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Kim HJ, Kim YH. Exploring Acne Treatments: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Emerging Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5302. [PMID: 38791344 PMCID: PMC11121268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological condition that can present across different ages but predominantly affects adolescents and young adults. Characterized by various lesion types, the pathogenesis of acne is complex, involving genetic, hormonal, microbial, and inflammatory factors. This review comprehensively addresses current and emerging acne management strategies, emphasizing both topical and systemic treatments, procedural therapies, and dietary modifications. Key topical agents include retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, and other specialized compounds. Systemic options like antibiotics, hormonal therapies, and retinoids offer significant therapeutic benefits, particularly for moderate to severe cases. Procedural treatments such as laser devices, photodynamic therapy, chemical peels, and intralesional injections present viable alternatives for reducing acne symptoms and scarring. Emerging therapies focus on novel biologics, bacteriophages, probiotics, and peptides, providing promising future options. This review underscores the importance of personalized approaches to treatment due to the multifaceted nature of acne, highlighting the potential of innovative therapies for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, International St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yeong Ho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Itoh T, Muramatsu M, Miyazono D, Koketsu M, Fujita S, Hashizume T. Phenolic Glycosides Citrulluside H and Citrulluside T Isolated From Young Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) Fruit Have Beneficial Effects Against Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation. Nat Prod Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221143202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris, typically caused by Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes) involves chronic inflammation of the sebaceous follicles and is the most common skin disease, afflicting 85% of adolescents. We previously isolated 2 novel phenolic glycosides, 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-3′-hydroxybenzyl ester (citrulluside H [CH]) and 2-caffeoyl-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric 4′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl ester (citrulluside T [CT]), from young fruits of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus). Both compounds suppressed UVB-induced photoaging in human fibroblasts by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus might be useful as natural skin care ingredients. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of these phenolic glycosides on C. acnes growth and C.acnes-induced inflammation. Neither phenolic glycoside inhibited the growth of C. acnes. However, they both significantly suppressed toll-like receptor (TLR) 1/2 or TLR2/6/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in heat-killed C. acnes (hk- C. acnes) -stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, both phenolic glycosides decreased the expression of M1 macrophage biomarkers (cluster of differentiation [ CD] 80, CD86, and inducible NO synthase [ iNOS]), suggesting that they attenuate M1 macrophage activation. These results indicated that both CH and CT are potential therapeutic substances against C. acnes-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Itoh
- Laboratory for Molecular Chemistry of Aquatic Materials, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mai Muramatsu
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Daiki Miyazono
- Laboratory for Molecular Chemistry of Aquatic Materials, Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Novel topical drug delivery systems in acne management: Molecular mechanisms and role of targeted delivery systems for better therapeutic outcomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit of the skin that primarily involves the face and trunk and affects approximately 9% of the population worldwide (approximately 85% of individuals aged 12-24 years, and approximately 50% of patients aged 20-29 years). Acne vulgaris can cause permanent physical scarring, negatively affect quality of life and self-image, and has been associated with increased rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation. OBSERVATIONS Acne vulgaris is classified based on patient age, lesion morphology (comedonal, inflammatory, mixed, nodulocystic), distribution (location on face, trunk, or both), and severity (extent, presence or absence of scarring, postinflammatory erythema, or hyperpigmentation). Although most acne does not require specific medical evaluation, medical workup is sometimes warranted. Topical therapies such as retinoids (eg, tretinoin, adapalene), benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, and/or combinations of topical agents are first-line treatments. When prescribed as a single therapy in a randomized trial of 207 patients, treatment with tretinoin 0.025% gel reduced acne lesion counts at 12 weeks by 63% compared with baseline. Combinations of topical agents with systemic agents (oral antibiotics such as doxycycline and minocycline, hormonal therapies such as combination oral contraception [COC] or spironolactone, or isotretinoin) are recommended for more severe disease. In a meta-analysis of 32 randomized clinical trials, COC was associated with reductions in inflammatory lesions by 62%, placebo was associated with a 26% reduction, and oral antibiotics were associated with a 58% reduction at 6-month follow-up. Isotretinoin is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating severe recalcitrant nodular acne but is often used to treat resistant or persistent moderate to severe acne, as well as acne that produces scarring or significant psychosocial distress. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Acne vulgaris affects approximately 9% of the population worldwide and approximately 85% of those aged 12 to 24 years. First-line therapies are topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, azelaic acid, or combinations of topicals. For more severe disease, oral antibiotics such as doxycycline or minocycline, hormonal therapies such as combination oral conceptive agents or spironolactone, or isotretinoin are most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Z Eichenfield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jessica Sprague
