1
|
Gholipour Hamedani B, Goliaei B, Shariatpanahi SP, Nezamtaheri M. An overview of the biological effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields combined with ionizing radiation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 172:50-59. [PMID: 35513112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By growing the electrical power networks and electronic devices, electromagnetic fields (EMF) have become an inseparable part of the modern world. Considering the inevitable exposure to a various range of EMFs, especially at extremely low frequencies (ELF-EMF), investigating the biological effects of ELF-EMFs on biological systems became a global issue. The possible adverse consequences of these exposures were studied, along with their potential therapeutic capabilities. Also, their biological impacts in combination with other chemical and physical agents, specifically ionizing radiation (IR), as a co-carcinogen or as adjuvant therapy in combination with radiotherapy were explored. Here, we review the results of several in-vitro and in-vivo studies and discuss some proposed possible mechanisms of ELF-EMFs' actions in combination with IR. The results of these experiments could be fruitful to develop more precise safety standards for environmental ELF-EMFs exposures. Furthermore, it could evaluate the therapeutic capacities of ELF-EMFs alone or as an improver of radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Gholipour Hamedani
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Peyman Shariatpanahi
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryamsadat Nezamtaheri
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Protective Effects of EMF-LTE against DNA Double-Strand Break Damage In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105134. [PMID: 34066270 PMCID: PMC8152012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid growth of the wireless communication industry, humans are extensively exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) comprised of radiofrequency (RF). The skin is considered the primary target of EMFs given its outermost location. Recent evidence suggests that extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF can improve the efficacy of DNA repair in human cell-lines. However, the effects of EMF-RF on DNA damage remain unknown. Here, we investigated the impact of EMF-long term evolution (LTE, 1.762 GHz, 8 W/kg) irradiation on DNA double-strand break (DSB) using the murine melanoma cell line B16 and the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. EMF-LTE exposure alone did not affect cell viability or induce apoptosis or necrosis. In addition, DNA DSB damage, as determined by the neutral comet assay, was not induced by EMF-LTE irradiation. Of note, EMF-LTE exposure can attenuate the DNA DSB damage induced by physical and chemical DNA damaging agents (such as ionizing radiation (IR, 10 Gy) in HaCaT and B16 cells and bleomycin (BLM, 3 μM) in HaCaT cells and a human melanoma cell line MNT-1), suggesting that EMF-LTE promotes the repair of DNA DSB damage. The protective effect of EMF-LTE against DNA damage was further confirmed by attenuation of the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX after exposure to EMF-LTE in HaCaT and B16 cells. Most importantly, irradiation of EMF-LTE (1.76 GHz, 6 W/kg, 8 h/day) on mice in vivo for 4 weeks reduced the γ-H2AX level in the skin tissue, further supporting the protective effects of EMF-LTE against DNA DSB damage. Furthermore, p53, the master tumor-suppressor gene, was commonly upregulated by EMF-LTE irradiation in B16 and HaCaT cells. This finding suggests that p53 plays a role in the protective effect of EMF-LTE against DNA DSBs. Collectively, these results demonstrated that EMF-LTE might have a protective effect against DNA DSB damage in the skin, although further studies are necessary to understand its impact on human health.
