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Leahey AM, Shields CL. Chronic myeloid leukemia versus acute myeloid leukemia in patients with retinoblastoma. Oman J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:134-135. [PMID: 34880571 PMCID: PMC8597818 DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_241_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Leahey
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol L. Shields
- Ocular Oncology Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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de Oliveira Ribeiro H, Cortez AP, de Ávila RI, da Silva ACG, de Carvalho FS, Menegatti R, Lião LM, Valadares MC. Small-molecule MDM2 inhibitor LQFM030-induced apoptosis in p53-null K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:444-457. [PMID: 32011031 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our group designed and synthesized the N-phenyl-piperazine LQFM030 [1-(4-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl) piperazin-1-yl) ethanone], a small molecule derived from molecular simplification of the Nutlin-1, an inhibitor of the human homologue of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein that is expressed in several types of cancer. To better investigate the effects of LQFM030 regarding the p53 mutation status, this study investigated the antiproliferative activity of LQFM030 against the p53-null K562 leukemia cells as well as the cell death pathways involved. In addition, the effects of LQFM030 on the levels of the p53/MDM2 complex were also carried out using 3T3 cells as a p53 wild-type model. Our data suggest that LQFM030 triggered apoptosis in K562 cells via different mechanisms including cell cycle arrest, caspase activation, reduction of mitochondrial activity, decrease in MDM2 expression, and transcriptional modulation of MDMX, p73, MYC, and NF-ĸB. Additionally, it promoted effects in p53/MDM2 binding in p53 wild-type 3T3 cells. Therefore, LQFM030 has antiproliferative effects in cancer cells by a p53 mutation status-independent manner with different signaling pathways. These findings open new perspectives to the treatment of leukemic cells considering the resistance development associated with cancer treatment with conventional cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higor de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Alane Pereira Cortez
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Artur Christian Garcia da Silva
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Flávio Silva de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
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Mechanisms of Disease Progression and Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246141. [PMID: 31817512 PMCID: PMC6940932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which encodes a constitutive active tyrosine kinase considered to be the pathogenic driver capable of initiating and maintaining the disease. Despite the remarkable efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting BCR-ABL1, some patients may not respond (primary resistance) or may relapse after an initial response (secondary resistance). In a small proportion of cases, development of resistance is accompanied or shortly followed by progression from chronic to blastic phase (BP), characterized by a dismal prognosis. Evolution from CP into BP is a multifactorial and probably multistep phenomenon. Increase in BCR-ABL1 transcript levels is thought to promote the onset of secondary chromosomal or genetic defects, induce differentiation arrest, perturb RNA transcription, editing and translation that together with epigenetic and metabolic changes may ultimately lead to the expansion of highly proliferating, differentiation-arrested malignant cells. A multitude of studies over the past two decades have investigated the mechanisms underlying the closely intertwined phenomena of drug resistance and disease progression. Here, we provide an update on what is currently known on the mechanisms underlying progression and present the latest acquisitions on BCR-ABL1-independent resistance and leukemia stem cell persistence.
