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Zhao J, Peng H, Gao J, Nong A, Hua H, Yang S, Chen L, Wu X, Zhang H, Wang J. Current insights into the expression and functions of tumor-derived immunoglobulins. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:148. [PMID: 34226529 PMCID: PMC8257790 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported expressions of immunoglobulins (Igs) in many human tumor tissues and cells. Tumor-derived Igs have displayed multiple significant functions which are different from classical Igs produced by B lymphocytes and plasma cells. This review will concentrate on major progress in expressions, functions, and mechanisms of tumor-derived Igs, similarities and differences between tumor-derived Igs and B-cell-derived Igs. We also discuss the future research directions of tumor-derived Igs, including their structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, mechanisms for rearrangement and expression regulation, signaling pathways involved, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Anna Nong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Haoming Hua
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Shulin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Xiangsheng Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China
| | - Juping Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, 533000, Baise, China.
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Novel roles and therapeutic targets of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein 1-induced oncogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Med 2015; 17:e15. [PMID: 26282825 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was first discovered 50 years ago as an oncogenic gamma-1 herpesvirus and infects more than 90% of the worldwide adult population. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) poses a serious health problem in southern China and is one of the most common cancers among the Chinese. There is now strong evidence supporting a role for EBV in the pathogenesis of NPC. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), a primary oncoprotein encoded by EBV, alters several functional and oncogenic properties, including transformation, cell death and survival in epithelial cells in NPC. LMP1 may increase protein modification, such as phosphorylation, and initiate aberrant signalling via derailed activation of host adaptor molecules and transcription factors. Here, we summarise the novel features of different domains of LMP1 and several new LMP1-mediated signalling pathways in NPC. When then focus on the potential roles of LMP1 in cancer stem cells, metabolism reprogramming, epigenetic modifications and therapy strategies in NPC.
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Duan Z, Zheng H, Xu S, Jiang Y, Liu H, Li M, Hu D, Li W, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Activation of the Ig Iα1 promoter by the transcription factor Ets-1 triggers Ig Iα1-Cα1 germline transcription in epithelial cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 11:197-205. [PMID: 24185710 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are known to be synthesized and secreted only by B lymphocytes. Class switch recombination (CSR) is a key event that enables B cells to express Igs, and one of the crucial steps for CSR initiation is the germline transcription of Ig genes. Surprisingly, recent studies have demonstrated that the Ig genes are also expressed in some epithelial cancer cells; however, the mechanisms underlying how cancer cells initiate CSR and express Igs are still unknown. In this study, we confirmed that the Ig Iα1 promoter in cancer cell lines was activated by the Ets-1 transcription factor, and the activity of the Ig Iα1 promoter and Ig Iα1-Cα1 germline transcription were attenuated after knockdown of Ets-1 by specific small interfering RNAs (siRNA). Furthermore, the expression of Ets-1 and Igα heavy chain in cancer cells was dose dependently upregulated by TGF-β1. These results indicate that activation of the Ig Iα1 promoter by the transcription factor Ets-1 is a critical pathway and provides a novel mechanism for Ig expression in non-B cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Duan
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - San Xu
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Haidan Liu
- Center of Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Duosha Hu
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Li
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China [4] The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- 1] Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China [3] Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
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4
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Li M, Zheng H, Duan Z, Liu H, Hu D, Bode A, Dong Z, Cao Y. Promotion of cell proliferation and inhibition of ADCC by cancerous immunoglobulin expressed in cancer cell lines. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:54-61. [PMID: 22036905 PMCID: PMC4002931 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the significance of cancerous immunoglobulin (Ig) in cancer cell growth, HeLa cervical cancer cells were stably transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) that specifically, efficiently and consistently silences the expression of heavy chain genes of all immunoglobulin isotypes. This stable cell line was used to examine cell viability, colony formation and tumor growth in athymic nude mice. The results of these experiments indicated that siRNA-mediated knockdown of cancerous Ig inhibited cell growth in vitro and suppressed tumor cell growth in immune-deficient nude mice in vivo. Similarly, this siRNA also inhibited the growth of MGC gastric cancer cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the presence of cancerous Ig specifically reduced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) induced by an anti-human epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that the cancerous Ig-Fc receptor interaction inhibits natural killer cell (or NK cell) effector function. The prevalent expression of Ig in human carcinomas and its capacity to promote growth and inhibit immunity might have important implications in growth regulation and targeted therapy for human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Escape/drug effects
