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Zhi WJ, Qiao SM, Zou Y, Peng RY, Yan HT, Ma LZ, Dong J, Zhao L, Yao BW, Zhao XL, Feng XX, Hu XJ, Wang LF. Low p-SYN1 (Ser-553) Expression Leads to Abnormal Neurotransmitter Release of GABA Induced by Up-Regulated Cdk5 after Microwave Exposure: Insights on Protection and Treatment of Microwave-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 44:206-221. [PMID: 35723394 PMCID: PMC8929049 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the wide application of microwave technology, concerns about its health impact have arisen. The signal transmission mode of the central nervous system and neurons make it particularly sensitive to electromagnetic exposure. It has been reported that abnormal release of amino acid neurotransmitters is mediated by alteration of p-SYN1 after microwave exposure, which results in cognitive dysfunction. As the phosphorylation of SYN1 is regulated by different kinases, in this study we explored the regulatory mechanisms of SYN1 fluctuations following microwave exposure and its subsequent effect on GABA release, aiming to provide clues on the mechanism of cognitive impairment caused by microwave exposure. In vivo studies with Timm and H&E staining were adopted and the results showed abnormality in synapse formation and neuronal structure, explaining the previously-described deficiency in cognitive ability caused by microwave exposure. The observed alterations in SYN1 level, combined with the results of earlier studies, indicate that SYN1 and its phosphorylation status (ser-553 and ser62/67) may play a role in the abnormal release of neurotransmitters. Thus, the role of Cdk5, the upstream kinase regulating the formation of p-SYN1 (ser-553), as well as that of MEK, the regulator of p-SYN1 (ser-62/67), were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that Cdk5 was a negative regulator of p-SYN1 (ser-553) and that its up-regulation caused a decrease in GABA release by reducing p-SYN1 (ser-553). While further exploration still needed to elaborate the role of p-SYN1 (ser-62/67) for neurotransmitter release, MEK inhibition had was no impact on p-Erk or p-SYN1 (ser-62/67) after microwave exposure. In conclusion, the decrease of p-SYN1 (ser-553) may result in abnormalities in vesicular anchoring and GABA release, which is caused by increased Cdk5 regulated through Calpain-p25 pathway after 30 mW/cm2 microwave exposure. This study provided a potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of microwave-induced cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Si-Mo Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (S.-M.Q.); (H.-T.Y.)
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Hai-Tao Yan
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (S.-M.Q.); (H.-T.Y.)
| | - Li-Zhen Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Ji Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Bin-Wei Yao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Xue-Long Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
| | - Xin-Xing Feng
- Endocrine and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China;
| | - Xiang-Jun Hu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.-J.H.); (L.-F.W.)
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China; (W.-J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (R.-Y.P.); (L.-Z.M.); (J.D.); (L.Z.); (B.-W.Y.); (X.-L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.-J.H.); (L.-F.W.)
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Lai YF, Wang HY, Peng RY. Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:12. [PMID: 33597038 PMCID: PMC7890848 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00303-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields, such as communication, industry, medical treatment, and military applications. Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs, such as the brain, heart, reproductive organs, and endocrine organs, which endanger human health. Therefore, it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation. The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies. In this article, we review the microwave exposure conditions, subjects used to establish injury models, the methods used for the assessment of the injuries, and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fei Lai
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Wang HY, Li CF, Yu C, Dong J, Zou Y, Nie BB, Li JK, Ma L, Peng RY. The specific absorption rate in different brain regions of rats exposed to electromagnetic plane waves. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13277. [PMID: 31527693 PMCID: PMC6746715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49719-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate dosimetry of a specific brain region in rats exposed to an electromagnetic field (EMF) is essential for studies focusing on dose-effect relationship of the region. However, only dosimetry of whole brain or whole body were evaluated in most of previous studies. In this study, a numerical voxel rat model with 10 segmented brain regions was constructed. Then, the effects of frequency, incidence direction, and E-polarization direction of plane wave EMF on brain region averaged specific absorption rate (BRSAR) of rats were investigated. At last, the reliability of using whole-body averaged SAR (WBDSAR) and whole-brain averaged SAR (WBRSAR) as estimations of BRSAR were also evaluated. Our results demonstrated that the BRSAR depended on the frequency, incidence direction, and E-polarization direction of the EMF. Besides, the largest deviation could be up to 13.1 dB between BRSAR and WBDSAR and 9.59 dB between BRSAR and WBRSAR. The results suggested that to establish an accurate dose-effect relationship, the variance of the BRSAR induced by alteration of frequency, incidence direction, and E-polarization direction of EMF should be avoided or carefully evaluated. Furthermore, the use of WBDSAR and WBRSAR as estimations of BRSAR should be restricted to certain conditions such that the deviations are not too large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Chun-Fang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.,First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ji Dong
