1
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Thompson W, Papoutsakis ET. The role of biomechanical stress in extracellular vesicle formation, composition and activity. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108158. [PMID: 37105240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cornerstones of intercellular communication with exciting fundamental, clinical, and more broadly biotechnological applications. However, variability in EV composition, which results from the culture conditions used to generate the EVs, poses significant fundamental and applied challenges and a hurdle for scalable bioprocessing. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between EV production (and for clinical applications, manufacturing) and EV composition is increasingly recognized as important and necessary. While chemical stimulation and culture conditions such as cell density are known to influence EV biology, the impact of biomechanical forces on the generation, properties, and biological activity of EVs remains poorly understood. Given the omnipresence of these forces in EV preparation and in biomanufacturing, expanding the understanding of their impact on EV composition-and thus, activity-is vital. Although several publications have examined EV preparation and bioprocessing and briefly discussed biomechanical stresses as variables of interest, this review represents the first comprehensive evaluation of the impact of such stresses on EV production, composition and biological activity. We review how EV biogenesis, cargo, efficacy, and uptake are uniquely affected by various types, magnitudes, and durations of biomechanical forces, identifying trends that emerge both generically and for individual cell types. We also describe implications for scalable bioprocessing, evaluating processes inherent in common EV production and isolation methods, and propose a path forward for rigorous EV quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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2
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Tryfonos A, Cocks M, Browning N, Dawson EA. Post-exercise endothelial function is not associated with extracellular vesicle release in healthy young males. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:209-218. [PMID: 36462215 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise can result in temporary decrease in endothelial functions, which may represent a transient period of risk. Numerous mechanisms underpinning these responses included release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic or activated endothelial cells and platelets. This study aims to compare the time course of endothelial responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and the associations with EV release. Eighteen young healthy males (age: 22.6 ± 3.7 years, BMI: 25.6 ± 2.5 m2/kg, and VO2peak: 38.6 ± 6.5 mL/kg/min) completed two randomly assigned exercises: HIIE (10 × 1 min-@-90% heart rate reserve (HRR) and 1 min passive recovery) and MICE (30 min-@-70% HRR) on a cycle ergometer. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was used to assess endothelial function and blood samples were collected to evaluate endothelial cell-derived EV (CD62E+) and platelet-derived EV (CD41a+), 10, 60, and 120 min before and after exercise. There were similar increases but different time courses (P = 0.017) in FMD (increased 10 min post-HIIE, P < 0.0001 and 60 min post-MICE, P = 0.038). CD62E+ remained unchanged (P = 0.530), whereas overall CD41a+ release was reduced 60 min post-exercise (P = 0.040). FMD was not associated with EV absolute release or change (P > 0.05). Acute exercise resulted in similar improvements, but different time course in FMD following either exercise. Whilst EVs were not associated with FMD, the reduction in platelet-derived EVs may represent a protective mechanism following acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tryfonos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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3
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Catitti G, De Bellis D, Vespa S, Simeone P, Canonico B, Lanuti P. Extracellular Vesicles as Players in the Anti-Inflammatory Inter-Cellular Crosstalk Induced by Exercise Training. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14098. [PMID: 36430575 PMCID: PMC9697937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are circulating particles surrounded by a plasma membrane carrying a cargo consisting of proteins, lipids, RNAs, and DNA fragments, stemming from the cells from which they originated. EV factors (i.e., miRNAs) play relevant roles in intercellular crosstalk, both locally and systemically. As EVs increasingly gained attention as potential carriers for targeted genes, the study of EV effects on the host immune response became more relevant. It has been demonstrated that EVs regulate the host immune response, executing both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. It is also known that physical exercise triggers anti-inflammatory effects. This review underlines the role of circulating EVs as players in the anti-inflammatory events associated with the regulation of the host's immune response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Catitti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Bellis
