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Viner-Breuer R, Golan-Lev T, Benvenisty N, Goldberg M. Genome-Wide Screening in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Highlights the Hippo Signaling Pathway as Granting Synthetic Viability in ATM Deficiency. Cells 2023; 12:1503. [PMID: 37296624 PMCID: PMC10253227 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ATM depletion is associated with the multisystemic neurodegenerative syndrome ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). The exact linkage between neurodegeneration and ATM deficiency has not been established yet, and no treatment is currently available. In this study, we aimed to identify synthetic viable genes in ATM deficiency to highlight potential targets for the treatment of neurodegeneration in A-T. We inhibited ATM kinase activity using the background of a genome-wide haploid pluripotent CRISPR/Cas9 loss-of-function library and examined which mutations confer a growth advantage on ATM-deficient cells specifically. Pathway enrichment analysis of the results revealed the Hippo signaling pathway as a major negative regulator of cellular growth upon ATM inhibition. Indeed, genetic perturbation of the Hippo pathway genes SAV1 and NF2, as well as chemical inhibition of this pathway, specifically promoted the growth of ATM-knockout cells. This effect was demonstrated in both human embryonic stem cells and neural progenitor cells. Therefore, we suggest the Hippo pathway as a candidate target for the treatment of the devastating cerebellar atrophy associated with A-T. In addition to the Hippo pathway, our work points out additional genes, such as the apoptotic regulator BAG6, as synthetic viable with ATM-deficiency. These genes may help to develop drugs for the treatment of A-T patients as well as to define biomarkers for resistance to ATM inhibition-based chemotherapies and to gain new insights into the ATM genetic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Viner-Breuer
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.V.-B.); (T.G.-L.)
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan-Lev
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.V.-B.); (T.G.-L.)
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; (R.V.-B.); (T.G.-L.)
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Michal Goldberg
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Givat-Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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2
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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3
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Cai W, Lv W, Feng Y, Yang H, Zhang Y, Yang G, Duan Y, Wang J. The therapeutic effect in gliomas of nanobubbles carrying siRNA combined with ultrasound-targeted destruction. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6791-6807. [PMID: 30425489 PMCID: PMC6205539 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s164760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanobubbles (NBs) combined with ultrasound-targeted destruction (UTD) have become promising potential carriers for drug or siRNA delivery. Due to their nano-size, NBs could penetrate tumor blood vessels and accumulate in intercellular spaces so that "sonoporation" induced by UTD would act directly on the tumor cells to increase cell membrane permeability. Methods Based on the successful the fabrication of NBs, we synthesized NBs carrying siRNA (NBs-siRNA) by using a biotin-streptavidin system. We then utilized ultrasound irradiation (UI)-targeted NBs-siRNA to improve siRNA transfection and achieve the inhibition of glioma growth. Results NBs as carriers combined with UI effectively enhanced siRNA transfection and the effect of silencing targeted genes in vitro. Additionally, a better therapeutic effect was shown in the NBs-siRNA with UI group in vivo compared with that of microbubbles (MBs) with UI or NBs-siRNA without UI. Conclusion These results indicated that NBs combined with UTD might be an ideal delivery vector for siRNA to achieve the noninvasive treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Cai
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China, ; .,General Hospital of Tibet Military Command, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, 850007, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China, ; .,Department of Radiology, 305 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Yang Feng
- Xijing Hospital, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hengli Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China, ;
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China, ;
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yunyou Duan
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China, ;
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China, ;
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4
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Nayler SP, Powell JE, Vanichkina DP, Korn O, Wells CA, Kanjhan R, Sun J, Taft RJ, Lavin MF, Wolvetang EJ. Human iPSC-Derived Cerebellar Neurons from a Patient with Ataxia-Telangiectasia Reveal Disrupted Gene Regulatory Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:321. [PMID: 29081736 PMCID: PMC5645492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic disorder caused by loss of function of the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase and is characterized by a predisposition to cancer, pulmonary disease, immune deficiency and progressive degeneration of the cerebellum. As animal models do not faithfully recapitulate the neurological aspects, it remains unclear whether cerebellar degeneration is a neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative phenotype. To address the necessity for a human model, we first assessed a previously published protocol for the ability to generate cerebellar neuronal cells, finding it gave rise to a population of precursors highly enriched for