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Kai Li
- Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, 572013, Hainan, China
| | - Lin Ma
- First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Rui-Yun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Su L, Yimaer A, Xu Z, Chen G. Effects of 1800 MHz RF-EMF exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in primary cultured neurogenic cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:295-305. [PMID: 29368975 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1432913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the effects of 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure on DNA damage and cellular functions in primary cultured neurogenic cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The primary cultured astrocytes, microglia and cortical neurons were exposed to RF-EMF at a SAR of 4.0 W/kg. The DNA damage was evaluated by γH2AX foci formation assay. The secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in astrocytes and microglia, microglial phagocytic activity and neuronal development were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, phagocytosis assay and immunofluorescent staining on microtubule-associated protein tau, microtubule-associated protein 2, postsynaptic density 95 and gephyrin, respectively. RESULTS RF-EMF exposure did not significantly induce γH2AX foci formation in three primary cultured neurogenic cells. Furthermore, RF-EMF exposure did not significantly affect the secretion of cytokines in astrocytes and microglia, and the morphological indicators of dendrites or synapses of cortical neurons. However, the exposure significantly reduced the phagocytic activity of microglia and inhibited the axon branch length and branch number of cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that exposure to RF-EMF did not elicit DNA damage but inhibited the phagocytic ability of microglia and the axon branch length and branch number of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Su
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Clinical Medicine , Jiangxi Medical College , Shangrao , PR China
| | - Aziguli Yimaer
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- a Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , PR China.,c Institute of Environmental Health , Zhejiang University School of Public Health , Hangzhou , PR China
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Microwave radiation leading to shrinkage of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons mediated by SNK-SPAR pathway. Brain Res 2018; 1679:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jia Zhi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xiang-Jun Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Van Eeghem V, El Arfani A, Anthoula A, Walrave L, Pourkazemi A, Bentea E, Demuyser T, Smolders I, Stiens J. Selective changes in locomotor activity in mice due to low-intensity microwaves amplitude modulated in the EEG spectral domain. Neuroscience 2017; 359:40-48. [PMID: 28687311 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the numerous benefits of microwave applications in our daily life, microwaves were associated with diverse neurological complaints such as headaches and impaired sleep patterns, and changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG). To which extent microwaves influence the brain function remains unclear. This exploratory study assessed the behavior and neurochemistry in mice immediately or 4weeks after a 6-day exposure to low-intensity 10-GHz microwaves with an amplitude modulation (AM) of 2 or 8Hz. These modulation frequencies of 2 and 8Hz are situated within the delta and theta-alpha frequency bands in the EEG spectrum and are associated with sleep and active behavior, respectively. During these experiments, the specific absorbance rate was 0.3W/kg increasing the brain temperature with 0.23°C. For the first time, exposing mice to 8-Hz AM significantly reduced locomotor activity in an open field immediately after exposure which normalized after 4weeks. This in contrast to 2-Hz AM which didn't induce significant changes in locomotor activity immediately and 4weeks after exposure. Despite this difference in motor behavior, no significant changes in striatal dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and DOPAC/DA turnover nor in cortical glutamate (GLU) concentrations were detected. In all cases, no effects on motor coordination on a rotarod, spatial working memory, anxiety nor depressive-like behavior were observed. The outcome of this study indicates that exposing mice to low-intensity 8-Hz AM microwaves can alter the locomotor activity in contrast to 2-Hz AM which did not affect the tested behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Van Eeghem
- Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Laboratory for micro- and photon electronics (LAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anissa El Arfani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arta Anthoula
- Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Laboratory for micro- and photon electronics (LAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Walrave
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ali Pourkazemi
- Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Laboratory for micro- and photon electronics (LAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johan Stiens
- Department of Electronics and Informatics (ETRO), Laboratory for micro- and photon electronics (LAMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
Current models that frame consciousness in terms of electromagnetic field theory carry implications that have yet to be fully explored. Endogenous weak extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields are generated by ionic charge flow in axons, dendrites and synaptic transmitters. Because neural tissues are transparent to such fields, these provide the basis for the globally unifying qualities required to properly describe consciousness as a field. At the same time, however, an electromagnetic approach predicts partial transmission of this 1-100 nT field, suggesting external interactions similar to the various ELF magnetic perturbations that are linked to homeostatic and endocrine-related physiological effects. It follows that humans may represent an additional, previously unrecognized source of weak (1-10 nT) ambient ELF magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Liboff
- a Department of Physics , Oakland University , Rochester Hills , MI , USA
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Abstract
We examine the hypothesis that consciousness is a manifestation of the electromagnetic field, finding supportive factors not previously considered. It is not likely that traditional electrophysiological signaling modes can be readily transmitted throughout the brain to properly enable this field because of electric field screening arising from the ubiquitous distribution of high dielectric lipid membranes, a problem that vanishes for low-frequency magnetic fields. Many reports over the last few decades have provided evidence that living tissue is robustly sensitive to ultrasmall (1-100 nT) ELF magnetic fields overlapping the γ-frequency range often associated with awareness. An example taken from animal behavior (coherent bird flocking) lends support to the possibility of a disembodied electromagnetic consciousness. In contrast to quantum consciousness hypotheses, the present approach is open to experimental trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Liboff
- a Department of Physics , Oakland University , Rochester , MI , USA
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Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, Yong Z, Zuo H, Zhao L, Dong J, Xu X, Su Z. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:1100-7. [PMID: 23786183 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of microwave exposure on learning and memory and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS 100 Wistar rats were exposed to a 2.856 GHz pulsed microwave field at average power densities of 0 mW/cm(2), 5 mW/cm(2), 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) for 6 min. The spatial memory was assessed by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. An in vivo study was conducted soon after microwave exposure to evaluate the changes of population spike (PS) amplitudes of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the medial perforant path (MPP)-dentate gyrus (DG) pathway. The structure of the hippocampus was observed by the light microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at 7 d after microwave exposure. RESULTS Our results showed that the rats exposed in 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory at 6 h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure. Decreased PS amplitudes were also found after 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave exposure. In addition, varying degrees of degeneration of hippocampal neurons, decreased synaptic vesicles and blurred synaptic clefts were observed in the rats exposed in 10 mW/cm(2) and 50 mW/cm(2) microwave. Compared with the sham group, the rats exposed in 5 mW/cm(2) microwave showed no difference in the above experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that impairment of LTP induction and the damages of hippocampal structure, especially changes of synapses, might contribute to cognitive impairment after microwave exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology
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Mohammed HS, Fahmy HM, Radwan NM, Elsayed AA. Non-thermal continuous and modulated electromagnetic radiation fields effects on sleep EEG of rats. J Adv Res 2013; 4:181-7. [PMID: 25685416 PMCID: PMC4195462 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the alteration in the sleep EEG in rats due to chronic exposure to low-level non-thermal electromagnetic radiation was investigated. Two types of radiation fields were used; 900 MHz unmodulated wave and 900 MHz modulated at 8 and 16 Hz waves. Animals has exposed to radiation fields for 1 month (1 h/day). EEG power spectral analyses of exposed and control animals during slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) revealed that the REM sleep is more susceptible to modulated radiofrequency radiation fields (RFR) than the SWS. The latency of REM sleep increased due to radiation exposure indicating a change in the ultradian rhythm of normal sleep cycles. The cumulative and irreversible effect of radiation exposure was proposed and the interaction of the extremely low frequency radiation with the similar EEG frequencies was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba M. Fahmy
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nasr M. Radwan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anwar A. Elsayed
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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