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Vespa
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Barbara Canonico
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.C.); (D.D.B.); (S.V.); (P.L.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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4
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Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA. Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science. Front Physiol 2021; 11:604274. [PMID: 33597890 PMCID: PMC7882633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or 'exerkines'). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or 'mediators' of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institut of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mats I Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
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5
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Highton PJ, Goltz FR, Martin N, Stensel DJ, Thackray AE, Bishop NC. Microparticle Responses to Aerobic Exercise and Meal Consumption in Healthy Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1935-1943. [PMID: 30889043 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microparticles (MP) are shed extracellular vesicles that express the prothrombotic tissue factor (TF). Aerobic exercise may reduce MP count and TF expression. This study investigated the impact of acute running or rest followed by standardized meal consumption on MP phenotypes and TF expression. METHODS Fifteen males (age, 22.9 ± 3.3 yr; body mass, 81.9 ± 11.4 kg; V˙O2max, 54.9 ± 6.5 mL·kg·min; mean ± SD) completed 1 h of running (70% V˙O2max) or rest at 9:00 AM and consumed a standardized meal (1170 kcal, 43% CHO, 17% PRO, 40% fat) at 10:45 AM. Venous blood samples were taken at 9:00 AM, 10:00 AM, and 11:30 AM. The MP concentration, diameter, phenotypes, and TF expression were assessed using nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry. RESULTS Nanoparticle tracking analysis identified no changes in MP concentration or diameter in response to time or trial. Flow cytometry revealed total MP count increased from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM (1.62 ± 2.28 to 1.74 ± 2.61 × 10 L, P = 0.016, effect size (η) = 0.105), but was unaffected by trial. TF platelet-derived MP % reduced from 9:00 AM to 10:00 AM (44.0% ± 21.2% to 21.5% ± 9.3%, P = 0.001, η = 0.582) after exercise only (control, 36.8% ± 18.2% to 34.9% ± 11.9%; P = 0.972). TF neutrophil-derived MP percentage reduced from 9:00 AM to 11:30 AM (42.3% ± 17.2% to 25.1% ± 14.9%; P = 0.048, η = 0.801) in the exercise trial only (control, 28.5% ± 15.7% to 32.2% ± 9.6%; P = 0.508). CONCLUSIONS Running induced a significant reduction in %TF platelet and neutrophil MP, suggesting a transient reduction in cardiovascular risk via reduced TF-stimulated thrombosis. This requires further investigation over longer periods in cardiovascular disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Highton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Fernanda R Goltz
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Naomi Martin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM.,Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Alice E Thackray
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Nicolette C Bishop
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM.,University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Infirmary Square, Leicester, UNITED KINGDOM
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6
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Rome S, Forterre A, Mizgier ML, Bouzakri K. Skeletal Muscle-Released Extracellular Vesicles: State of the Art. Front Physiol 2019; 10:929. [PMID: 31447684 PMCID: PMC6695556 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells export part of their intracellular content into the extracellular space through the release of various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). They are synthetized either from the budding of the plasma membrane [i.e., microparticles (MPs, 150–300 nm size)] or from the late endosomes in which intraluminal vesicles progressively (ILVs) accumulate during their maturation into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). ILVs are then released into the extracellular space through MVB fusion with the plasma membrane [i.e., exosomes (50–100 nm size)]. In the context of metabolic diseases, recent data have highlighted the role of EVs in inflammation associated with pancreas dysfunction, adipose tissue homeostasis, liver steatosis, inflammation, and skeletal muscle (SkM) insulin resistance (IR). Among these insulin-sensitive tissues, SkM is the largest organ in human and is responsible for whole-body glucose disposal and locomotion. Therefore, understanding the contribution of SkM-EVs in the development of diabetes/obesity/dystrophy/,-related diseases is a hot topic. In this review, we have summarized the role of SkM-EVs in muscle physiology and in the development of metabolic diseases and identify important gaps that have to be filled in order to have more precise information on SkM-EVs biological actions and to understand the functions of the different subpopulations of SkM-EVs on the whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Alexis Forterre
