogen receptors (ERs). While a number of these compounds act by directly binding to the ER, certain phytochemicals, such as the flavonoid compounds chalcone and flavone, elicit antagonistic effects on estrogen signaling independent of direct receptor binding. Here we demonstrate both chalcone and flavone function as cell type-specific selective ER modulators. In MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells chalcone and flavone suppress ERα activity through stimulation of the stress-activated members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 and JNK2. The use of dominant-negative mutants of JNK1 or JNK2 in stable transfected cells established that the antiestrogenic effects of chalcone and flavone required intact JNK signaling. We further show that constitutive activation of the JNK pathway partially suppresses estrogen (E2)-mediated gene expression in breast, but not endometrial carcinoma cells. Our results demonstrate a role for stress-activated MAPKs in the cell type-specific regulation of ERα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M. Collins-Burow
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - James W. Antoon
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Pharmacology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Steven Elliott
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Christopher B. Weldon
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Stephen M. Boue
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70179
| | - Barbara S. Beckman
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Tyler J. Curiel
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - Jawed Alam
- Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, Department of Molecular Genetics, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
| | - John A. McLachlan
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- To whom correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed: Matthew E. Burow, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, 1430 Tulane Ave. SL-78, New Orleans, LA 70112, Phone: 504-988-6688, Fax: 504-988-5483,
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10
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The nuclear receptors SF1 and LRH1 are expressed in endometrial cancer cells and regulate steroidogenic gene transcription by cooperating with AP-1 factors. Cancer Lett 2008; 275:127-38. [PMID: 19022561 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to estradiol represents the main risk factor for endometrial cancer. The abnormally high estradiol levels in the endometrium of women with endometrial cancer are most likely due to overproduction by the tumour itself. Endometrial cancer cells express the genes encoding the steroidogenic enzymes involved in estradiol synthesis. Here we used RT-PCR and Western blot to show that the nuclear receptors SF1 and LRH1, two well-known regulators of steroidogenic gene expression in gonadal and adrenal cells, are also expressed in endometrial cancer cell lines. By transient transfections, we found that SF1 and LRH1, but not the related nuclear receptor NUR77, can activate the promoters of three human steroidogenic genes: STAR, HSD3B2, and CYP19A1 PII. Similarly, forskolin but not PMA, could activate all three promoters. In addition, we found that both SF1 and LRH1 can transcriptionally cooperate with the AP-1 family members c-JUN and c-FOS, known to be associated with enhanced proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells, to further enhance activation of the STAR, HSD3B2, and CYP19A1 PII promoters. All together, our data provide novel insights into the mechanisms of steroidogenic gene expression in endometrial cancer cells and thus in the regulation of estradiol biosynthesis by tumour cells.
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11
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Ali SH, O'Donnell AL, Mohamed S, Mousa S, Dandona P. Overexpression of estrogen receptor-α in the endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa: inhibition of growth and angiogenic factors. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 95:637-45. [PMID: 15581976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high level of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) is believed to be favorable in the prognosis and treatment of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. High levels of ER-alpha have been shown to inhibit the growth and invasive, metastatic potential of breast cancer cell lines. To bring about these inhibitory effects, ER-alpha probably acts through other cellular factors involved in the regulation of cell growth. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of high levels ER-alpha in growth inhibition of endometrial cancer cells. METHODS A human ER-alpha cDNA was stably overexpressed in an endometrial cancer cell line, namely, Ishikawa. ER-alpha-overexpressing, parent, and control Ishikawa cells were grown in vitro and their growth rates were compared by cell count. ER-alpha-overexpressing and parent Ishikawa cells were also grown in vitro as tumors in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, and tumor growth and angiogenesis was measured. Finally, levels of angiogenesis-modulating factors, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined in relation to ER overexpression. RESULTS The growth of Ishikawa cells was found inhibited in culture as well as in the CAM model. Angiogenesis of CAM tumors was also found inhibited in ER-overexpressing cells. Angiogenic factor VEGF was inhibited whereas the activity of NOS was found elevated following ER overexpression. CONCLUSION Our work on the Ishikawa cell line indicates that high levels of ER-alpha in endometrial cancer may inhibit cancer growth by modulating angiogenic factors, thereby limiting the blood supply to the growing tumor. Our results support the earlier data from other groups that have shown a positive correlation between high ER content and better prognosis of endometrial cancers.