markers of the early hindbrain such as EN1 and GBX2, and later more mature cerebellar markers including PTF1α, MATH1, HOXB4, ZIC3, PAX6, and TUJ1. RNA sequencing was used to classify differentiated cerebellar neurons generated from integration-free A-T and control induced pluripotent stem cells. Comparison of RNA sequencing data with datasets from the Allen Brain Atlas reveals in vitro-derived cerebellar neurons are transcriptionally similar to discrete regions of the human cerebellum, and most closely resemble the cerebellum at 22 weeks post-conception. We show that patient-derived cerebellar neurons exhibit disrupted gene regulatory networks associated with synaptic vesicle dynamics and oxidative stress, offering the first molecular insights into early cerebellar pathogenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam P Nayler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Darya P Vanichkina
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Refik Kanjhan
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Integrated Systems Biology and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Illumina, Inc.,, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Martin F Lavin
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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5
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Li Y, Li L, Wu Z, Wang L, Wu Y, Li D, Ma U, Shao J, Yu H, Wang D. Silencing of ATM expression by siRNA technique contributes to glioma stem cell radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:325-335. [PMID: 28560406 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that both high expression of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene and glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for radioresistance in glioma. Thus, we hypothesized that brain tumor radiosensitivity may be enhanced via silencing of the ATM gene in GSCs. In the present study we successfully induced GSCs from two cell lines and used CD133 and nestin to identify GSCs. A lentivirus was used to deliver siRNA-ATMPuro (A group) to GSCs prior to radiation, while siRNA-HKPuro (N group) and GSCs (C group) were used as negative and blank controls, respectively. RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed to verify the efficiency of the siRNA-ATM technique. The expression of the ATM gene and ATM protein were significantly downregulated post-transfection. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays revealed that the A group demonstrated weak cell proliferation and lower survival fractions post-irradiation compared to the C/N groups. Flow cytometry was used to examine the percentage of cell apoptosis and G2 phase arrest, which were both higher in the A group than in the C/N groups. We found that the comet tail percentage evaluated by comet assay was higher in the A group than in the C/N groups. After radiation treatment, three radiosensitive genes [p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), survivin] exhibited a decreasing tendency as determined by RT-qPCR. Mice underwent subcutaneous implantation, followed by radiation, and the resulting necrosis and hemorrhage were more obvious in the A group than in the N groups. In conclusion, silencing of ATM via the siRNA technique improved radiosensitivity of GSCs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Luchun Li
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Dairong Li
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Uiwen Ma
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Jianghe Shao
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Huiqing Yu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
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6
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Wang SC, Lai KR, Li CY, Chiang CS, Yu GY, Sakamoto N, Tu WY, Hsieh MH, Huang JF, Chuang WL, Dai CY, Yu ML. The Paradoxical Effects of Different Hepatitis C Viral Loads on Host DNA Damage and Repair Abilities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0164281. [PMID: 28052067 PMCID: PMC5215444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced hepatic stress is associated with increased oxidative DNA damage and has been implicated in hepatic inflammation. However, HCV infection and replication are uneven and vary among individual hepatocytes. To investigate the effect of the viral load on host DNA damage, we used an Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein gene (EYFP)-tagged HCV virus to distinguish between HCV intracellular high viral load (HVL) cells and low viral load (LVL) cells. The cell sorting efficiency was confirmed by the high expression of the HCV polyprotein. We found DNA damage γ-H2AX foci in the HVL population. Comet assays demonstrated that HVL was related to the extent of the DNA strand breaks. Surprisingly, the DNA qPCR arrays and western blotting showed that the damage-related genes GPX2, MRE11, phospho-ATM, and OGG1 were significantly up-regulated in LVL cells but inversely down-regulated or consistently expressed in HVL cells. The colony survival assay to examine the repair abilities of these cells in response to irradiation showed that the LVL cells were more resistant to irradiation and had an increased ability to repair radiation-induced damage. This study found that intracellular viral loads drove cellular DNA damage levels but suppressed damage-related gene expression. However, the increase in damage-related gene expression in the LVL cells may be affected by ROS from the HVL cells. These findings provide new insights into the distinct DNA damage and repair responses resulting from different viral loads in HCV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Wang
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ru Lai
- Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen-Yu Tu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hsieh
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jee-Fu Huang