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060/INRA 1397, Lyon 1), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maria Luisa Mizgier
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Wilhelm EN, Mourot L, Rakobowchuk M. Exercise-Derived Microvesicles: A Review of the Literature. Sports Med 2018; 48:2025-2039. [PMID: 29868992 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initially suggested as simple cell debris, cell-derived microvesicles (MVs) have now gained acceptance as recognized players in cellular communication and physiology. Shed by most, and perhaps all, human cells, these tiny lipid-membrane vesicles carry bioactive agents, such as proteins, lipids and microRNA from their cell source, and are produced under orchestrated events in response to a myriad of stimuli. Physical exercise introduces systemic physiological challenges capable of acutely disrupting cell homeostasis and stimulating the release of MVs into the circulation. The novel and promising field of exercise-derived MVs is expanding quickly, and the following work provides a review of the influence of exercise on circulating MVs, considering both acute and chronic aspects of exercise and training. Potential effects of the MV response to exercise are highlighted and future directions suggested as exercise and sports sciences extend the realm of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico N Wilhelm
- School of Physical Education, UFPel, Rua Luís de Camões, 625, Três Vendas, Pelotas, RS, 96055-630, Brazil.
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, (Exercise Performance Health Innovation-EPHI), University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, BC, Canada
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8
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Wilhelm EN, González-Alonso J, Chiesa ST, Trangmar SJ, Kalsi KK, Rakobowchuk M. Whole-body heat stress and exercise stimulate the appearance of platelet microvesicles in plasma with limited influence of vascular shear stress. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13496. [PMID: 29122961 PMCID: PMC5688785 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense, large muscle mass exercise increases circulating microvesicles, but our understanding of microvesicle dynamics and mechanisms inducing their release remains limited. However, increased vascular shear stress is generally thought to be involved. Here, we manipulated exercise‐independent and exercise‐dependent shear stress using systemic heat stress with localized single‐leg cooling (low shear) followed by single‐leg knee extensor exercise with the cooled or heated leg (Study 1, n = 8) and whole‐body passive heat stress followed by cycling (Study 2, n = 8). We quantified femoral artery shear rates (SRs) and arterial and venous platelet microvesicles (PMV–CD41+) and endothelial microvesicles (EMV–CD62E+). In Study 1, mild passive heat stress while one leg remained cooled did not affect [microvesicle] (P ≥ 0.05). Single‐leg knee extensor exercise increased active leg SRs by ~12‐fold and increased arterial and venous [PMVs] by two‐ to threefold, even in the nonexercising contralateral leg (P < 0.05). In Study 2, moderate whole‐body passive heat stress increased arterial [PMV] compared with baseline (mean±SE, from 19.9 ± 1.5 to 35.5 ± 5.4 PMV.μL−1.103, P < 0.05), and cycling with heat stress increased [PMV] further in the venous circulation (from 27.5 ± 2.2 at baseline to 57.5 ± 7.2 PMV.μL−1.103 during cycling with heat stress, P < 0.05), with a tendency for increased appearance of PMV across exercising limbs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that whole‐body heat stress may increase arterial [PMV], and intense exercise engaging either large or small muscle mass promote PMV formation locally and systemically, with no influence upon [EMV]. Local shear stress, however, does not appear to be the major stimulus modulating PMV formation in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico N Wilhelm
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Scott T Chiesa
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Trangmar
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kameljit K Kalsi
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom .,Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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9
