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Development and Validation of a Novel Robot-Based Assessment of Upper Limb Sensory Processing in Chronic Stroke. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081005. [PMID: 36009069 PMCID: PMC9406163 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upper limb sensory processing deficits are common in the chronic phase after stroke and are associated with decreased functional performance. Yet, current clinical assessments show suboptimal psychometric properties. Our aim was to develop and validate a novel robot-based assessment of sensory processing. We assessed 60 healthy participants and 20 participants with chronic stroke using existing clinical and robot-based assessments of sensorimotor function. In addition, sensory processing was evaluated with a new evaluation protocol, using a bimanual planar robot, through passive or active exploration, reproduction and identification of 15 geometrical shapes. The discriminative validity of this novel assessment was evaluated by comparing the performance between healthy participants and participants with stroke, and the convergent validity was evaluated by calculating the correlation coefficients with existing assessments for people with stroke. The results showed that participants with stroke showed a significantly worse sensory processing ability than healthy participants (passive condition: p = 0.028, Hedges’ g = 0.58; active condition: p = 0.012, Hedges’ g = 0.73), as shown by the less accurate reproduction and identification of shapes. The novel assessment showed moderate to high correlations with the tactile discrimination test: a sensitive clinical assessment of sensory processing (r = 0.52–0.71). We conclude that the novel robot-based sensory processing assessment shows good discriminant and convergent validity for use in participants with chronic stroke.
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Xibo Z, Ying L, Todd J. EXPRESS: Testing links between pain-related biases in visual attention and recognition memory: An eye-tracking study based on an impending pain paradigm. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2022; 76:1057-1071. [PMID: 35570662 DOI: 10.1177/17470218221102922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although separate lines of research have evaluated pain-related biases in attention or memory, laboratory studies examining links between attention and memory for pain-related information have received little consideration. In this eye-tracking experiment, we assessed relations between pain-related attention biases (ABs) and recognition memory biases (MBs) among 122 pain-free adults randomly assigned to impending pain (n = 59) versus impending touch (n = 63) conditions wherein offsets of trials that included pain images were followed by subsequent possibly painful and non-painful somatosensory stimulation, respectively. Gaze biases of participants were assessed during presentations of pain-neutral (P-N) and happy-neutral (H-N) face image pairs within these conditions. Subsequently, condition differences in recognition accuracy for previously-viewed versus novel pained and happy face images were examined. Overall gaze durations were significantly longer for pain (versus neutral) faces that signaled impending pain than impending non-painful touch, particularly among the less resilient in the former condition. Impending pain cohorts also exhibited comparatively better recognition accuracy for both pained and happy face images. Finally, longer gaze durations on pain faces that signaled potential pain, but not potential touch, were related to more accurate recognition of previously-viewed pain faces. In sum, pain cues that signal potential personal discomfort maintain visual attention more fully and are subsequently recognized more accuracy than are pain cues that signal non-painful touch stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Xibo
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China 26463
| | - Ling Ying
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China 26463
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Nakatani-Enomoto S, Yamazaki M, Kamimura Y, Abe M, Asano K, Enomoto H, Wake K, Watanabe S, Ugawa Y. Frequency-dependent current perception threshold in healthy Japanese adults. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:150-159. [PMID: 30920674 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study involves measuring the threshold for electric currents (i.e., current perception threshold or CPT) under several stimulating current frequencies. Specifically, current perception threshold (CPT) was measured in 53 healthy volunteers between the ages of 21 and 67. The stimulation currents were applied on the right index finger with stimulus frequencies in the range of 50 Hz - 300 kHz. The method of limits and method of constant stimuli were combined to measure the CPT. In a manner consistent with the findings obtained by previous studies, the results indicated that CPT was higher in men than in women and in older individuals than in young subjects. Bioelectromagnetics. 9999:XX-XX, 2019. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsu Nakatani-Enomoto
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Madoka Yamazaki
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Health Science, Daito Bunka University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Kamimura
- Department of Information Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mitsunari Abe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kohei Asano
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Enomoto
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kanako Wake
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichi Watanabe
- Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory, Applied Electromagnetic Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Mueller SM, Bernigau D, Muelling C, Grunwald M. Does Studying Veterinary Medicine Improve Students' Haptic Perception Ability? A Pilot Study With Two Age-Groups. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 46:408-414. [PMID: 30806559 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0417-051r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haptic perception is an important tool for veterinarians. The present study analyzed the association between the haptic perception threshold of veterinary students and their palpatory experience. To approach this goal, 35 female students of veterinary medicine were divided into two groups with different levels of experience: (a) students with little practical experience, at the beginning of their studies (first year), and (b) students close to the end of their theoretical training (fourth year). To thoroughly evaluate the students' sense of touch, three different test procedures were used: the Haptic Threshold Test (HTT), the Haptic Figures Test (HFT), and tactile acuity. Contrary to our expectations, we found worse mean haptic perception thresholds (HTT) in the more experienced students than in the less experienced group. This effect was significantly correlated with age. Furthermore, we found that longer exploration times were not sufficient to compensate for shortcomings in haptic perception. We also found large interindividual differences. Future studies should investigate whether and to what extend these effects have an impact on students' palpation performance on simulators and live animals. Moreover, which beneficial effects may be achieved through an additional haptic training for students with inferior haptic thresholds should be investigated. Improving haptic perception abilities in veterinary students could be one important step toward achieving satisfactory Day One Competences in university graduates.
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De Bruyn N, Meyer S, Kessner SS, Essers B, Cheng B, Thomalla G, Peeters A, Sunaert S, Duprez T, Thijs V, Feys H, Alaerts K, Verheyden G. Functional network connectivity is altered in patients with upper limb somatosensory impairments in the acute phase post stroke: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205693. [PMID: 30312350 PMCID: PMC6185852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant functional connectivity in brain networks associated with motor impairment after stroke is well described, but little is known about the association with somatosensory impairments. Aim The objective of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the relationship between brain functional connectivity and severity of somatosensory impairments in the upper limb in the acute phase post stroke. Methods Nineteen first-ever stroke patients underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and a standardized clinical somatosensory profile assessment (exteroception and higher cortical somatosensation) in the first week post stroke. Integrity of inter- and intrahemispheric (ipsilesional and contralesional) functional connectivity of the somatosensory network was assessed between patients with severe (Em-NSA< 13/32) and mild to moderate (Em-NSA> 13/32) somatosensory impairments. Results Patients with severe somatosensory impairments displayed significantly lower functional connectivity indices in terms of interhemispheric (p = 0.001) and ipsilesional intrahemispheric (p = 0.035) connectivity compared to mildly to moderately impaired patients. Significant associations were found between the perceptual threshold of touch assessment and interhemispheric (r = -0.63) and ipsilesional (r = -0.51) network indices. Additional significant associations were found between the index of interhemispheric connectivity and light touch (r = 0.55) and stereognosis (r = 0.64) evaluation. Conclusion Patients with more severe somatosensory impairments have lower inter- and ipsilesional intrahemispheric connectivity of the somatosensory network. Lower connectivity indices are related to more impaired exteroception and higher cortical somatosensation. This study highlights the importance of network integrity in terms of inter- and ipsilesional intrahemispheric connectivity for somatosensory function. Further research is needed investigating the effect of therapy on the re-establishment of these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele De Bruyn
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Meyer
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon S. Kessner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bea Essers
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bastian Cheng
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andre Peeters
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Neurology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Radiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Duprez
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Radiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Thijs
- University of Melbourne, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hilde Feys
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Alaerts
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Verheyden
- KU Leuven—University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
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Associations Between Sensorimotor Impairments in the Upper Limb at 1 Week and 6 Months After Stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2017; 40:186-95. [PMID: 27214520 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Longitudinal information regarding the prevalence of upper limb somatosensory deficits and the association with motor impairment and activity limitations is scarce. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to map the extent and distribution of somatosensory deficits, and to determine associations over time between somatosensory deficits and motor impairment and activity limitations. METHODS We recruited 32 participants who were assessed 4 to 7 days after stroke, and reassessed at 6 months. Somatosensory measurements included the Erasmus-modified Nottingham sensory assessment (Em-NSA), perceptual threshold of touch, thumb finding test, 2-point discrimination, and stereognosis subscale of the NSA. Evaluation of motor impairment comprised the Fugl-Meyer assessment, Motricity Index, and Action Research Arm Test. In addition, at 6 months, activity limitation was determined using the adult assisting hand assessment stroke, the ABILHAND, and hand subscale of the Stroke Impact Scale. RESULTS Somatosensory impairments were common, with 41% to 63% experiencing a deficit in one of the modalities within the first week and 3% to 50% at 6 months. In the acute phase, there were only very low associations between somatosensory and motor impairments (r = 0.03-0.20), whereas at 6 months, low to moderate associations (r = 0.32-0.69) were found for perceptual threshold of touch, thumb finding test, and stereognosis with motor impairment and activity limitations. Low associations (r = 0.01-0.29) were found between somatosensory impairments in the acute phase and motor impairments and activity limitations at 6 months. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study showed that somatosensory impairments are common and suggests that the association with upper limb motor and functional performance increases with time after stroke.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A138).
