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Italia A, Shaik MM, Peri F. Emerging Extracellular Molecular Targets for Innovative Pharmacological Approaches to Resistant Mtb Infection. Biomolecules 2023; 13:999. [PMID: 37371579 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging pharmacological strategies that target major virulence factors of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are presented and discussed. This review is divided into three parts corresponding to structures and functions important for Mtb pathogenicity: the cell wall, the lipoarabinomannan, and the secretory proteins. Within the cell wall, we further focus on three biopolymeric sub-components: mycolic acids, arabinogalactan, and peptidoglycan. We present a comprehensive overview of drugs and drug candidates that target cell walls, envelopes, and secretory systems. An understanding at a molecular level of Mtb pathogenesis is provided, and potential future directions in therapeutic strategies are suggested to access new drugs to combat the growing global threat of antibiotic-resistant Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Italia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Mohammed Monsoor Shaik
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0292 Protein Peptides Could be Included in a Synthetic Anti-tuberculosis Vaccine. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Carabali-Isajar ML, Ocampo M, Varela Y, Díaz-Arévalo D, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Antibodies targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides inhibit mycobacterial entry to infection target cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:712-720. [PMID: 32522539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immunity regarding tuberculosis can contribute towards controlling the mycobacteria and the disease. Antigens mediating such type of immunity should thus be evaluated for formulating anti-tuberculosis vaccines. The antigen recognition of seven peptides derived from proteins on Mtb H37Rv envelope and a further seven peptides modified from them was evaluated in sera taken from people suffering Mtb infection and others free from it. Peptide sequences' ability to inhibit Mtb entry to human macrophages was determined in vitro and, after isolating peptide-specific IgG antibodies, it was ascertained which ones were exercising such inhibitory function. Aotus were inoculated with the modified peptides for evaluating the activity of the antibodies so produced. Human QTF+ and QTF- sera recognised some of the peptides and inhibited Mtb entry. The same effect was seen with peptide-specific IgG regarding all the native sequences and modified ones. Sera taken from inoculated Aotus was also able to reduce the pathogen's entry. The data showed that some peptides evaluated in this study could induce antibodies able to inhibit the pathogen's entry to human macrophages, i.e. they could represent candidates for part of an anti-tuberculosis vaccine. The methodology used here complements the evaluation of promising antigens for designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Carabali-Isajar
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Carrera 3 # 26A - 40, 11021 Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Yahson Varela
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Díaz-Arévalo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, 11001 Bogotá, Colombia
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Sánchez-Barinas CD, Ocampo M, Tabares L, Bermúdez M, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Specific Binding Peptides from Rv3632: A Strategy for Blocking Mycobacterium tuberculosis Entry to Target Cells? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8680935. [PMID: 31111070 PMCID: PMC6487176 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8680935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, i.e., the aetiological agent); the WHO has established this disease as high priority due to its ensuing mortality. Mtb uses a range of mechanisms for preventing its elimination by an infected host; new, viable alternatives for blocking the host-pathogen interaction are thus sought constantly. This article updates our laboratory's systematic search for antigens using bioinformatics tools to clarify the Mtb H37Rv Rv3632 protein's topology and location. This article reports a C-terminal region consisting of peptides 39255 and 39256 (81Thr-Arg114) having high specific binding regarding two infection-related cell lines (A549 and U937); they inhibited mycobacterial entry to U937 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Rv3632 forms part of the mycobacterial cell envelope, formed by six linear synthetic peptides. Circular dichroism enabled determining the protein's secondary structure. It was also found that peptide 39254 (61Gly-Thr83) was a HABP for alveolar epithelial cells and inhibited mycobacteria entry to these cells regardless of concentration. Sera from active or latent tuberculosis patients did not recognise HABPs 39254 and 39256. These sequences represent a promising approach aiming at their ongoing modification and for including them when designing a multi-epitope, anti-tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian David Sánchez-Barinas
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luisa Tabares
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Maritza Bermúdez
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26–20, 111321 Bogotá, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, 11001 Bogotá, Colombia
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Carabali-Isajar ML, Ocampo M, Rodriguez DC, Vanegas M, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Towards designing a synthetic antituberculosis vaccine: The Rv3587c peptide inhibits mycobacterial entry to host cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2401-2409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv LpqG Protein Peptides Can Inhibit Mycobacterial Entry through Specific Interactions. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030526. [PMID: 29495456 PMCID: PMC6017924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis, a disease causing major mortality worldwide. As part of a systematic methodology for studying M. tuberculosis surface proteins which might be involved in host-pathogen interactions, our group found that LpqG surface protein (Rv3623) found in M. tuberculosis complex strains was located on the mycobacterial envelope and that peptide 16661 (21SGCDSHNSGSLGADPRQVTVY40) had high specific binding to U937 monocyte-derived macrophages and inhibited mycobacterial entry to such cells in a concentration-dependent way. A region having high specific binding to A549 alveolar epithelial cells was found which had low mycobacterial entry inhibition. As suggested in previous studies, relevant sequences in the host-pathogen interaction do not induce an immune response and peptides characterised as HABPs are poorly recognised by sera from individuals regardless of whether they have been in contact with M. tuberculosis. Our approach to designing a synthetic, multi-epitope anti-tuberculosis vaccine has been based on identifying sequences involved in different proteins’ mycobacteria-target cell interaction and modifying their sequence to improve their immunogenic characteristics, meaning that peptide 16661 sequence should be considered in such design.