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Shill DD, Lansford KA, Hempel HK, Call JA, Murrow JR, Jenkins NT. Effect of exercise intensity on circulating microparticles in men and women. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:693-700. [PMID: 29469165 DOI: 10.1113/ep086644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the effect of exercise intensity on circulating microparticle populations in young, healthy men and women? What is the main finding and its importance? Acute, moderate-intensity continuous exercise and high-intensity interval exercise altered distinct microparticle populations during and after exercise in addition to a sex-specific response in CD62E+ microparticles. The microparticles studied contribute to cardiovascular disease progression, regulate vascular function and facilitate new blood vessel formation. Thus, characterizing the impact of intensity on exercise-induced microparticle responses advances our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial vascular adaptations to exercise. ABSTRACT Circulating microparticles (MPs) are biological vectors of information within the cardiovascular system that elicit both deleterious and beneficial effects on the vasculature. Acute exercise has been shown to alter MP concentrations, probably through a shear stress-dependent mechanism, but evidence is limited. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise intensity on plasma levels of CD34+ and CD62E+ MPs in young, healthy men and women. Blood samples were collected before, during and after two energy-matched bouts of acute treadmill exercise: interval exercise (10 × 1 min intervals at ∼95% of maximal oxygen uptake V̇O2max) and continuous exercise (65% V̇O2max). Continuous exercise, but not interval exercise, reduced CD62E+ MP concentrations in men and women by 18% immediately after exercise (from 914.5 ± 589.6 to 754.4 ± 390.5 MPs μl-1 ; P < 0.05), suggesting that mechanisms underlying exercise-induced CD62E+ MP dynamics are intensity dependent. Furthermore, continuous exercise reduced CD62E+ MPs in women by 19% (from 1030.6 ± 688.1 to 829.9 ± 435.4 MPs μl-1 ; P < 0.05), but not in men. Although interval exercise did not alter CD62E+ MPs per se, the concentrations after interval exercise were higher than those observed after continuous exercise (P < 0.05). Conversely, CD34+ MPs did not fluctuate in response to short-duration acute continuous or interval exercise in men or women. Our results suggest that exercise-induced MP alterations are intensity dependent and sex specific and impact MP populations differentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Shill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kasey A Lansford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hannah K Hempel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Murrow
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Augusta University-University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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10
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Rakobowchuk M, Ritter O, Wilhelm EN, Isacco L, Bouhaddi M, Degano B, Tordi N, Mourot L. Divergent endothelial function but similar platelet microvesicle responses following eccentric and concentric cycling at a similar aerobic power output. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1031-1039. [PMID: 28153942 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00602.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function and microvesicle concentration changes after acute bouts of continuous eccentric exercise have not been assessed previously nor compared with concentric exercise at similar aerobic power outputs. This method of training may be useful among some clinical populations, but acute responses are not well described. As such, 12 healthy males completed 2 experimental sessions of either 45 min of eccentric or concentric cycling at a matched aerobic power output below the ventilatory threshold. Brachial artery vascular function was assessed throughout 5 min of forearm ischemia and 3 min thereafter, before and at 5 and 40 min of recovery following each exercise session [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)]. Venous blood samples were acquired before each vascular function assessment. FMD significantly decreased after eccentric cycling by 40 min of recovery (P < 0.05), but was unaltered after concentric exercise. No differences in peak hyperemic blood flow velocity occurred neither between modalities nor at any time point (P > 0.05). Platelet-derived microvesicles increased by ~20% after both exercise modalities (P < 0.05) while endothelial-derived microvesicles were unchanged (P > 0.05). Moderate relationships with cardiac output, a surrogate for shear stress, and norepinephrine were apparent (P < 0.05), but there were no relationships with inflammatory or acute phase proteins. In summary, eccentric endurance exercise induced macrovascular endothelial dysfunction; however, endothelial activation determined by endothelial microvesicles did not occur suggesting that this modality may induce oxidative stress but no significant endothelial damage. In addition, the increase in platelet microvesicle concentrations may induce beneficial microvascular adaptations as suggested by previous research.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Continuous eccentric cycling exercise induces substantial skeletal muscle, tendon, and bone strain providing a potentially beneficial stimulus among clinical populations. This modality also induces temporary endothelial dysfunction but no apparent damage or activation of the endothelium indicated by microvesicle production, whereas proangiogenic platelet microvesicles are released similarly following both concentric and eccentric cycling and may relate to the shear stress and catecholamine response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rakobowchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, Canada;