Collapse
|
3
|
Exposure to 50 Hz Extremely-Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields Induces No DNA Damage in Cells by Gamma H2AX Technology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8510315. [PMID: 33628815 PMCID: PMC7899753 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8510315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current results for extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) on DNA damage are still debated. A sensitive indicator and systematic research are needed to assess the effects of ELF-MF. In this study, we used γH2AX as an early and sensitive molecular marker to evaluate the DNA damage effects of ELF-MF in vitro. Human amnion epithelial cells (FLs), human skin fibroblast cells (HSFs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 50 Hz ELF-MF at 0.4, 1, and 2 mT for 15 min, 1 h, and 24 h, respectively. After exposure, cells were subjected to γH2AX immunofluorescence and western blot. The results showed no significant difference in the average number of foci per cell, the percentage of γH2AX foci-positive cells, or the expression of γH2AX between the sham and 50 Hz ELF-MF exposure groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, 50 Hz ELF-MF did not induce DNA damage in FLs, HSFs, or HUVECs, which was independent of the intensity or duration of the exposure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Su L, Zhu L, Liu Z, Lou J, Han B, Lin C, Li D, Qian J, Zhao X, Chen G. The decreased permittivity of zebrafish embryos culture medium by magnetic fields did not affect early development of zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110350. [PMID: 32114242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown associations between exposure to environmental extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and health effects, but the mechanisms of ELF-MF induced biological effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that ELF-MF may regulate functions of tissues or cells via its effects on surrounding environment, e.g., culture medium. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of 50 Hz MF on the relative permittivity of zebrafish embryos culture medium as well as of MF-exposed medium on zebrafish embryos development. The responses of medium to 50 Hz MF exposure were evaluated by a phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system. The results demonstrated that MF treatment decreased relative permittivity of zebrafish embryos medium in a dose and time-dependent way. Interestingly, the decreased permittivity induced by MF exposure gradually recovered and approached to the base level when the exposure was removed off. However, MF-exposed medium did not trigger adverse consequences of embryos during zebrafish embryonic development, including mortality, malformation, hatching and heart rate when the MF pre-exposed medium was subjected to one cell-stage embryos. Moreover, the MF-exposed medium did not induce apoptosis of zebrafish embryos at 48 and 72 h post fertilization. Our data demonstrated that the relative permittivity of zebrafish embryos medium was decreased by MF exposure, whereas this decrease failed to result in abnormal development of zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Su
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, 334000, China
| | - Longtao Zhu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianyao Lou
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bing Han
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation (Zhejiang University), Centre for Optical and Electromagnetics Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP (Sino-Swedish Joint Research Center of Photonics), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, and Department of Reproductive Endocrinology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahaki H, Tanzadehpanah H, Jabarivasal N, Sardanian K, Zamani A. A review on the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 38:84-95. [PMID: 30518268 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1545668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is produced extensively in modern technologies. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that ELF-EMF has both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the immune system response. This review was conducted on effects of ELF-EMF on cytokines of innate and adaptive immunity. Mechanisms of ELF-EMF, which may modulate immune cell responses, were also studied. Physical and biological parameters of ELF-EMF can interact with each other to create beneficial or harmful effect on the immune cell responses by interfering with the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines. According to the studies, it is supposed that short-term (2-24 h/d up to a week) exposure of ELF-EMF with strong density may increase innate immune response due to an increase of innate immunity cytokines. Furthermore, long-term (2-24 h/d up to 8 years) exposure to low-density ELF-EMF may cause a decrease in adaptive immune response, especially in Th1 subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanie Mahaki
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Hamid Tanzadehpanah
- b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Naghi Jabarivasal
- c Department of Medical Physics , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Khosro Sardanian
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,b Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Alireza Zamani