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Díaz DP, Ocampo M, Varela Y, Curtidor H, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Identifying and characterising PPE7 (Rv0354c) high activity binding peptides and their role in inhibiting cell invasion. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 430:149-160. [PMID: 28205097 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2962-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at characterising the PPE7 protein from the PE/PPE protein family. The presence and transcription of the rv0354c gene in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was determined and the subcellular localisation of the PPE7 protein on mycobacterial membrane was confirmed by immunoelectron microscope. Two peptides were identified as having high binding activity (HABPs) and were tested in vitro regarding the invasion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. HABP 39224 inhibited invasion in A549 epithelial cells and U937 macrophages by more than 50%, whilst HABP 39225 inhibited invasion by 40% in U937 cells. HABP 39224, located in the protein's C-terminal region, has a completely conserved amino acid sequence in M. tuberculosis complex species and could be selected as a base peptide when designing a subunit-based, anti-tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Díaz
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), 111321, Bogotá, Colombia. .,Universidad del Rosario, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Yahson Varela
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Curtidor
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), 111321, Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 11001, Bogotá, Colombia
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Díaz DP, Ocampo M, Pabón L, Herrera C, Patarroyo MA, Munoz M, Patarroyo ME. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE9 protein has high activity binding peptides which inhibit target cell invasion. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:646-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jahnmatz P, Bengtsson T, Zuber B, Färnert A, Ahlborg N. An antigen-specific, four-color, B-cell FluoroSpot assay utilizing tagged antigens for detection. J Immunol Methods 2016; 433:23-30. [PMID: 26930550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The FluoroSpot assay, a variant of ELISpot utilizing fluorescent detection, has so far been used primarily for assessment of T cells, where simultaneous detection of several cytokines has allowed a more qualitative analysis of functionally distinct T cells. The potential to measure multiple analytes also presents several advantages when analyzing B cells. Our aim was to develop a B-cell FluoroSpot assay adaptable to studies of a variety of antigens. The assay utilizes anti-IgG antibodies immobilized in 96-well filter membrane plates. During cell culture, IgG antibodies secreted by antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are captured in the vicinity of each of these cells and the specificity of single ASCs is defined using antigens for detection. The antigens were labeled with biotin or peptide tags enabling secondary detection with fluorophore-conjugated streptavidin or tag-specific antibodies. The assay, utilizing up to four different tag systems and fluorophores simultaneously, was evaluated using hybridomas and immunized splenocytes as ASCs. Assay variants were developed that could: i) identify multiple ASCs with different antigen specificities; ii) detect ASCs showing cross-reactivity with different but related antigens; and iii) define the antigen-specificity and, by including anti-IgG subclass detection reagents, simultaneously determine the IgG subclass of antibodies secreted by ASCs. As demonstrated here, the B-cell FluoroSpot assay using tag-based detection systems provides a versatile and powerful tool to investigate antibody responses by individual cells that can be readily adapted to studies of a variety of antigen-specific ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jahnmatz
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Mabtech AB, Box 1233, SE-131 28 Nacka Strand, Sweden.