| | - Ophélie Ritter
- EA 4267 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besancon, France
| | - Eurico Nestor Wilhelm
- Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Laurie Isacco
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Malika Bouhaddi
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Bruno Degano
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- EA 4267 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besancon, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Exercise Performance Health Innovation Platform, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
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11
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Wilhelm EN, González-Alonso J, Parris C, Rakobowchuk M. Exercise intensity modulates the appearance of circulating microvesicles with proangiogenic potential upon endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H1297-H1310. [PMID: 27638881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00516.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of endurance exercise on circulating microvesicle dynamics and their impact on surrounding endothelial cells is unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that exercise intensity modulates the time course of platelet (PMV) and endothelial-derived (EMV) microvesicle appearance in the circulation through hemodynamic and biochemical-related mechanisms, and that microvesicles formed during exercise would stimulate endothelial angiogenesis in vitro. Nine healthy young men had venous blood samples taken before, during, and throughout the recovery period after 1 h of moderate [46 ± 2% maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max)] or heavy (67 ± 2% V̇o2max) intensity semirecumbent cycling and a time-matched resting control trial. In vitro experiments were performed by incubating endothelial cells with rest and exercise-derived microvesicles to examine their effects on cell angiogenic capacities. PMVs (CD41+) increased from baseline only during heavy exercise (from 21 ± 1 × 103 to 55 ± 8 × 103 and 48 ± 6 × 103 PMV/μl at 30 and 60 min, respectively; P < 0.05), returning to baseline early in postexercise recovery (P > 0.05), whereas EMVs (CD62E+) were unchanged (P > 0.05). PMVs were related to brachial artery shear rate (r2 = 0.43) and plasma norepinephrine concentrations (r2 = 0.21) during exercise (P < 0.05). Exercise-derived microvesicles enhanced endothelial proliferation, migration, and tubule formation compared with rest microvesicles (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate substantial increases in circulating PMVs during heavy exercise and that exercise-derived microvesicles stimulate human endothelial cells by enhancing angiogenesis and proliferation. This involvement of microvesicles may be considered a novel mechanism through which exercise mediates vascular healing and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico N Wilhelm
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - José González-Alonso
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Parris
- Institute for the Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark Rakobowchuk
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Dynamic microvesicle release and clearance within the cardiovascular system: triggers and mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:915-31. [PMID: 26359252 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interest in cell-derived microvesicles (or microparticles) within cardiovascular diagnostics and therapeutics is rapidly growing. Microvesicles are often measured in the circulation at a single time point. However, it is becoming clear that microvesicle levels both increase and decrease rapidly in response to certain stimuli such as hypoxia, acute cardiac stress, shear stress, hypertriglyceridaemia and inflammation. Consequently, the levels of circulating microvesicles will reflect the balance between dynamic mechanisms for release and clearance. The present review describes the range of triggers currently known to lead to microvesicle release from different cellular origins into the circulation. Specifically, the published data are used to summarize the dynamic impact of these triggers on the degree and rate of microvesicle release. Secondly, a summary of the current understanding of microvesicle clearance via different cellular systems, including the endothelial cell and macrophage, is presented, based on reported studies of clearance in experimental models and clinical scenarios, such as transfusion or cardiac stress. Together, this information can be used to provide insights into potential underlying biological mechanisms that might explain the increases or decreases in circulating microvesicle levels that have been reported and help to design future clinical studies.