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Health Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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7
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Li Y, Li L, Li B, Wu Z, Wu Y, Wang Y, Jin F, Li D, Ma H, Wang D. Silencing of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated by siRNA enhances the in vitro and in vivo radiosensitivity of glioma. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3303-12. [PMID: 27108486 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is reported that high expression of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene is linked with radioresistance in glioma. We hypothesized that the radiosensitivity of this brain tumor is enhanced by silencing of the ATM gene. We transfected the glioma cell line U251 with the siRNA-ATMpuro (group A) lentivirus or the siRNA-HKpuro (group N, negative control) lentivirus before irradiation. RT-qPCR and western blotting were performed to verify the efficiency of siRNA‑mediated ATM silencing. Expression levels of the ATM gene and protein were obviously downregulated after transfection. Moreover, the expression of the p53, PCNA and survivin genes, which are related to radiosensitivity, was also decreased. CCK-8 and colony formation assays showed lower cell proliferation and survival in group A than in groups N and C (control group that was not transfected with any siRNA). The level of double-stranded DNA breaks was also greater in group A, as determined by the comet tail assay. Flow cytometry showed a higher rate of cell apoptosis and a higher number of cells in the G2 phase in group A. Furthermore, caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 activity was also higher in group A. In vivo analysis in mouse models created by implantation of the transfected cell lines showed that the amount of necrosis and hemorrhage was higher in group A than that in the control groups. In conclusion, silencing of ATM via the siRNA technique could improve the in vitro and in vivo radiosensitivity of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Luchun Li
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First People's Hospital, Jiangbei, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Fu Jin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Dairong Li
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Huiwen Ma
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
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8
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Guo CX, Wang J, Huang LH, Li JG, Chen X. Impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on radiation pneumonitis in cancer patients. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 4:3-10. [PMID: 26870349 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is one of the most important dose-limiting toxicities in the radiotherapy of thoracic tumors, which reduces the rate of local tumor control and overall survival and severely affects the patients' quality of life. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have recently attracted increasing attention as biomarkers for predicting the development of RP. SNPs in inflammation-related, DNA repair-related, stress response-related and angiogenesis-related genes were proved to be associated with RP, with different underlying mechanisms. Radiogenomics focuses on the differences in radiosensitivity caused by gene sequence variation, which may prove helpful in investigating the abovementioned associations. In this review, we aimed to investigate the associations between RP and SNPs reported in recent studies and highlight the main content and prospects of radiogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xian Guo
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medical Research, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Gao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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9
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Huang CY, Chang CW, Chen CR, Chuang CY, Chiang CS, Shu WY, Fan TC, Hsu IC. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields cause G1 phase arrest through the activation of the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104732. [PMID: 25111195 PMCID: PMC4128733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In daily life, humans are exposed to the extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) generated by electric appliances, and public concern is increasing regarding the biological effects of such exposure. Numerous studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the biological effects of ELF-EMF exposure. Here we show that ELF-EMFs activate the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway in HaCaT cells, inhibiting cell proliferation. To present well-founded results, we comprehensively evaluated the biological effects of ELF-EMFs at the transcriptional, protein, and cellular levels. Human HaCaT cells from an immortalized epidermal keratinocyte cell line were exposed to a 1.5 mT, 60 Hz ELF-EMF for 144 h. The ELF-EMF could cause G1 arrest and decrease colony formation. Protein expression experiments revealed that ELF-EMFs induced the activation of the ATM/Chk2 signaling cascades. In addition, the p21 protein, a regulator of cell cycle progression at G1 and G2/M, exhibited a higher level of expression in exposed HaCaT cells compared with the expression of sham-exposed cells. The ELF-EMF-induced G1 arrest was diminished when the CHK2 gene expression (which encodes checkpoint kinase 2; Chk2) was suppressed by specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). These findings indicate that ELF-EMFs activate the ATM-Chk2-p21 pathway in HaCaT cells, resulting in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Based on the precise control of the ELF-EMF exposure and rigorous sham-exposure experiments, all transcriptional, protein, and cellular level experiments consistently supported the conclusion. This is the first study to confirm that a specific pathway is triggered by ELF-EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chaang-Ray Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Yi Shu