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12
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Nemos C, Delage-Mourroux R, Jouvenot M, Adami P. Onset of direct 17-β estradiol effects on proliferation and c-fos expression during oncogenesis of endometrial glandular epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 296:109-22. [PMID: 15149842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Revised: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In normal endometrial glandular epithelial cells (GEC), 17beta-estradiol (E2) enhances proliferation and c-fos expression only in the presence of growth factors. On the contrary, growth factors are not required for the E2 effects in cancerous cells. Thus, a repression of E2 action could exist in normal cells and be turned off in cancerous cells, allowing a direct estrogen-dependent proliferation. To verify this hypothesis, we established immortalized and transformed cell models, then investigated alterations of E2 effects during oncogenesis. SV40 large T-antigen was used to generate immortalized GEC model (IGEC). After observation of telomerase reactivation, IGEC model was transfected by activated c-Ha-ras to obtain transformed cell lines (TGEC1 and TGEC2). The phenotypic, morphological, and genetic characteristics of these models were determined before studying the E2 effects. In IGEC, the E2 action on proliferation and c-fos expression required the presence of growth factors, as observed in GECs. In TGECs, this action arose in the absence of growth factors. After IGEC transformation, the activation of ras pathway would substitute the priming events required for the release of repression in GEC and IGEC and thus permit direct E2 effects. Our cell models are particularly suitable to investigate alterations of gene regulation by E2 during oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nemos
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Franche-Comté, U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques, Besançon, France
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13
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Schwartz Z, Sylvia VL, Guinee T, Dean DD, Boyan BD. Tamoxifen elicits its anti-estrogen effects in growth plate chondrocytes by inhibiting protein kinase C. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 80:401-10. [PMID: 11983487 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(02)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
17 beta-Estradiol (E(2)) regulates growth plate cartilage cells via classical nuclear receptor mechanisms, as well as by direct effects on the chondrocyte membrane. These direct effects are stereospecific, causing a rapid increase in protein kinase C (PKC) specific activity, are only found in cells from female rats and are mimicked by E(2)-bovine serum albumin (BSA), which cannot penetrate the cell membrane. E(2) and E(2)-BSA stimulate alkaline phosphatase specific activity and proteoglycan sulfation in female rat costochondral cartilage cell cultures, but traditional nuclear receptors do not appear to be involved. This study examined the effect of the anti-estrogen tamoxifen on these markers of chondrocyte differentiation; the gender-specificity of tamoxifen's effect on PKC, if tamoxifen has an effect on vitamin D metabolite-stimulated PKC, which is mediated via specific membrane receptors (1,25-mVDR; 24,25-mVDR) and whether the effect of tamoxifen is mediated by nuclear estrogen receptors. Tamoxifen dose-dependently inhibited the effect of E(2)-BSA on PKC, alkaline phosphatase and proteoglycan sulfation in confluent cultures of female resting zone (RC) cells and growth zone (GC) (prehypertrophic/upper hypertrophic zones) cells, suggesting that its action is at the membrane and not cell maturation-dependent. Neither the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 nor the ER agonist diethylstilbesterol affected E(2) or E(2)-BSA-stimulated PKC in female chondrocytes. Tamoxifen also inhibited the increase in PKC activity due to 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) or 24R,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in growth plate cells derived from either female or male rats. Inhibition of PKC by tamoxifen may be a general property of membrane receptors involved in rapid responses to hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Schwartz
- Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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14
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Bhat KP, Pezzuto JM. Natural modulators of estrogen biosynthesis and function as chemopreventive agents. Arch Pharm Res 2001; 24:473-84. [PMID: 11794520 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is clearly a need for novel breast cancer chemopreventive agents with enhanced potency and specificity with little or no side effects. To this end, several new chemical moieties have been synthesized or isolated from natural sources. In this review, we have described some agents currently in use or under development for treatment or prevention of breast cancer, as well as our own strategies for the discovery of natural product modulators of estrogen biosynthesis and function. In particular, bioassay-guided fractionation of active plant extracts is a unique method for identifying agents with novel mechanisms of action, some of which should be useful for prevention of human cancer. Further, with the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, even greater progress may now be expected with natural product leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Bhat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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15