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Zhang Z, Chen Z, Jiang M, Liu S, Guo Y, Wan L, Li F. Heterogeneous BCR-ABL1 signal patterns identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization are associated with leukemic clonal evolution and poorer prognosis in BCR-ABL1 positive leukemia. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:935. [PMID: 31594548 PMCID: PMC6781398 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although extensive use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has resulted in high and durable response rate and prolonged survival time in patients with BCR-ABL1 positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute leukemia, relapse and drug resistance still remain big challenges for clinicians. Monitoring the expression of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene and identifying ABL kinase mutations are effective means to predict disease relapse and resistance. However, the prognostic impact of BCR-ABL1 signal patterns detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) remains largely unaddressed. Methods BCR-ABL1 signal patterns were analyzed using FISH in 243 CML-chronic phase (CML-CP), 17 CML-blast phase (CML-BP) and 52 BCR-ABL1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Results The patterns of BCR-ABL1 signals presented complexity and diversity. A total of 12 BCR-ABL1 signals were observed in this cohort, including 1R1G2F, 1R1G1F, 2R1G1F, 1R2G1F, 2R2G1F, 1R2G2F, 1R1G3F, 1G3F, 2G3F, 1G4F, 1R1G4F and 1R4F. Complex BCR-ABL1 signal patterns (≥ two types of signal patterns) were observed in 52.9% (n = 9) of the CML-BP patients, followed by 30.8% (n = 16) of the ALL patients and only 2.1% (n = 5) of the CML-CP patients. More importantly, five clonal evolution patterns related to disease progression and relapse were observed, and patients with complex BCR-ABL1 signal patterns had a poorer overall survival (OS) time compared with those with single patterns (5.0 vs.15.0 months, p = 0.006). Conclusions Our data showed that complex BCR-ABL1 signal patterns were associated with leukemic clonal evolution and poorer prognosis in BCR-ABL1 positive leukemia. Monitoring BCR-ABL1 signal patterns might be an effective means to provide prognostic guidance and treatment choices for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330006, China.,Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mei Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Lagen Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Hematology, Academy of Clinical Medicine of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330006, China. .,Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Street, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China. .,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis and Precision Medicine, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Behzad MM, Shahrabi S, Jaseb K, Bertacchini J, Ketabchi N, Saki N. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Cell Fate Control, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Response. Biochem Genet 2018; 56:149-175. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
DNA mutations are inevitable. Despite proficient DNA repair mechanisms, somatic cells accumulate mutations during development and aging, generating cells with different genotypes within the same individual, a phenomenon known as somatic mosaicism. While the existence of somatic mosaicism has long been recognized, in the last five years, advances in sequencing have provided unprecedented resolution to characterize the extent and nature of somatic genetic variation. Collectively, these new studies are revealing a previously uncharacterized aging phenotype: the accumulation of clones with cancer driver mutations. Here, we summarize the most recent findings, which converge in the novel notion that cancer-associated mutations are prevalent in normal tissue and accumulate with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Risques
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang X, Liu R, Huang B, Zhang X, Yu W, Bao C, Li J, Sun C. Programmed cell death 4 and BCR-ABL fusion gene expression are negatively correlated in chronic myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2976-2981. [PMID: 27698886 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) is a tumor suppressor that inhibits carcinogenesis, tumor progression and invasion by preventing gene transcription and translation. Downregulation of PDCD4 expression has been identified in multiple types of human cancer, however, to date, the function of PDCD4 in leukemia has not been investigated. In the present study, PDCD4 mRNA and protein expression was investigated in 50 patients exhibiting various phases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and 20 healthy individuals by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. PDCD4 expression and cell proliferation was also investigated following treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, in K562 cells. The results demonstrated that PDCD4 mRNA and protein expression was decreased in all CML samples when compared with healthy controls, who expressed high levels of PDCD4 mRNA and protein. No significant differences in PDCD4 expression were identified between chronic phase, accelerated phase and blast phase CML patients. In addition, PDCD4 expression was negatively correlated with BCR-ABL gene expression (r=-0.6716; P<0.001). Furthermore, K562 cells treated with imatinib exhibited significantly enhanced PDCD4 expression. These results indicate that downregulation of PDCD4 expression may exhibit a critical function in the progression and malignant proliferation of human CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Riming Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Baohua Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Weijuan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Cuixia Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Chengming Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Carter BZ, Mak PY, Mak DH, Ruvolo VR, Schober W, McQueen T, Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Champlin RE, Konopleva M, Andreeff M. Synergistic effects of p53 activation via MDM2 inhibition in combination with inhibition of Bcl-2 or Bcr-Abl in CD34+ proliferating and quiescent chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:30487-99. [PMID: 26431162 