- Institute of Statistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ching Fan
- Magnet Group, Instrumentation Development Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ian C. Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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10
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Kim SY, Rhee JG, Song X, Prochownik EV, Spitz DR, Lee YJ. Breast cancer stem cell-like cells are more sensitive to ionizing radiation than non-stem cells: role of ATM. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185620 PMCID: PMC3503893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are contradictory observations about the different radiosensitivities of cancer stem cells and cancer non-stem cells. To resolve these contradictory observations, we studied radiosensitivities by employing breast cancer stem cell (CSC)-like MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB453 cells as well as their corresponding non-stem cells. CSC-like cells proliferate without differentiating and have characteristics of tumor-initiating cells [1]. These cells were exposed to γ-rays (1.25–8.75 Gy) and survival curves were determined by colony formation. A final slope, D0, of the survival curve for each cell line was determined to measure radiosensitivity. The D0 of CSC-like and non-stem MDA-MB-453 cells were 1.16 Gy and 1.55 Gy, respectively. Similar results were observed in MDA-MB-231 cells (0.94 Gy vs. 1.56 Gy). After determination of radiosensitivity, we investigated intrinsic cellular determinants which influence radiosensitivity including cell cycle distribution, free-radical scavengers and DNA repair. We observed that even though cell cycle status and antioxidant content may contribute to differential radiosensitivity, differential DNA repair capacity may be a greater determinant of radiosensitivity. Unlike non-stem cells, CSC-like cells have little/no sublethal damage repair, a low intracellular level of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and delay of γ-H2AX foci removal (DNA strand break repair). These results suggest that low DNA repair capacity is responsible for the high radiosensitivity of these CSC-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Xiong H, Liao Z, Liu Z, Xu T, Wang Q, Liu H, Komaki R, Gomez D, Wang LE, Wei Q. ATM polymorphisms predict severe radiation pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with definitive radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 85:1066-73. [PMID: 23154078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene mediates detection and repair of DNA damage. We investigated associations between ATM polymorphisms and severe radiation-induced pneumonitis (RP). METHODS AND MATERIALS We genotyped 3 potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ATM (rs1801516 [D1853N/5557G>A], rs189037 [-111G>A] and rs228590) in 362 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), who received definitive (chemo)radiation therapy. The cumulative severe RP probabilities by genotypes were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. The associations between severe RP risk and genotypes were assessed by both logistic regression analysis and Cox proportional hazard model with time to event considered. RESULTS Of 362 patients (72.4% of non-Hispanic whites), 56 (15.5%) experienced grade ≥3 RP. Patients carrying ATM rs189037 AG/GG or rs228590 TT/CT genotypes or rs189037G/rs228590T/rs1801516G (G-T-G) haplotype had a lower risk of severe RP (rs189037: GG/AG vs AA, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.83, P=.009; rs228590: TT/CT vs CC, HR=0.57, 95% CI, 0.33-0.97, P=.036; haplotype: G-T-G vs A-C-G, HR=0.52, 95% CI, 0.35-0.79, P=.002). Such positive findings remained in non-Hispanic whites. CONCLUSIONS ATM polymorphisms may serve as biomarkers for susceptibility to severe RP in non-Hispanic whites. Large prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, China
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The role of XPC: implications in cancer and oxidative DNA damage. Mutat Res 2011; 728:107-17. [PMID: 21763452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of DNA damage is a slow but hazardous phenomenon that may lead to cell death, accelerated aging features and cancer. One of the most versatile and important defense mechanisms against the accumulation of DNA damage is nucleotide excision repair (NER), in which the Xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC) protein plays a prominent role. NER can be divided into global genome repair (GG-NER) and transcription coupled repair (TC-NER). XPC is a key factor in GG-NER where it functions in DNA damage recognition and after which the repair machinery is recruited to eliminate the DNA damage. Defective XPC functioning has been shown to result in a cancer prone phenotype, in human as well as in mice. Mutation accumulation in XPC deficient mice is accelerated and increased, resulting in an increased tumor incidence. More recently XPC has also been linked to functions outside of NER since XPC deficient mice show a divergent tumor spectrum compared to other NER deficient mouse models. Multiple in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that XPC appears to be involved in the initiation of several DNA damage-induced cellular responses. XPC seems to function in the removal of oxidative DNA damage, redox homeostasis and cell cycle control. We hypothesize that this combination of increased oxidative DNA damage sensitivity, disturbed redox homeostasis together with inefficient cell cycle control mechanisms are causes of the observed increased cancer susceptibility in oxygen exposed tissues. Such a phenotype is absent in other NER-deficient mice, including Xpa.
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