- a Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran.,d Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Center for Molecular Medicine , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fasshauer M, Krüwel T, Zapf A, Stahnke VC, Rave-Fränk M, Staab W, Sohns JM, Steinmetz M, Unterberg-Buchwald C, Schuster A, Ritter C, Lotz J. Absence of DNA double-strand breaks in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging assessed by γH2AX flow cytometry. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:1149-1156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Kim KE, Park SK, Nam SY, Han TJ, Cho IY. Potential therapeutic mechanism of extremely low-frequency high-voltage electric fields in cells. Technol Health Care 2017; 24:415-27. [PMID: 26684400 DOI: 10.3233/thc-151119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this survey was to provide background theory based on previous research to elucidate the potential pathway by which medical devices using extremely low-frequency high-voltage electric fields (ELF-HVEF) exert therapeutic effects on the human body, and to increase understanding of the AC high-voltage electrotherapeutic apparatus for consumers and suppliers of the relevant devices. Our review revealed that an ELF field as weak as 1-10 μ V/m can induce diverse alterations of membrane proteins such as transporters and channel proteins, including changes in Ca + + binding to a specific site of the cell surface, changes in ion (e.g., Ca + + ) influx or efflux, and alterations in the ligand-receptor interaction. These alterations then induce cytoplasmic responses within cells (Ca + + , cAMP, kinases, etc.) that can have impacts on cell growth, differentiation, and other functional properties by promoting the synthesis of macromolecules. Moreover, increased cytoplasmic Ca + + involves calmodulin-dependent signaling and consequent Ca + + /calmodulin-dependent stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis. This event in turn induces the nitric oxide-cGMP-protein kinase G pathway, which may be an essential factor in the observed physiological and therapeutic responses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Manser M, Sater MRA, Schmid CD, Noreen F, Murbach M, Kuster N, Schuermann D, Schär P. ELF-MF exposure affects the robustness of epigenetic programming during granulopoiesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43345. [PMID: 28266526 PMCID: PMC5339735 DOI: 10.1038/srep43345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) have been classified as "possibly carcinogenic" to humans on the grounds of an epidemiological association of ELF-MF exposure with an increased risk of childhood leukaemia. Yet, underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. Genome instability seems an unlikely reason as the energy transmitted by ELF-MF is too low to damage DNA and induce cancer-promoting mutations. ELF-MF, however, may perturb the epigenetic code of genomes, which is well-known to be sensitive to environmental conditions and generally deranged in cancers, including leukaemia. We examined the potential of ELF-MF to influence key epigenetic modifications in leukaemic Jurkat cells and in human CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells undergoing in vitro differentiation into the neutrophilic lineage. During granulopoiesis, sensitive genome-wide profiling of multiple replicate experiments did not reveal any statistically significant, ELF-MF-dependent alterations in the patterns of active (H3K4me2) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone marks nor in DNA methylation. However, ELF-MF exposure showed consistent effects on the reproducibility of these histone and DNA modification profiles (replicate variability), which appear to be of a stochastic nature but show preferences for the genomic context. The data indicate that ELF-MF exposure stabilizes active chromatin, particularly during the transition from a repressive to an active state during cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Manser
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Mohamad R Abdul Sater
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, CH-4001, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph D Schmid
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, CH-4001, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Faiza Noreen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Murbach
- IT'IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, Zürich, CH-8004, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, Zürich, CH-8004, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, CH-8006, Switzerland
| | - David Schuermann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luukkonen J, Höytö A, Sokka M, Liimatainen A, Syväoja J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. Modification of p21 level and cell cycle distribution by 50 Hz magnetic fields in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:240-248. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1235298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Luukkonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Höytö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miiko Sokka
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Liimatainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juhani Syväoja
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Falone S, Santini S, di Loreto S, Cordone V, Grannonico M, Cesare P, Cacchio M, Amicarelli F. Improved Mitochondrial and Methylglyoxal-Related Metabolisms Support Hyperproliferation Induced by 50 Hz Magnetic Field in Neuroblastoma Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2014-25. [PMID: 26757151 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) are common environmental agents that are suspected to promote later stages of tumorigenesis, especially in brain-derived malignancies. Even though ELF magnetic fields have been previously linked to increased proliferation in neuroblastoma cells, no previous work has studied whether ELF-MF exposure may change key biomolecular features, such as anti-glycative defence and energy re-programming, both of which are currently considered as crucial factors involved in the phenotype and progression of many malignancies. Our study investigated whether the hyperproliferation that is induced in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells by a 50 Hz, 1 mT ELF magnetic field is supported by an improved defense towards methylglyoxal (MG), which is an endogenous cancer-static and glycating α-oxoaldehyde, and by rewiring of energy metabolism. Our findings show that not only the ELF magnetic field interfered with the biology of neuron-derived malignant cells, by de-differentiating further the cellular phenotype and by increasing the proliferative activity, but also triggered cytoprotective mechanisms through the enhancement of the defense against MG, along with a more efficient management of metabolic energy, presumably to support the rapid cell outgrowth. Intriguingly, we also revealed that the MF-induced bioeffects took place after an initial imbalance of the cellular homeostasis, which most likely created a transient unstable milieu. The biochemical pathways and molecular targets revealed in this research could be exploited for future approaches aimed at limiting or suppressing the deleterious effects of ELF magnetic fields. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2014-2025, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Falone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvano Santini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Silvia di Loreto
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valeria Cordone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marta Grannonico
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cesare
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marisa Cacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini, Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Fernanda Amicarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Udroiu I, Antoccia A, Tanzarella C, Giuliani L, Pacchierotti F, Cordelli E, Eleuteri P, Villani P, Sgura A. Genotoxicity Induced by Foetal and Infant Exposure to Magnetic Fields and Modulation of Ionising Radiation Effects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142259. [PMID: 26559811 PMCID: PMC4641635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have investigated the toxicity and genotoxicity of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) during prenatal and neonatal development. These phases of life are characterized by cell proliferation and differentiation, which might make them sensitive to environmental stressors. Although in vitro evidences suggest that ELF-MF may modify the effects of ionizing radiation, no research has been conducted so far in vivo on the genotoxic effects of ELF-MF combined with X-rays. Aim and methods Aim of this study was to investigate in somatic and germ cells the effects of chronic ELF-MF exposure from mid gestation until weaning, and any possible modulation produced by ELF-MF exposure on ionizing radiation-induced damage. Mice were exposed to 50 Hz, 65 μT magnetic field, 24 hours/day, for a total of 30 days, starting from 12 days post-conception. Another group was irradiated with 1 Gy X-rays immediately before ELF-MF exposure, other groups were only X-irradiated or sham-exposed. Micronucleus test on blood erythrocytes was performed at multiple times from 1 to 140 days after birth. Additionally, 42 days after birth, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on male germ cells were assessed by comet assay and flow cytometric analysis. Results ELF-MF exposure had no teratogenic effect and did not affect survival, growth and development. The micronucleus test indicated that ELF-MF induced a slight genotoxic damage only after the maximum exposure time and that this effect faded away in the months following the end of exposure. ELF-MF had no effects on ionizing radiation (IR)-induced genotoxicity in erythrocytes. Differently, ELF–MF appeared to modulate the response of male germ cells to X-rays with an impact on proliferation/differentiation processes. These results point to the importance of tissue specificity and development on the impact of ELF-MF on the early stages of life and indicate the need of further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying ELF-MF biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ion Udroiu
- Dept. of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Livio Giuliani
- Research Center of Monteporzio Catone, INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Villani
- Technical Unit for Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgura
- Dept. of Science, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin H, Yoon HE, Lee JS, Kim JK, Myung SH, Lee YS. Effects on g2/m phase cell cycle distribution and aneuploidy formation of exposure to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field in combination with ionizing radiation or hydrogen peroxide in l132 nontumorigenic human lung epithelial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:119-24. [PMID: 25729273 PMCID: PMC4342731 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess whether exposure to the combination of an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF; 60 Hz, 1 mT or 2 mT) with a stress factor, such as ionizing radiation (IR) or H2O2, results in genomic instability in non-tumorigenic human lung epithelial L132 cells. To this end, the percentages of G2/M-arrested cells and aneuploid cells were examined. Exposure to 0.5 Gy IR or 0.05 mM H2O2 for 9 h resulted in the highest levels of aneuploidy; however, no cells were observed in the subG1 phase, which indicated the absence of apoptotic cell death. Exposure to an ELF-MF alone (1 mT or 2 mT) did not affect the percentages of G2/M-arrested cells, aneuploid cells, or the populations of cells in the subG1 phase. Moreover, when cells were exposed to a 1 mT or 2 mT ELF-MF in combination with IR (0.5 Gy) or H2O2 (0.05 mM), the ELF-MF did not further increase the percentages of G2/M-arrested cells or aneuploid cells. These results suggest that ELF-MFs alone do not induce either G2/M arrest or aneuploidy, even when administered in combination with different stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Hye Eun Yoon
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 580-185, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Myung
- Power Systems Research Division, Electrical Environment Team, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Changwon 642-120, Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| |
Collapse
|