PMCID: PMC4741546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase regulates several Bcl-2 family proteins that confer resistance to apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Given p53's ability to modulate the expression and activity of Bcl-2 family members, we hypothesized that targeting Bcr-Abl, Bcl-2, and p53 concomitantly could have therapeutic benefits in blast crisis (BC) CML and in quiescent CML CD34+ cells that are insensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We examined the effects of the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin3a and its combination with the dual Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-737, and the Bcr-Abl inhibitor nilotinib on BC CML patient samples. We found that in quiescent CD34+ progenitors, p53 expression is significantly lower, and MDM2 is higher, compared to their proliferating counterparts. Treatment with nutlin3a induced apoptosis in bulk and CD34+CD38- cells, and in both proliferating and quiescent CD34+ progenitor CML cells. Nutlin3a synergized with ABT-737 and nilotinib, in part by inducing pro-apoptotic, and suppressing anti-apoptotic, Bcl-2 proteins. Nilotinib inhibited the expression of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in BC CML cells. These results demonstrate that p53 activation by MDM2 blockade can sensitize BC CML cells, including quiescent CD34+ cells, to Bcl-2 inhibitor- and TKI-induced apoptosis. This novel strategy could be useful in the therapy of BC CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Po Yee Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Duncan H Mak
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Vivian R Ruvolo
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wendy Schober
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa McQueen
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jorge Cortes
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hagop M Kantarjian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Andreeff
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Soverini S, de Benedittis C, Mancini M, Martinelli G. Mutations in the BCR-ABL1 Kinase Domain and Elsewhere in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2016; 15 Suppl:S120-8. [PMID: 26297264 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been the first human malignancy to be associated, more than 50 years ago, with a consistent chromosomal abnormality--the t(9;22)(q34;q11) chromosomal translocation. The resulting BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, encoding a tyrosine kinase with deregulated activity, has a central role in the pathogenesis of CML. Ancestral or additional genetic events necessary for CML to develop have long been hypothesized but never really demonstrated. CML can successfully be treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Mutations in the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain might arise, however, that confer resistance to 1 or more of the currently available TKIs. Hence, the critical role of BCR-ABL1 mutation screening for optimal therapeutic management, with the current gold standard technique, conventional sequencing, likely to be replaced soon by ultra-deep sequencing. Mutations in genes other than BCR-ABL1 include ASXL1, TET2, RUNX1, DNMT3A, EZH2, and TP53 in chronic phase patients and RUNX1, ASXL1, IKZF1, WT1, TET2, NPM1, IDH1, IDH2, NRAS, KRAS, CBL, TP53, CDKN2A, RB1, and GATA-2 mutations in advanced phase patients. The latter also display additional cytogenetic abnormalities, including submicroscopic regions of gain or loss that only single nucleotide polymorphism arrays or array comparative genomic hybridization can detect. Whether whole genome/exome sequencing studies will uncover novel mutations relevant for pathogenesis, progression, and risk-adapted therapy is still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Soverini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Caterina de Benedittis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Mancini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Perrone S, Massaro F, Alimena G, Breccia M. How has treatment changed for blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era? A review of efficacy and safety. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:1517-26. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1190335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Vidović A, Janković G, Čolović M, Tomin D, Peruničić M, Bila J, Marković O, Bošković D. The proto-oncogene expression varies over the course of chronic myeloid leukemia. Hematology 2013; 13:34-40. [DOI: 10.1179/102453308x315807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vidović
- Institute of HematologyClinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Milica Čolović
- Institute of HematologyClinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Tomin
- Institute of HematologyClinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Peruničić
- Institute of HematologyClinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bila
- Institute of HematologyClinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Darinka Bošković
- Institute of HematologyClinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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Sailaja K, Rao VR, Yadav S, Reddy RR, Surekha D, Rao DN, Raghunadharao D, Vishnupriya S. Intronic SNPs of TP53 gene in chronic myeloid leukemia: Impact on drug response. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 3:182-5. [PMID: 23225982 PMCID: PMC3510914 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: TP53, located on chromosome 17p13, is one of the most mutated genes affecting many types of human cancers. Thus, we aimed at investigating the association of SNPs in TP53 gene with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Materials and Methods: A total of 236 CML and 157 control samples were analysed for mutations in TP53 gene using polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. Results: Sequencing analysis for mutations in exons 7–9 of the TP53 gene revealed four SNPs, three in intron 7 (C14181T, T14201G, and C14310T) and one SNP in intron 6 (A13463G) of TP53 gene. The mutation C14181T is located at position 72 base pairs downstream of the 3′-end of exon 7 of the P53 gene. This mutation is in complete linkage disequilibrium with a T14201G mutation, 20 base pairs further downstream occurring at position 14201. This mutation occurred only in the presence of C14181T mutation and these mutations showed association with advanced phase and cytogenetic poor response. Another two novel mutations, C14310T in intron 7 and A13463G in intron 6 were also found to be associated with cytogenetic poor response. Conclusion: Our study suggests that TP53 intronic SNPs might have a strong influence on disease progression and poor response in CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sailaja