- Tumor Escape/genetics
- Tumor Escape/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, China
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Hu D, Duan Z, Li M, Jiang Y, Liu H, Zheng H, Li L, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Heterogeneity of aberrant immunoglobulin expression in cancer cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:479-85. [PMID: 21860405 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2011.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that immunoglobulin (Ig) is 'unexpectedly' expressed by epithelial cancer cells and that it can promote tumor growth. The main purpose of this study was to explore the components of the cancerous Ig and its possible function. The presence of cancerous Ig in the Golgi apparatus was confirmed by immunofluorescence, indirectly suggesting that the cancerous Ig was processed and packaged in cancer cells. Western blot analysis and ELISA results indicated that cancer cells produced membrane Ig and secreted Ig into the supernatant fraction. The cancerous Ig consists of an α heavy chain and a κ light chain. Finally, by analyzing the Ig components pulled down by protein A beads, the cancerous Ig was found to be structurally distinct from normal Ig. The cancerous Ig was truncated or aberrant. Although the underlying mechanism that causes the abnormalities has not been determined, our current discoveries strengthen our previous findings and promise fruitful future explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duosha Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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6
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Zheng H, Li M, Ren W, Zeng L, Liu HD, Hu D, Deng X, Tang M, Shi Y, Gong J, Cao Y. Expression and secretion of immunoglobulin alpha heavy chain with diverse VDJ recombinations by human epithelial cancer cells. Mol Immunol 2006; 44:2221-7. [PMID: 17174398 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Generally, only B lymphocytes express immunoglobulin. Recently, we found the expression of Ig alpha heavy chain in human epithelial cancer cells unexpectedly. We first detected Ig VDJ-Calpha and Ialpha-Calpha transcripts in multiple cancer cell lines. Further, the configuration of the Ig heavy chain genomic locus was analyzed in human cancer cells. We found that cancer cells have the recombination VDJ region, but bear Ig Salpha region in germline configuration, which is different from Ig expression pattern in B cells. And human epithelial cancers possess the essential effectors including RAG-1 and RAG-2, but not activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) protein. These provide further proofs for Ig alpha expression. In addition, we found that human cancer cells not only express the protein of Ig alpha chain, but also secrete the protein in secretory IgA (SIgA) pattern. Importantly, diverse CDR3 recombinations were found in human cancer cells of different epithelial origin. Since IgA is the key immunoglobulin which contributes to local immunity of mucous membrane, the aberrant expression of Ig alpha heavy chain might increase our further comprehension to development and immunity of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya Medicine School, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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Musholt TJ, Brehm C, Hanack J, von Wasielewski R, Musholt PB. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas With and Without Rearrangements of the Tyrosine Kinase Receptors RET and/or NTRK1. J Surg Res 2006; 131:15-25. [PMID: 16256137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 08/07/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transforming capacities of RET and/or NTRK1 chimeric oncogenes as well as the molecular background of non-rearranged papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) remain to be elucidated. To assess altered gene expression, we examined PTCs with and without tyrosine kinase receptor rearrangements by mRNA differential display (DD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six of 13 PTCs examined harbored RET chimeras (3x RET/PTC1, 1x RET/PTC3) and/or NTRK1 chimeras (2x trk, 1x TRK-T3, 2 unknown TRK hybrids). The method of DD analysis was refined by a novel fragment-recovery technique using a high-performance fluorescence scanner. RESULTS Of 500 up- or down-regulated mRNA transcripts, 19 selected fragments were recovered, cloned, sequenced, and identified. The accuracy and high degree of reproducibility of the method was demonstrated. Differential expression of gene products with potential association to cell proliferation or tumor progression was observed, such as 14-3-3beta and Rab27a. Moreover, several gene products with unknown functions were demonstrated in PTCs bearing RET or NTRK1 hybrids versus rearrangement-negative PTCs, including a homologue of the Ig kappa light chain constant region. CONCLUSIONS Candidate transcripts with presumed tumorigenic potential in other solid tumors may prove to be relevant in the progression of PTCs, too. Most promising is the isolation of several differentially expressed, yet unknown, genes that may open new insights in the pathogenesis or progression of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Musholt