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lawrence F Eichenfield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
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Jain S, Kale DP, Swami R, Katiyar SS. Codelivery of benzoyl peroxide & adapalene using modified liposomal gel for improved acne therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1481-1493. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Current study investigates therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of benzoyl peroxide (BPO)- and adapalene (AD)-loaded modified liposomal gel (BPO-AD-mLipo gel) for improved acne therapy. Materials & method: BPO-AD-mLipo were optimized and loaded in Carbopol gel. Both BPO-AD-mLipo and BPO-AD-mLipo-gel were extensively characterized for different quality attributes. Ex vivo dermal bioavailability, dermal distribution, in vivo anti-acne efficacy and skin irritation studies were performed and compared with marketed formulation (Epiduo®, Galderma Laboratories LP, TX, USA). Results: BPO-AD-mLipo illustrated size 256.4 ± 9.3 nm with polydispersity index ∼ 0.2. Significantly enhanced dermal bioavailability (AD-2.1, 5.4; BPO-3.0, 7.83-fold) and reduction in skin irritation and papule density in animal model were observed with BPO-AD-mLipo-gel as compared with free drugs and Epiduo, respectively. Conclusion: BPO-AD-mLipo gel provides effective and safer alternative approach for codelivery of anti-acne drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar P Kale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Rajan Swami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Sameer S Katiyar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali) Punjab, 160062, India
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Nguyen TA, Eichenfield LF. Profile of clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 3.75% aqueous gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:549-54. [PMID: 26604811 PMCID: PMC4629949 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s79628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common and chronic skin disease, and is a frequent source of morbidity for affected patients. Treatment of acne vulgaris is often difficult due to the multifactorial nature of this disease. Combination therapy, such as that containing clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide, has become the standard of care. Several fixed formulations of clindamycin 1% and benzoyl peroxide of varying concentrations are available and have been used with considerable success. The major limitation is irritation and dryness from higher concentrations of benzoyl peroxide, and a combination providing optimal efficacy and tolerability has yet to be determined. Recently, a clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide 3.75% fixed combination formulation was developed. Studies have suggested that this formulation may be a safe and effective treatment regimen for patients with acne vulgaris. Here, we provide a brief review of acne pathogenesis, benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin, and profile a new Clindamycin-BP 3.75% fixed combination gel for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyet A Nguyen
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence F Eichenfield
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA ; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bhate K, Williams HC. What's new in acne? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2011-2012. Clin Exp Dermatol 2015; 39:273-7; quiz 277-8. [PMID: 24635060 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes important clinical developments in acne vulgaris identified from 17 systematic reviews published between February 2011 and August 2012. Regarding causes, Demodex mites have been shown to be associated with both acne vulgaris and rosacea, although it is unclear if their eradication improves either disease. Some weak evidence has emerged that suggests a possible link between dairy produce and acne, which warrants further research. With reference to the effects of acne, there is good evidence that acne negatively affects quality of life, self-esteem and mood in adolescents. Acne is also associated with an increased risk of anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, highlighting the importance of asking patients with acne directly about psychological issues in order to identify those who might benefit from early psychiatric support. Regarding treatment, there seems to be no additional benefit to using higher strengths of benzoyl peroxide, and lower strengths such as 2.5% have fewer side effects. Despite earlier concerns of increased mortality in those using topical tretinoin for skin cancer prevention, a systematic review on this topic has not found any convincing evidence of a link between such non-cutaneous events and once-daily application of 0.02-0.05% tretinoin. Combined oral contraceptives are of benefit in both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne. Current surveys suggest that implementation of the pregnancy prevention programme for isotretinoin may not be stringent, and a high level of monitoring and audit is recommended. Ablative and non-ablative laser resurfacing for the treatment of acne scars may be beneficial, but further studies with a longer follow-up period are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bhate
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of nostocionone isolated from Nostoc commune Vauch and its derivatives against Propionibacterium acnes. Anaerobe 2014; 27:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fisk WA, Lev-Tov HA, Sivamani RK. Botanical and Phytochemical Therapy of Acne: A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1137-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A. Fisk
- School of Medicine; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
| | - Hadar A. Lev-Tov
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
- Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System; Mather CA USA
| | - Raja K. Sivamani
- Department of Dermatology; University of California, Davis; Sacramento CA USA
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