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Torres-Ruiz M, Suárez OJ, López V, Marina P, Sanchis A, Liste I, de Alba M, Ramos V. Effects of 700 and 3500 MHz 5G radiofrequency exposure on developing zebrafish embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 915:169475. [PMID: 38199355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Telecommunications industries are rapidly deploying the fifth generation (5G) spectrum and there is public concern about the safety and health impacts of this type of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR), in part because of the lack of comparable scientific evidence. In this study we have used a validated commercially available setting producing a uniform field to expose zebrafish embryos (ZFe) to unmodulated 700 and 3500 MHz frequencies. We have combined a battery of toxicity, developmental and behavioral assays to further explore potential RFR effects. Our neurobehavioral profiles include a tail coiling assay, a light/dark activity assay, two thigmotaxis anxiety assays (auditory and visual stimuli), and a startle response - habituation assay in response to auditory stimuli. ZFe were exposed for 1 and 4 h during the blastula period of development and endpoints evaluated up to 120 hours post fertilization (hpf). Our results show no effects on mortality, hatching or body length. However, we have demonstrated specific organ morphological effects, and behavioral effects in activity, anxiety-like behavior, and habituation that lasted in larvae exposed during the early embryonic period. A decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity was also observed and could explain some of the observed behavioral alterations. Interestingly, effects were more pronounced in ZFe exposed to the 700 MHz frequency, and especially for the 4 h exposure period. In addition, we have demonstrated that our exposure setup is robust, flexible with regard to frequency and power testing, and highly comparable. Future work will include exposure of ZFe to 5G modulated signals for different time periods to better understand the potential health effects of novel 5G RFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Torres-Ruiz
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Oscar J Suárez
- Radio Frequency Laboratory, Telecommunications General Secretary and Audiovisual Communication Services Ordenation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria López
- Chronical Diseases Research Functional Unit (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Pablo Marina
- Telemedicine and eHealth Research Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sanchis
- Non-Ionizing Radiation Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Isabel Liste
- Chronical Diseases Research Functional Unit (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Mercedes de Alba
- Environmental Toxicology Unit, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental (CNSA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km. 2,2., Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
| | - Victoria Ramos
- Telemedicine and eHealth Research Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Tominami K, Kudo TA, Noguchi T, Hayashi Y, Luo YR, Tanaka T, Matsushita A, Izumi S, Sato H, Gengyo-Ando K, Matsuzawa A, Hong G, Nakai J. Physical Stimulation Methods Developed for In Vitro Neuronal Differentiation Studies of PC12 Cells: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:772. [PMID: 38255846 PMCID: PMC10815383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
PC12 cells, which are derived from rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells, are widely used for the study of neuronal differentiation. NGF induces neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by activating intracellular pathways via the TrkA receptor, which results in elongated neurites and neuron-like characteristics. Moreover, the differentiation requires both the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways. In addition to NGF, BMPs can also induce neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells. BMPs are part of the TGF-β cytokine superfamily and activate signaling pathways such as p38 MAPK and Smad. However, the brief lifespan of NGF and BMPs may limit their effectiveness in living organisms. Although PC12 cells are used to study the effects of various physical stimuli on neuronal differentiation, the development of new methods and an understanding of the molecular mechanisms are ongoing. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the induction of neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells without relying on NGF, which is already established for electrical, electromagnetic, and thermal stimulation but poses a challenge for mechanical, ultrasound, and light stimulation. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation induced by physical stimuli remain largely unknown. Elucidating these mechanisms holds promise for developing new methods for neural regeneration and advancing neuroregenerative medical technologies using neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Tominami
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tada-aki Kudo
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takuya Noguchi
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - You-Ran Luo
- Division for Globalization Initiative, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takakuni Tanaka
- Division for Globalization Initiative, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ayumu Matsushita
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoshi Izumi
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Division of Pharmacology, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado 350-0283, Japan
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuzawa
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Guang Hong
- Division for Globalization Initiative, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakai
- Division of Oral Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Jee SC, Lee KM, Kim M, Lee YJ, Kim S, Park JO, Sung JS. Neuroprotective Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata Fruit Extracts on Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239202. [PMID: 33276674 PMCID: PMC7730846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cudrania tricuspidata has diverse biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. This study investigated the protective effects of C. tricuspidata fruit extracts (CTFE) against scopolamine (SCO)-induced neuron impairment. The neuroprotective effects of CTFE on SCO-induced memory dysfunction were confirmed in mice using the Barnes maze test. The results showed that co-treatment of SCO and CTFE increased the stay time in the target zone compared with SCO treatment alone. Similarly, the results obtained by the fear conditioning test revealed that SCO-CTFE co-treatment induced the freezing action time under both the contextual fear condition and the cued fear condition compared with SCO treatment alone. Moreover, we showed that CTFE reduced the SCO-induced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, thereby increasing the acetylcholine concentration in mice hippocampal tissues. Consistent with the improvement of memory and recognition function in vivo, our in vitro results showed that CTFE induced cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity in PC12 cells and reduced SCO-induced AChE activity. In addition, the microarray results of the hippocampal tissue support our data showing that CTFE affects gene expressions associated with neurogenesis and neuronal cell differentiation markers such as spp1 and klk6. Overall, CTFE exerts a neuroprotective effect via regulation of the CREB and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and could be a therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jung-Suk Sung
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-961-5132; Fax: +82-31-961-5108
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Chicilo F, Hanson AL, Geisler FH, Belev G, Edgar A, Ramaswami KO, Chapman D, Kasap SO. Dose profiles and x-ray energy optimization for microbeam radiation therapy by high-dose, high resolution dosimetry using Sm-doped fluoroaluminate glass plates and Monte Carlo transport simulation. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:075010. [PMID: 32242527 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab7361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) utilizes highly collimated synchrotron generated x-rays to create narrow planes of high dose radiation for the treatment of tumors. Individual microbeams have a typical width of 30-50 µm and are separated by a distance of 200-500 µm. The dose delivered at the center of the beam is lethal to cells in the microbeam path, on the order of hundreds of Grays (Gy). The tissue between each microbeam is spared and helps aid in the repair of adjacent damaged tissue. Radiation interactions within the peak of the microbeam, such as the photoelectric effect and incoherent (atomic Compton) scattering, cause some dose to be delivered to the valley areas adjacent to the microbeams. As the incident x-ray energy is modified, radiation interactions within a material change and affect the probability of interactions, as well as the directionality and energy of ionizing particles (electrons) that deposit energy in the valley regions surrounding the microbeam peaks. It is crucial that the valley dose between microbeams be minimal to maintain the effectiveness of MRT. Using a monochromatic x-ray source with x-ray energies ranging from 30 to 150 keV, a detailed investigation into the effect of incident x-ray energy on the dose profiles of microbeams was performed using samarium doped fluoroaluminate (FA) glass as the medium. All dosimetric measurements were carried out using a purpose-built fluorescence confocal microscope dosimetric technique that used Sm-doped FA glass plates as the irradiated medium. Dose profiles are measured over a very a wide range of x-ray energies at micrometer resolution and dose distribution in the microbeam are mapped. The measured microbeam profiles at different energies are compared with the MCNP6 radiation transport code, a general transport code which can calculate the energy deposition of electrons as they pass through a given material. The experimentally measured distributions can be used to validate the results for electron energy deposition in fluoroaluminate glass. Code validation is necessary for using transport codes in future treatment planning for MRT and other radiation therapies. It is shown that simulated and measured micro beam-profiles are in good agreement, and micrometer level changes can be observed using this high-resolution dosimetry technique. Full width at 10% of the maximum peak (FW@10%) was used to quantify the microbeam width. Experimental measurements on FA glasses and simulations on the dependence of the FW@10% at various energies are in good agreement. Simulations on energy deposited in water indicate that FW@10% reaches a local minimum around energies 140 keV. In addition, variable slit width experiments were carried out at an incident x-ray energy of 100 keV in order to determine the effect of the narrowing slit width on the delivered peak dose. The microbeam width affects the peak dose, which decreases with the width of the microbeam. Experiments suggest that a typical microbeam width for MRT is likely to be between 20-50 µm based on this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chicilo
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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PC 12 Pheochromocytoma Cell Response to Super High Frequency Terahertz Radiation from Synchrotron Source. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020162. [PMID: 30709066 PMCID: PMC6406661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequency (HF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been widely used in many wireless communication devices, yet within the terahertz (THz) range, their effects on biological systems are poorly understood. In this study, electromagnetic radiation in the range of 0.3–19.5 × 1012 Hz, generated using a synchrotron light source, was used to investigate the response of PC 12 neuron-like pheochromocytoma cells to THz irradiation. The PC 12 cells remained viable and physiologically healthy, as confirmed by a panel of biological assays; however, exposure to THz radiation for 10 min at 25.2 ± 0.4 °C was sufficient to induce a temporary increase in their cell membrane permeability. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed cell membrane permeabilization via visualisation of the translocation of silica nanospheres (d = 23.5 ± 0.2 nm) and their clusters (d = 63 nm) into the PC 12 cells. Analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed the formation of atypically large (up to 1 µm) blebs on the surface of PC 12 cells when exposed to THz radiation. Long-term analysis showed no substantial differences in metabolic activity between the PC 12 cells exposed to THz radiation and untreated cells; however, a higher population of the THz-treated PC 12 cells responded to the nerve growth factor (NGF) by extending longer neurites (up to 0–20 µm) compared to the untreated PC12 cells (up to 20 µm). These findings present implications for the development of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery and gene therapy strategies since THz irradiation can promote nanoparticle uptake by cells without causing apoptosis, necrosis or physiological damage, as well as provide a deeper fundamental insight into the biological effects of environmental exposure of cells to electromagnetic radiation of super high frequencies.