| | | | - Bartek Zuber
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine Solna, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Ahlborg
- Mabtech AB, Box 1233, SE-131 28 Nacka Strand, Sweden; Stockholm University, Department of Immunology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Rodríguez DC, Ocampo M, Reyes C, Arévalo‐Pinzón G, Munoz M, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Cell‐Peptide Specific Interaction Can Inhibit
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
Infection. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:946-58. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Carolina Rodríguez
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Cesar Reyes
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Gabriela Arévalo‐Pinzón
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Marina Munoz
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad del RosarioBogotáColombia
| | - Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
- Fundacion Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC)BogotáColombia
- Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotáColombia
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In silico epitope analysis of unique and membrane associated proteins from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for immunogenicity and vaccine evaluation. J Theor Biol 2015; 384:1-9. [PMID: 26279134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis disease affecting ruminants worldwide. The aim of this study was to identify potential candidate antigens and epitopes by bio and immuno-informatic tools which could be later evaluated as vaccines and/or diagnosis. 110 protein sequences were selected from MAP K-10 genome database: 48 classified as putative enzymes involved in surface polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide synthesis, as membrane associated and secreted proteins, 32 as conserved membrane proteins, and 30 as absent from other mycobacterial genomes. These 110 proteins were preliminary screened for Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II affinity and promiscuity using ProPred program. In addition, subcellular localization and host protein homology was analyzed. From these analyses, 23 MAP proteins were selected for a more accurate inmunoinformatic analysis (i.e. T cell and B cell epitopes analysis) and for homology with mycobacterial proteins. Finally, eleven MAP proteins were identified as potential candidates for further immunogenic evaluation: six proteins (MAP0228c, MAP1239c, MAP2232, MAP3080, MAP3131 and MAP3890) were identified as presenting potential T cell epitopes, while 5 selected proteins (MAP0232c, MAP1240c, MAP1738, MAP2239 and MAP3641c) harbored a large numbers of epitopes predicted to induce both cell- and antibody-mediated immune responses. Moreover, immunogenicity of selected epitopes from MAP1239c were evaluated in IFN-γ release assay. In summary, eleven M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins were identified by in silico analysis and need to be further evaluated for their immunodiagnostic and vaccine potential in field and mice model.
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Ríos-Huerta R, Angulo C. An overview of tuberculosis plant-derived vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:877-89. [PMID: 25683476 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1015996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading fatal infectious disease to which the current BCG vaccine has a questionable efficacy in adults. Thus, the development of improved vaccines against TB is needed. In addition, decreasing the cost of vaccine formulations is required for broader vaccination coverage through global vaccination programs. In this regard, the use of plants as biofactories and delivery vehicles of TB vaccines has been researched over the last decade. These studies are systematically analyzed in the present review and placed in perspective. It is considered that substantial preclinical trials are still required to address improvements in expression levels as well as immunological data. Approaches for testing additional antigenic configurations with higher yields and improved immunogenic properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210, México
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Ocampo M, Curtidor H, Vanegas M, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Specific interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein-derived peptides and target cells inhibits mycobacterial entry in vitro. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:626-41. [PMID: 25041568 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues being one of the diseases having the greatest mortality rates around the world, 8.7 million cases having been reported in 2011. An efficient vaccine against TB having a great impact on public health is an urgent need. Usually, selecting antigens for vaccines has been based on proteins having immunogenic properties for patients suffering TB and having had promising results in mice and non-human primates. Our approach has been based on a functional approach involving the pathogen-host interaction in the search for antigens to be included in designing an efficient, minimal, subunit-based anti-TB vaccine. This means that Mycobacterium tuberculosis has mainly been involved in studies and that lipoproteins represent an important kind of protein on the cell envelope which can also contribute towards this pathogen's virulence. This study has assessed the expression of four lipoproteins from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, that is, Rv1411c (LprG), Rv1911c (LppC), Rv2270 (LppN) and Rv3763 (LpqH), and the possible biological activity of peptides derived from these. Five peptides were found for these proteins which had high specific binding to both alveolar A549 epithelial cells and U937 monocyte-derived macrophages which were able to significantly inhibit mycobacterial entry to these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia
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