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Frühbeis C, Helmig S, Tug S, Simon P, Krämer-Albers EM. Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28239. [PMID: 26142461 PMCID: PMC4491306 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) by default and in response to diverse stimuli for the purpose of cell communication and tissue homeostasis. EVs are present in all body fluids including peripheral blood, and their appearance correlates with specific physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we show that physical activity is associated with the release of nano-sized EVs into the circulation. Healthy individuals were subjected to an incremental exercise protocol of cycling or running until exhaustion, and EVs were isolated from blood plasma samples taken before, immediately after and 90 min after exercise. Small EVs with the size of 100-130 nm, that carried proteins characteristic of exosomes, were significantly increased immediately after cycling exercise and declined again within 90 min at rest. In response to treadmill running, elevation of small EVs was moderate but appeared more sustained. To delineate EV release kinetics, plasma samples were additionally taken at the end of each increment of the cycling exercise protocol. Release of small EVs into the circulation was initiated in an early phase of exercise, before the individual anaerobic threshold, which is marked by the rise of lactate. Taken together, our study revealed that exercise triggers a rapid release of EVs with the characteristic size of exosomes into the circulation, initiated in the aerobic phase of exercise. We hypothesize that EVs released during physical activity may participate in cell communication during exercise-mediated adaptation processes that involve signalling across tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Frühbeis
- Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Helmig
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Suzan Tug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany;
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Thom SR, Milovanova TN, Bogush M, Yang M, Bhopale VM, Pollock NW, Ljubkovic M, Denoble P, Madden D, Lozo M, Dujic Z. Bubbles, microparticles, and neutrophil activation: changes with exercise level and breathing gas during open-water SCUBA diving. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1396-405. [PMID: 23493363 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00106.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study goal was to evaluate responses in humans following decompression from open-water SCUBA diving with the hypothesis that exertion underwater and use of a breathing mixture containing more oxygen and less nitrogen (enriched air nitrox) would alter annexin V-positive microparticle (MP) production and size changes and neutrophil activation, as well as their relationships to intravascular bubble formation. Twenty-four divers followed a uniform dive profile to 18 m of sea water breathing air or 22.5 m breathing 32% oxygen/68% nitrogen for 47 min, either swimming with moderately heavy exertion underwater or remaining stationary at depth. Blood was obtained pre- and at 15 and 120 min postdive. Intravascular bubbles were quantified by transthoracic echocardiography postdive at 20-min intervals for 2 h. There were no significant differences in maximum bubble scores among the dives. MP number increased 2.7-fold, on average, within 15 min after each dive; only the air-exertion dive resulted in a significant further increase to 5-fold over baseline at 2 h postdive. Neutrophil activation occurred after all dives. For the enriched air nitrox stationary at depth dive, but not for other conditions, the numbers of postdive annexin V-positive particles above 1 μm in diameter were correlated with intravascular bubble scores (correlation coefficients ∼0.9, P < 0.05). We conclude that postdecompression relationships among bubbles, MPs, platelet-neutrophil interactions, and neutrophil activation appear to exist, but more study is required to improve confidence in the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Thom
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Thom SR, Milovanova TN, Bogush M, Bhopale VM, Yang M, Bushmann K, Pollock NW, Ljubkovic M, Denoble P, Dujic Z. Microparticle production, neutrophil activation, and intravascular bubbles following open-water SCUBA diving. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:1268-78. [PMID: 22323646 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01305.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate annexin V-positive microparticles (MPs) and neutrophil activation in humans following decompression from open-water SCUBA diving with the hypothesis that changes are related to intravascular bubble formation. Sixteen male volunteer divers followed a uniform profile of four daily SCUBA dives to 18 m of sea water for 47 min. Blood was obtained prior to and at 80 min following the first and fourth dives to evaluate the impact of repetitive diving, and intravascular bubbles were quantified by trans-thoracic echocardiography carried out at 20-min intervals for 2 h after each dive. MPs increased by 3.4-fold after each dive, neutrophil activation occurred as assessed by surface expression of myeloperoxidase and the CD18 component of β2-integrins, and there was an increased presence of the platelet-derived CD41 protein on the neutrophil surface indicating interactions with platelet membranes. Intravascular bubbles were detected in all divers. Surprisingly, significant inverse correlations were found among postdiving bubble scores and MPs, most consistently at 80 min or more after the dive on the fourth day. There were significant positive correlations between MPs and platelet-neutrophil interactions after the first dive and between platelet-neutrophil interactions and neutrophil activation documented as an elevation in β2-integrin expression after the fourth dive. We conclude that MPs- and neutrophil-related events in humans are consistent with findings in an animal decompression model. Whether there are causal relationships among bubbles, MPs, platelet-neutrophil interactions, and neutrophil activation remains obscure and requires additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Thom