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Ghaziani E, Couppé C, Henkel C, Siersma V, Søndergaard M, Christensen H, Magnusson SP. Electrical somatosensory stimulation followed by motor training of the paretic upper limb in acute stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:84. [PMID: 28231811 PMCID: PMC5324330 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Upper limb paresis is one of the most frequent and persistent impairments following stroke. Only 12–34% of stroke patients achieve full recovery of upper limb functioning, which seems to be required to habitually use the affected arm in daily tasks. Although the recovery of upper limb functioning is most pronounced during the first 4 weeks post stroke, there are few studies investigating the effect of rehabilitation during this critical time window. The purpose of this trial is to determine the effect of electrical somatosensory stimulation (ESS) initiated in the acute stroke phase on the recovery of upper limb functioning in a nonselected sample of stroke patients. Methods/design A sample of 102 patients with upper limb paresis of varying degrees of severity is assigned to either the intervention or the control group using stratified random sampling. The intervention group receives ESS plus usual rehabilitation and the control group receives sham ESS plus usual rehabilitation. The intervention is applied as 1 h of ESS/sham ESS daily, followed by motor training of the affected upper limb. The ESS/sham ESS treatment is initiated within 7 days from stroke onset and it is delivered during hospitalization, but no longer than 4 weeks post stroke. The primary outcome is hand dexterity assessed by the Box and Block Test; secondary outcomes are the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, hand grip strength, pinch strength, perceptual threshold of touch, degree of pain, and modified Rankin Scale score. Outcome measurements are conducted at baseline, post intervention and at 6-month follow-up. Discussion Because of the wide inclusion criteria, we believe that the results can be generalized to the larger population of patients with a first-ever stroke who present with an upper limb paresis of varying severity. On the other hand, the sample size (n = 102) may preclude subgroup analyses in such a heterogeneous sample. The sham ESS treatment totals a mere 2% of the active ESS treatment delivered to the intervention group per ESS session, and we consider that this dose is too small to induce a treatment effect. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02250365. Registered on 18 September 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1815-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ghaziani
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, bldg. 10, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, bldg. 10, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Henkel
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volkert Siersma
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Hanne Christensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, bldg. 10, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Meyer S, De Bruyn N, Lafosse C, Van Dijk M, Michielsen M, Thijs L, Truyens V, Oostra K, Krumlinde-Sundholm L, Peeters A, Thijs V, Feys H, Verheyden G. Somatosensory Impairments in the Upper Limb Poststroke: Distribution and Association With Motor Function and Visuospatial Neglect. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2015; 30:731-42. [PMID: 26719352 DOI: 10.1177/1545968315624779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A thorough understanding of the presence of different upper-limb somatosensory deficits poststroke and the relation with motor performance remains unclear. Additionally, knowledge about the relation between somatosensory deficits and visuospatial neglect is limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of upper-limb somatosensory impairments and the association with unimanual and bimanual motor outcomes and visuospatial neglect. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, including 122 patients within 6 months after stroke (median = 82 days; interquartile range = 57-133 days). Somatosensory measurement included the Erasmus MC modification of the (revised) Nottingham Sensory Assessment (Em-NSA), Perceptual Threshold of Touch (PTT), thumb finding test, 2-point discrimination, and stereognosis subscale of the NSA. Upper-limb motor assessment comprised the Fugl-Meyer assessment, motricity index, Action Research Arm Test, and Adult-Assisting Hand Assessment Stroke. Screening for visuospatial neglect was performed using the Star Cancellation Test. RESULTS Upper-limb somatosensory impairments were common, with prevalence rates ranging from 21% to 54%. Low to moderate Spearman ρ correlations were found between somatosensory and motor deficits (r = 0.22-0.61), with the strongest associations for PTT (r = 0.56-0.61) and stereognosis (r = 0.51-0.60). Visuospatial neglect was present in 27 patients (22%). Between-group analysis revealed somatosensory deficits that occurred significantly more often and more severely in patients with visuospatial neglect (P < .05). Results showed consistently stronger correlations between motor and somatosensory deficits in patients with visuospatial neglect (r = 0.44-0.78) compared with patients without neglect (r = 0.08-0.59). CONCLUSIONS Somatosensory impairments are common in subacute patients poststroke and are related to motor outcome. Visuospatial neglect was associated with more severe upper-limb somatosensory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meyer