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Sylvia VL, Walton J, Lopez D, Dean DD, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 17 beta-estradiol-BSA conjugates and 17 beta-estradiol regulate growth plate chondrocytes by common membrane associated mechanisms involving PKC dependent and independent signal transduction. J Cell Biochem 2001; 81:413-29. [PMID: 11255224 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20010601)81:3<413::aid-jcb1055>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors for 17 beta-estradiol (E(2)) are present in growth plate chondrocytes from both male and female rats and regulation of chondrocytes through these receptors has been studied for many years; however, recent studies indicate that an alternative pathway involving a membrane receptor may also be involved in the cell response. E(2) was found to directly affect the fluidity of chondrocyte membranes derived from female, but not male, rats. In addition, E(2) activates protein kinase C (PKC) in a nongenomic manner in female cells, and chelerythrine, a specific inhibitor of PKC, inhibits E(2)-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity and proteoglycan sulfation in these cells, indicating PKC is involved in the signal transduction mechanism. The aims of the present study were: (1) to examine the effect of a cell membrane-impermeable 17 beta-estradiol-bovine serum albumin conjugate (E(2)-BSA) on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis; (2) to determine the pathway that mediates the membrane effect of E(2)-BSA on PKC; and (3) to compare the action of E(2)-BSA to that of E(2). Confluent, fourth passage resting zone (RC) and growth zone (GC) chondrocytes from female rat costochondral cartilage were treated with 10(-9) to 10(-7) M E(2) or E(2)-BSA and changes in alkaline phosphatase specific activity, proteoglycan sulfation, and [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation measured. To examine the pathway of PKC activation, chondrocyte cultures were treated with E(2)-BSA in the presence or absence of GDP beta S (inhibitor of G-proteins), GTP gamma S (activator of G-proteins), U73122 or D609 (inhibitors of phospholipase C [PLC]), wortmannin (inhibitor of phospholipase D [PLD]) or LY294002 (inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). E(2)-BSA mimicked the effects of E(2) on alkaline phosphatase specific activity and proteoglycan sulfation, causing dose-dependent increases in both RC and GC cell cultures. Both forms of estradiol inhibited [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, and the effect was dose-dependent. E(2)-BSA caused time-dependent increases in PKC in RC and GC cells; effects were observed within three minutes in RC cells and within one minute in GC cells. Response to E(2) was more robust in RC cells, whereas in GC cells, E(2) and E(2)-BSA caused a comparable increase in PKC. GDP beta S inhibited the activation of PKC in E(2)-BSA-stimulated RC and GC cells. GTP gamma S increased PKC in E(2)-BSA-stimulated GC cells, but had no effect in E(2)-BSA-stimulated RC cells. The phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC inhibitor U73122 blocked E(2)-BSA-stimulated PKC activity in both RC and GC cells, whereas the phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC inhibitor D609 had no effect. Neither the PLD inhibitor wortmannin nor the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294022 had any effect on E(2)-BSA-stimulated PKC activity in either RC or GC cells. The classical estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780 was unable to block the stimulatory effect of E(2)-BSA on PKC. Moreover, the classical receptor agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES) had no effect on PKC, nor did it alter the stimulatory effect of E(2)-BSA. The specificity of the membrane response to E(2) was also demonstrated by showing that the membrane receptor for 1 alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) was not involved. These data indicate that the rapid nongenomic effect of E(2)-BSA on PKC activity in RC and GC cells is dependent on G-protein-coupled PLC and support the hypothesis that many of the effects of E(2) involve membrane-associated mechanisms independent of classical estrogen receptors. (c) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Sylvia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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16
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Lobenhofer EK, Marks JR. Estrogen-induced mitogenesis of MCF-7 cells does not require the induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 75:11-20. [PMID: 11179904 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen mediates the transcription of responsive genes via its interaction with the estrogen receptor (ER). This ligand-dependent transcriptional activity has been the mechanistic basis for understanding estrogen-induced proliferation. However, recent reports suggest that estrogen stimulation results in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade in an ER-dependent manner suggesting that mitogenesis may be mediated through this cytoplasmic signaling cascade. In this study, we demonstrate that estrogen stimulation of MCF-7 cells does not activate MAPK regardless of hormone concentration, serum concentration, or cell density. We also excluded the activation of MAPK through autocrine effects after estrogen treatment. Finally, concentrations required for estrogen-induced mitogenesis and estrogen-mediated transcription were shown to be the same. These results support transcriptional activation as the primary mechanism for estrogen-mediated mitogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Lobenhofer