- Endocrine Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Ren W, Zheng H, Li M, Deng L, Li XL, Pan KF, Lu YY, Cao Y. A functional single nucleotide polymorphism site detected in nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated transforming gene Tx. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 157:49-52. [PMID: 15676147 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tx is a transforming gene cloned from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line CNE2. Sequence analysis revealed that Tx encoded an aberrant immunoglobulin kappa light chain, which is abnormally expressed in epithelial tumor cells and plays an important role in nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis confirmed the presence of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site in the Tx gene as matched to the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project SNP clusters database, which predicted 8 candidate SNP sites. Distribution of the confirmed SNP site in the genomes of healthy individuals and NPC patients was analyzed by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography. Heteroduplex genotype (GC/CG) occurred in NPC patients with a frequency significantly higher (52.44%) than that detected in healthy individuals (33.75%). In contrast, homoduplex genotype (GG) was less frequent in NPC patients (31.70%) than in normal individuals (56.25%), suggesting that heteroduplex genotype of Tx gene might be a risk factor for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110# Xiangya Road, Changsha, China, 410078
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Li M, Feng DY, Ren W, Zheng L, Zheng H, Tang M, Cao Y. Expression of immunoglobulin kappa light chain constant region in abnormal human cervical epithelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 36:2250-7. [PMID: 15313470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally believed that, under normal conditions, the only source of immunoglobulin is mature B lymphocytes, we recently found several epithelium-derived carcinoma cell lines also express immunolglobulin-like protein. We extended our study to biopsy samples of human cervical tissues with various epithelial lesions. By in situ hybridization, we only detected a low level of mRNA for the immunoglobulin kappa light chain constant region in epithelia with cervicitis. However, in epithelia with dysplasia and carcinoma, the expression of mRNA for the kappa constant region was markedly increased. There was no significant difference in the level of mRNA for the kappa constant region between epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma. The aberrant expression of immunoglobulin kappa light chain constant region in dysplastic and cancerous cervical epithelial cells may serve as a marker for malignant cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Road #88, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
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Huang Z, Desper R, Schäffer AA, Yin Z, Li X, Yao K. Construction of tree models for pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 40:307-15. [PMID: 15188453 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a multistep and multipathway process that cannot be fully explained by a fixed linear progression model. We used distance-based and branching-tree methods to construct more general tree-like models for NPC carcinogenesis from 170 comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) samples previously published in five smaller studies. Imbalances were classified into "overlap regions," each containing the most commonly gained or lost band on each chromosome arm as well as adjacent bands that were gained or lost almost as often. The chromosome abnormalities associated with NPC were -3p26-13 (48.9%), -11q22-25 (38.1%), -16q12-24 (38.1%), -14q24-32 (32.4%), -13q21-32 (22.3%), -9p23-21(21.6%), +12p12 (46%), +12q13-15 (43.9%), +1q22-32 (33.1%), +3q13.1-26.2 (30.2%), and +8q22.1-24.2 (27.3%). NPC can be classified into two groups, one marked by +12p12 and +8q22.1-24.2 and the other by -3p26-13, -11q22-25, -14q24-32, and +1q22-32. The tree models predicted -3p26-13 and +12p12 as early events and +8q22.1-24.2 as a late event. The predictions for -3p26-13 and +8q22.1-24.2 were consistent with previous studies. The prediction for +12p12 is being reported for the first time. Many known NPC-related genes on chromosomal regions of these tree models are discussed, some of which may merit additional study. The potential applications of tree models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxi Huang
- Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Hu JB, Zheng S, Deng YC. Expression of a novel immunoglobulin gene SNC73 in human cancer and non-cancerous tissues. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:1054-7. [PMID: 12717855 PMCID: PMC4611371 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i5.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of immunoglobulin gene SNC73 in malignant tumors and non-cancerous normal tissues.
METHODS: Expression level of SNC73 in tumors and non-cancerous tissues from the same patient was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR-ELISA) in 90 cases of malignant tumors, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and liver cancer. Analysis on the correlation of SNC73 expression with sex, age, site, grade of differentiation, depth of invasion, and metastases in colorectal cancer patients was made.
RESULTS: Expression level of SNC73 in non-cancerous colorectal mucosa and colorectal cancerous tissues was 1.234 ± 0.842 and 0.737 ± 0.731, respectively (P < 0.01), with the mean ratio of 7.134 ± 14.092 (range, 0.36-59.54). Expression of SNC73 showed no significant difference among gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and liver cancer when compared with non-cancerous tissues (P > 0.05). No correlation was found between SNC73 expression level and various clinicopathological factors, including sex, age, site, grade of differentiation, depth of invasion and metastases of CRC patients.
CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of SNC73 expression may be a relatively specific phenomenon in colorectal cancer. SNC73 is a potential genetic marker for the carcinongenesis of colorectal cancer. The relationship of SNC73 expression and carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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