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Marc Michielsen
- Jessa Hospital - Rehabilitation Centre Sint Ursula, Herk-de-stad, Belgium
| | - Liselot Thijs
- Jessa Hospital - Rehabilitation Centre Sint Ursula, Herk-de-stad, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Andre Peeters
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Thijs
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Vesalius Research Center - VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Feys
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Meyer S, Kessner SS, Cheng B, Bönstrup M, Schulz R, Hummel FC, De Bruyn N, Peeters A, Van Pesch V, Duprez T, Sunaert S, Schrooten M, Feys H, Gerloff C, Thomalla G, Thijs V, Verheyden G. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping of stroke lesions underlying somatosensory deficits. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 10:257-66. [PMID: 26900565 PMCID: PMC4724038 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stroke lesion location and the resulting somatosensory deficit. We studied exteroceptive and proprioceptive somatosensory symptoms and stroke lesions in 38 patients with first-ever acute stroke. The Erasmus modified Nottingham Sensory Assessment was used to clinically evaluate somatosensory functioning in the arm and hand within the first week after stroke onset. Additionally, more objective measures such as the perceptual threshold of touch and somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded. Non-parametric voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping was performed to investigate lesion contribution to different somatosensory deficits in the upper limb. Additionally, structural connectivity of brain areas that demonstrated the strongest association with somatosensory symptoms was determined, using probabilistic fiber tracking based on diffusion tensor imaging data from a healthy age-matched sample. Voxels with a significant association to somatosensory deficits were clustered in two core brain regions: the central parietal white matter, also referred to as the sensory component of the superior thalamic radiation, and the parietal operculum close to the insular cortex, representing the secondary somatosensory cortex. Our objective recordings confirmed findings from clinical assessments. Probabilistic tracking connected the first region to thalamus, internal capsule, brain stem, postcentral gyrus, cerebellum, and frontal pathways, while the second region demonstrated structural connections to thalamus, insular and primary somatosensory cortex. This study reveals that stroke lesions in the sensory fibers of the superior thalamocortical radiation and the parietal operculum are significantly associated with multiple exteroceptive and proprioceptive deficits in the arm and hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Meyer
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101/bus 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon S Kessner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schulz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nele De Bruyn
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101/bus 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andre Peeters
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Neurology, Hippokrateslaan 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Neurology, Hippokrateslaan 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Duprez
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Radiology, Hippokrateslaan 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Radiology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Schrooten
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Feys
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101/bus 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Gerloff
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Neurology, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Thijs
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurobiology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Verheyden
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tervuursevest 101/bus 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Blink reflex prepulse inhibition and excitability recovery: Influence of age and sex. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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