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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17
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Sylvia VL, Boyan BD, Dean DD, Schwartz Z. The membrane effects of 17beta-estradiol on chondrocyte phenotypic expression are mediated by activation of protein kinase C through phospholipase C and G-proteins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 73:211-24. [PMID: 11070350 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(00)00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth plate chondrocytes from both male and female rats have nuclear receptors for 17beta-estradiol (E(2)); however, recent studies indicate that an alternative pathway involving a membrane receptor may also be involved in the female cell response. E(2) directly affects the fluidity of chondrocyte membranes derived from female, but not male, rats. In addition, E(2) activates PKC in a nongenomic manner in female cells, and chelerythrine, a specific inhibitor of PKC, inhibits E(2)-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity in these cells, indicating PKC is involved in the signal transduction mechanism. The aims of this study were: (1) to examine if PKC mediates the effect of E(2) on chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and matrix synthesis; and (2) to determine the pathway that mediates the membrane effect of E(2) on PKC. Confluent, fourth passage resting zone (RC) and growth zone (GC) chondrocytes from female rat costochondral cartilage were treated with 10(-10) to 10(-7) M E(2) in the presence or absence of the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine, and changes in alkaline phosphatase specific activity, proteoglycan sulfation, and [3H]thymidine incorporation were measured. To examine the pathway of PKC activation, chondrocyte cultures were treated with E(2) in the presence or absence of genistein (an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases), U73122 or D609 (inhibitors of phospholipase C [PLC]), quinacrine (an inhibitor of phospholipase A(2) [PLA(2)]), and melittin (an activator of PLA(2)). Alkaline phosphatase specific activity and proteoglycan sulfation were increased and [3H]thymidine incorporation was decreased by E(2). The effects of E(2) on all parameters were blocked by chelerythrine. Treatment of the cultures with E(2) produced a significant dose-dependent increase in PKC. U73122 dose-dependently inhibited the activation of PKC in E(2)-stimulated female chondrocyte cultures. However, the classical receptor antagonist ICI 182780 was unable to block the stimulatory effect of E(2) on PKC. Moreover, the classical receptor agonist diethylstilbestrol (DES) had no effect on PKC, nor did it alter the stimulatory effect of E(2). Inhibition of tyrosine kinase and PLA(2) had no effect on the activation of PKC by E(2). The PLA(2) activator also had no effect on PKC activation by E(2). E(2) stimulated PKC activity in membranes isolated from the chondrocytes, demonstrating a direct membrane effect for this steroid hormone. These data indicate that the rapid nongenomic effect of E(2) on PKC activity in chondrocytes from female rats is sex-specific and dependent upon a G-protein-coupled phospholipase C.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Sylvia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Carl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7774, USA
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18
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Dopp E, Vollmer G, Hahnel C, Grevesmühl Y, Schiffmann D. Modulation of the intracellular calcium level in mammalian cells caused by 17beta-estradiol, different phytoestrogens and the anti-estrogen ICI 182780. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 68:57-64. [PMID: 10215038 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In previous investigations it was shown that the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces a rise of the intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]i) in C6 rat glioma cells [P. Tas, H. Stopper, K. Koschel, D. Schiffmann, Influence of the carcinogenic oestrogen diethylstilboestrol on the intracellular calcium level in C6 rat glioma cells. Toxic. In vitro 5 (1991) 463-465] which is accompanied by changes of the arrangement of the cytoskeleton. In the present study, we compared the induction of these effects in COS (monkey kidney cells) lacking estrogen receptors (ER) with those in RUCA-I (rat endometrial carcinoma) cells containing ER. The [Ca2+]i in RUCA-I and COS cells following 17beta-estradiol (ES), genistein (GEN), daidzein (DZ) and coumestrol (CES) treatment was analyzed. A significant increase of [Ca2+]i induced by all compounds was observed in RUCA-I cells. No effects were detected in COS cells after ES and GEN treatment. The anti-estrogen ICI 182780 completely blocked the ES-and GEN-induced rise of [Ca2+]i. Dose and time dependencies of changes of calcium levels were analyzed and a biphasic response could be observed. The actin staining showed disintegrated stress fibers in RUCA-I cells. The degree of the observed effects correlates with the known estrogenicity of the applied compounds (DES > ES > GEN). It remains to be elucidated whether or not the effects observed are mediated by the "classic" genomic estrogen receptor pathway or by alternate nongenomic or receptor-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dopp
- Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Germany
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19
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Sylvia VL, Hughes T, Dean DD, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 17beta-estradiol regulation of protein kinase C activity in chondrocytes is sex-dependent and involves nongenomic mechanisms. J Cell Physiol 1998; 176:435-44. [PMID: 9648931 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199808)176:2<435::aid-jcp22>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
17Beta-estradiol (E2) regulates growth plate chondrocyte differentiation in both a sex- and cell maturation-dependent manner, and the sex-specific effects of E2 appear to be mediated in part by membrane events. In this study, we examined whether E2 regulates protein kinase C (PKC) in a cell-maturation and sex-specific manner and whether E2 uses a nongenomic mechanism in regulating this enzyme. In addition, we determined if PKC mediates the E2-dependent stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity seen in chondrocytes. Confluent, fourth passage resting zone (RC) and growth zone (GC) chondrocytes from male and female rat costochondral cartilage were treated with 10(-10) to 10(-7) M E2. E2 caused a dose-dependent increase in PKC in RC and GC cells from female rats. Peak stimulation was at 90 min. Increased PKC was evident by 3 min in both RC and GC and was still evident in RC cells at 720 min, but in GC cells activity returned to baseline by 270 min. Actinomycin D had no effect at 9, 90, 270, or 720 min, but there was a small decrease in E2-stimulated PKC in RC treated with cycloheximide at 90 and 270 min and in GC treated for 90 min. E2 increased cytosolic and membrane PKC at 9 min and by 90 min promoted translocation of PKC activity from the cytosol to the membranous compartment of female RC cells. Antibodies specific for the alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and zeta isoforms of PKC revealed that PKCalpha in female GC and RC cells is activated by E2. There was a small, but statistically significant, increase in PKC in male RC cells in response to E2, but it was not dose-dependent, and no effect of E2 was noted in male GC cells. 17Alpha-estradiol, an inactive isomer of E2, did not affect PKC specific activity in RC or GC cells from either female or male rats. Chelerythrine, a specific inhibitor of PKC, inhibited E2-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating that E2 mediates its rapid effects on alkaline phosphatase via PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Sylvia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 78284-7774, USA
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20
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Tonetti DA, O'Regan R, Tanjore S, England G, Jordan VC. Antiestrogen stimulated human endometrial cancer growth: laboratory and clinical considerations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 65:181-9. [PMID: 9699872 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(98)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The new antiestrogen toremifene (TOR) is currently on the market for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. TOR is known to exhibit a similar efficacy profile as tamoxifen (TAM) in the treatment of advanced breast cancer and there are studies to suggest that the beneficial side effects of TAM on bone and blood lipids are also achieved with TOR. However, the data concerning the action of TOR on the endometrium is sorely lacking. In light of the estrogenic effect of TAM on the uterus and the 2-3-fold increased incidence in endometrial carcinoma detected in patients receiving TAM therapy, it is imperative to investigate the effect of TOR on endometrial carcinoma. We compared the actions of TAM and TOR on the EnCa101 human endometrial tumor model and find that both antiestrogens have similar growth stimulatory effects. To investigate a potential mechanism of antiestrogen-stimulated endometrial tumor growth, we have examined known activators of the AP-1 signal transduction pathway, the protein kinase C (PKC) family of isozymes, in the EnCa101 human endometrial tumor model. We find that increased PKC isozyme expression correlates with hormone-independent breast cancer as well as antiestrogen-stimulated endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Tonetti
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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21
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Miller WR, Langdon SP. Steroid hormones and cancer: (II) Lessons from experimental systems. Eur J Surg Oncol 1997; 23:72-83. [PMID: 9066752 DOI: 10.1016/s0748-7983(97)80148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W R Miller
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
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