- Institute for Environmental Medicine,
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Ming Yang
- Institute for Environmental Medicine,
| | - Kim Bushmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | | | - Marko Ljubkovic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | | | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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Sossdorf M, Otto GP, Claus RA, Gabriel HHW, Lösche W. Cell-derived microparticles promote coagulation after moderate exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1169-76. [PMID: 21131870 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182068645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell-derived procoagulant microparticles (MP) might be able to contribute to exercise-induced changes in blood hemostasis. PURPOSES This study aimed to examine (i) the concentration and procoagulant activity of cell-derived MP after a moderate endurance exercise and (ii) the differences in the release, clearance, and activity of MP before and after exercise between trained and untrained individuals. METHODS All subjects performed a single bout of physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer for 90 min at 80% of their individual anaerobic threshold. MP were identified and quantified by flow cytometry measurements. Procoagulant activity of MP was measured by a prothrombinase activity assay as well as tissue factor-induced fibrin formation in MP-containing plasma. RESULTS At baseline, no differences were observed for the absolute number and procoagulant activities of MP between trained and untrained subjects. However, trained individuals had a lower number of tissue factor-positive monocyte-derived MP compared with untrained individuals. In trained subjects, exercise induced a significant increase in the number of MP derived from platelets, monocytes, and endothelial cells, with maximum values at 45 min after exercise and returned to basal levels at 2 h after exercise. Untrained subjects revealed a similar increase in platelet-derived MP, but their level was still increased at 2 h after exercise, indicating a reduced clearance compared with trained individuals. Procoagulant activities of MP were increased immediately after exercise and remained elevated up to 2 h after exercise. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that increased levels of MP were found in healthy individuals after an acute bout of exercise, that the amount of circulating MP contributes to an exercise-induced increase of hemostatic potential, and that there were differences in kinetic and dynamic characteristics between trained and untrained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Sossdorf
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, and Department of Sports Medicine, Institute of Sports Science, Jena Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Shantsila E, Kamphuisen PW, Lip GYH. Circulating microparticles in cardiovascular disease: implications for atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:2358-68. [PMID: 20695980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The complex and multifactorial nature of atherogenesis and development of atherothrombotic complications involves numerous interactions between various cell types inside the vascular wall (e.g. macrophages and smooth muscle cells) and in the blood (e.g. leukocytes and platelets). One relatively recent advance in this area is the discovery of circulating microparticles and their role in endothelial damage, platelet activation, hypercoagulability and regulation of inter-cellular interactions. Microparticles are small anucleoid phospholipid vesicles released from different cells, such as platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes and endothelial cells. Microparticles carry surface proteins and include cytoplasmic material of the parental cells responsible for the exertion of microparticle-mediated biological effects. About 25% of the procoagulant activity of stimulated platelet suspensions is associated with microparticles released upon platelet activation and their surface may be approximately 50-100-fold more procoagulant than the surface of activated platelets per se. The available lines of evidence indicate that shedding of microparticles from the parental cells is not just a passive process accompanying cellular dysfunction and apoptosis, but a tightly regulated mechanism implicated in the interactions between various cell types. The role of microparticles as biological messengers is supported by their differential and specific involvement in the pathophysiology of different cardiovascular disorders, including atherogenesis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shantsila
- Haemostasis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Unit, University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK
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