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Perera PGT, Nguyen THP, Dekiwadia C, Wandiyanto JV, Sbarski I, Bazaka O, Bazaka K, Crawford RJ, Croft RJ, Ivanova EP. Exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic field triggers rapid uptake of large nanosphere clusters by pheochromocytoma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8429-8442. [PMID: 30587969 PMCID: PMC6294056 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s183767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Effects of man-made electromagnetic fields (EMF) on living organisms potentially include transient and permanent changes in cell behaviour, physiology and morphology. At present, these EMF-induced effects are poorly defined, yet their understanding may provide important insights into consequences of uncontrolled (e.g., environmental) as well as intentional (e.g., therapeutic or diagnostic) exposure of biota to EMFs. In this work, for the first time, we study mechanisms by which a high frequency (18 GHz) EMF radiation affects the physiology of membrane transport in pheochromocytoma PC 12, a convenient model system for neurotoxicological and membrane transport studies. Methods and results Suspensions of the PC 12 cells were subjected to three consecutive cycles of 30s EMF treatment with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.17 kW kg-1, with cells cooled between exposures to reduce bulk dielectric heating. The EMF exposure resulted in a transient increase in membrane permeability for 9 min in up to 90 % of the treated cells, as demonstrated by rapid internalisation of silica nanospheres (diameter d ≈ 23.5 nm) and their clusters (d ≈ 63 nm). In contrast, the PC 12 cells that received an equivalent bulk heat treatment behaved similar to the untreated controls, showing lack to minimal nanosphere uptake of approximately 1-2 %. Morphology and growth of the EMF treated cells were not altered, indicating that the PC 12 cells were able to remain viable after the EMF exposure. The metabolic activity of EMF treated PC 12 cells was similar to that of the heat treated and control samples, with no difference in the total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release between these groups. Conclusion These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of EMF-induced biological activity in mammalian cells, suggesting a possible use of EMFs to facilitate efficient transport of biomolecules, dyes and tracers, and genetic material across cell membrane in drug delivery and gene therapy, where permanent permeabilisation or cell death is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palalle G Tharushi Perera
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Chaitali Dekiwadia
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason V Wandiyanto
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Igor Sbarski
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Bazaka
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- School of Chemistry, Physics, Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J Croft
- School of Psychology, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,
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Zhou H, Dong G, Zheng W, Wang S, Wang L, Zhi W, Wang C. Radiofrequency radiation at 2.856 GHz does not affect key cellular endpoints in neuron-like PC12 cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2018; 38:102-110. [PMID: 30482060 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2018.1550787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential cytotoxicity of radiofrequency (RF) radiation on central nervous system, rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells were exposed to 2.856 GHz RF radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg for 8 h a day for 2 days in 35 mm Petri dishes. During exposure, the real-time variation of the culture medium temperature was monitored in the first hour. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and cell apoptosis rate were assessed immediately after exposure by flow cytometry. The results showed that the medium temperature raised about 0.93 °C, but no significant changes were observed in apoptosis, ROS levels or intracellular Ca2+ concentration after treatment. Although several studies suggested that RF radiation does indeed cause neurological effects, this study presented inconsistent results, indicating that 2.856 GHz RF radiation exposure at a SAR of 4 W/kg does not have a dramatic impact on PC12 cells, and suggests the need for further investigation on the key cellular endpoints of other nerve cells after exposure to RF radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhou
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Guofu Dong
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Wen Zheng
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shuiming Wang
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Changzhen Wang
- a Department of Experimental Pathology , Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine , Beijing P. R. China
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Hao Y, Li W, Wang H, Zhang J, Yu C, Tan S, Wang H, Xu X, Dong J, Yao B, Zhou H, Zhao L, Peng R. Autophagy mediates the degradation of synaptic vesicles: A potential mechanism of synaptic plasticity injury induced by microwave exposure in rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:119-127. [PMID: 29408588 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To explore how autophagy changes and whether autophagy is involved in the pathophysiological process of synaptic plasticity injury caused by microwave radiation, we established a 30 mW/cm2 microwave-exposure in vivo model, which caused reversible injuries in rat neurons. Microwave radiation induced cognitive impairment in rats and synaptic plasticity injury in rat hippocampal neurons. Autophagy in rat hippocampal neurons was activated following microwave exposure. Additionally, we observed that synaptic vesicles were encapsulated by autophagosomes, a phenomenon more evident in the microwave-exposed group. Colocation of autophagosomes and synaptic vesicles in rat hippocampal neurons increased following microwave exposure. CONCLUSION microwave exposure led to the activation of autophagy in rat hippocampal neurons, and excessive activation of autophagy might damage synaptic plasticity by mediating synaptic vesicle degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengzhi Tan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Division of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, PR China.
