Mechanism of Carboxypeptidase Y Catalyzed Hydrolysis and Aminolysis Reactions

Effects of pH on carboxypeptidase-Y-catalyzed hydrolysis and aminolysis reactions

The pH dependencies of serine carboxypeptidase-Y-catalysed hydrolysis and aminolysis reactions using L-amino acids and L-amino acid amides as nucleophiles, have been studied and analyzed. The results reveal two catalytically important ionizing groups of the enzyme with rather similar pK values (5-6), the active site His397 and a possibly Glu residue, which is not only important in interactions with carboxylic groups of substrates and nucleophiles [Liao, D.-I., Breddam, K., Sweet, R. M., Bullock, T. & Remmington, S. J. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 9796-9812], but also indirectly play a role in catalysis. This explains the pH behaviour of hydrolysis of both peptide and ester substrates and further, that L-amino acid amides are better nucleophiles in aminolysis reactions than L-amino acids.

Serine carboxypeptidases: a new and versatile family of enzymes

Several structural and biochemical studies in the past year have revealed the potential application of a new family of serine proteinase, the serine carboxypeptidases, in peptide synthesis, carboxy-terminal peptide sequencing and the production of biologically active carboxy-terminal peptide amides. The recent determination of the high-resolution crystal structures for two members of the family, CPDW-II and CPDY, should permit protein engineering to further increase their utility.

Mechanism of carboxypeptidase-Y-catalysed peptide semisynthesis

The initial rate steady-state kinetics of carboxypeptidase-Y-catalyzed hydrolysis and aminolysis reactions with some alpha-N-benzoyl-L-tyrosinyl compounds has been investigated using L-valinamide as the nucleophile in aminolysis. Hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzoyl-L-tyrosinyl ethyl ester, 4-nitroanilide, and -amide has been studied in the pH range 4-9. The results are interpreted in terms of the classical serine proteinase mechanism, which involves enzyme-substrate complex formation, followed by acylation and deacylation of the enzyme. The three reactions share the same deacylation step. It is rate-determining with the ester substrate, but with the 4-nitroaniline acylation is and this is even more pronounced with the amide. From the pH dependencies, no change of rate-determining step is apparent in the range pH 4-9. For the 4-nitroanilide and the amide substrates, the kinetic parameter, Kc/Km, is influenced by an ionizing group with a pK value of 6. Probably this is the active-site histidine residue, which thus is active in acylation in its deprotonated form. That group affects the deacylation reaction similarly as seen from the kinetics of the ester substrate. Aminolysis occurs in parallel to hydrolysis in the presence of reactive nucleophiles. Here L-valinamide was used as model nucleophile. The analysis of the observed kinetic effects of L-valinamide on the initial rate behaviour of carboxypeptidase-Y-catalyzed hydrolysis reactions suggests a reaction mechanism which involves (a) the binding of the free nucleophile to the free enzyme and (b) reaction of the free nucleophile with the acyl-enzyme complex forming an enzyme-aminolysis product complex, which dissociates into the free enzyme and the aminolysis product. The reactions are characterized by a number of kinetic parameters, the values of which are determined. The results of aminolysis progress reactions indicate that the formation of the product in high yields is strongly dependent on the leaving group of the substrate. The initial production of aminolysis product, however, is the same for the three substrates. But the fact that their Kc/Km values differ by several orders of magnitude leads to significantly different progresses of the aminolysis. The ester substrate is the only one that efficiently competes with and hinders the hydrolysis of the aminolysis product.