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Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal exposure on behavior and oxidative stress in rats. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1459-1469. [PMID: 28451780 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Today, due to technology development and aversive events of daily life, Human exposure to both radiofrequency and stress is unavoidable. This study investigated the co-exposure to repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal on cognitive function and oxidative stress in brain of male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: Control, WiFi-exposed, restrained and both WiFi-exposed and restrained groups. Each of WiFi exposure and restraint stress occurred 2 h (h)/day during 20 days. Subsequently, various tests were carried out for each group, such as anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial learning abilities in the water maze, cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum. Results showed that WiFi exposure and restraint stress, alone and especially if combined, induced an anxiety-like behavior without impairing spatial learning and memory abilities in rats. At cerebral level, we found an oxidative stress response triggered by WiFi and restraint, per se and especially when combined as well as WiFi-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. Our results reveal that there is an impact of WiFi signal and restraint stress on the brain and cognitive processes especially in elevated plus maze task. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between WiFi signal and restraint stress on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Othman
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ammari
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia.
- Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 9, Rue Zouhair Essafi, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, University of Carthage, 7021, Jarzouna, Tunisia
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Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:239-247. [PMID: 28458069 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to radiofrequency waves of conventional WiFi devices on postnatal development and behavior of rat offspring. Ten Wistar albino pregnant rats were randomly assigned to two groups (n=5). The experimental group was exposed to a 2.45GHz WiFi signal for 2h a day throughout gestation period. Control females were subjected to the same conditions as treated group without applying WiFi radiations. After delivery, the offspring was tested for physical and neurodevelopment during its 17 postnatal days (PND), then for anxiety (PND 28) and motricity (PND 40-43), as well as for cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum (PND 28 and 43). Our main results showed that the in-utero WiFi exposure impaired offspring neurodevelopment during the first seventeen postnatal days without altering emotional and motor behavior at adult age. Besides, prenatal WiFi exposure induced cerebral oxidative stress imbalance (increase in malondialdehyde level (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities) at 28 but not 43days old, also the exposure affected acethylcolinesterase activity at both cerebral and seric levels. Thus, the current study revealed that maternal exposure to WiFi radiofrequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring by affecting neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Othman
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ammari
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, 9, Rue Zouhair Essafi, 1006 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Kaïs Rtibi
- University of Jendouba, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Physiology, B.P. 382 - 9000 Béja, Tunisia
| | - Noura Bensaid
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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11
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Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Chronic Nonmodulated Microwave Radiations in Mice Produce Anxiety-like and Depression-like Behaviours and Calcium- and NO-related Biochemical Changes in the Brain. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:318-327. [PMID: 28035182 PMCID: PMC5195817 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.6.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate behavioural and biochemical effects of chronic exposure of amplitude modulated and non-modulated microwave radiation on laboratory mice. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45 GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019 W/Kg with sinusoidal modulation of 400 Hz) or nonmodulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033 mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023 W/Kg) for 2 hrs daily for 1 month. Mice subjected to non-modulated microwave exposure had significantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and increased intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and also had increased glucose and corticosterone levels in blood compared to control mice. These non-modulated microwave-exposed mice exhibited anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours. In contrast, mice exposed to modulated microwave for the same period did not show such changes in concomitant biochemical and behavioural analyses. These results suggest that chronic non-modulated microwave, but not modulated microwave, radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chandra M Chaturvedi
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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