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Mysore, India
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13
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The Retinoblastoma pathway regulates stem cell proliferation in freshwater planarians. Dev Biol 2012; 373:442-52. [PMID: 23123964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater planarians are flatworms of the Lophotrochozoan superphylum and are well known for their regenerative abilities, which rely on a large population of pluripotent adult stem cells. However, the mechanisms by which planarians maintain a precise population of adult stem cells while balancing proliferation and cell death, remain to be elucidated. Here we have identified, characterized, and functionally tested the core Retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway components in planarian adult stem cell biology. The Rb pathway is an ancient and conserved mechanism of proliferation control from plants to animals and is composed of three core components: an Rb protein, and a transcription factor heterodimer of E2F and DP proteins. Although the planarian genome contains all components of the Rb pathway, we found that they have undergone gene loss from the ancestral state, similar to other species in their phylum. The single Rb homolog (Smed-Rb) was highly expressed in planarian stem cells and was required for stem cell maintenance, similar to the Rb-homologs p107 and p130 in vertebrates. We show that planarians and their phylum have undergone the most severe reduction in E2F genes observed thus far, and the single remaining E2F was predicted to be a repressive-type E2F (Smed-E2F4-1). Knockdown of either Smed-E2F4-1 or its dimerization partner Dp (Smed-Dp) by RNAi resulted in temporary hyper-proliferation. Finally, we showed that known Rb-interacting genes in other systems, histone deacetylase 1 and cyclinD (Smed-HDAC1; Smed-cycD), were similar to Rb in expression and phenotypes when knocked down by RNAi, suggesting that these established interactions with Rb may also be conserved in planarians. Together, these results showed that planarians use the conserved components of the Rb tumor suppressor pathway to control proliferation and cell survival.
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Ernst T, Hochhaus A. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Clinical Impact of BCR-ABL1 Mutations and Other Lesions Associated With Disease Progression. Semin Oncol 2012; 39:58-66. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is inactivated in many human cancers. However, it is unknown whether PTEN functions as a tumor suppressor in human Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia that includes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and is induced by the BCR-ABL oncogene. By using our mouse model of BCR-ABL-induced leukemias, we show that Pten is down-regulated by BCR-ABL in leukemia stem cells in CML and that PTEN deletion causes acceleration of CML development. In addition, overexpression of PTEN delays the development of CML and B-ALL and prolongs survival of leukemia mice. PTEN suppresses leukemia stem cells and induces cell-cycle arrest of leukemia cells. Moreover, PTEN suppresses B-ALL development through regulating its downstream gene Akt1. These results demonstrate a critical role of PTEN in BCR-ABL-induced leukemias and suggest a potential strategy for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemia.
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Jabbour E, Fava C, Kantarjian H. Advances in the biology and therapy of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009; 22:395-407. [PMID: 19959090 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a progressive and often fatal haematopoietic neoplasm. The Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate represented a major therapeutic advance over conventional CML therapy, with more than 90% of patients obtaining complete haematologic response and 70-80% of patients achieving a complete cytogenetic response. Resistance to imatinib represents a clinical challenge and is often a result of point mutations causing a conformation change in Bcr-Abl, which impairs imatinib binding. Novel targeted agents designed to overcome imatinib resistance include dasatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib and others. Other approaches are exploring combination therapy, with agents affecting different oncogenic pathways and immune modulation. Herein, we review some of these targeted therapies, particularly those for which clinical data are already available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas, Unit 428, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Bacher U, Kern W, Schnittger S, Hiddemann W, Schoch C, Haferlach T. Blast count and cytogenetics correlate and are useful parameters for the evaluation of different phases in chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 46:357-66. [PMID: 15621825 DOI: 10.1080/10428190400013068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staging of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) phases is based on cytomorphological criteria that vary considerably between different staging systems. Thus, staging of CML is heterogeneous and causes problems with respect to the comparison of therapeutical strategies and clinical outcome. We evaluated 59 patients with CML in different stages of the disease. In order to define which cytomorphological parameters correlate with cytogenetics we investigated cytomorphology and cytogenetics in parallel in all cases. As a result, bone marrow blast count demonstrated a highly significant correlation with the respective cytogenetic results of the patients and was clearly linked to the frequency and complexity of clonal evolution. We therefore propose to focus staging systems of CML on the correlation of the percentage of bone marrow blasts and the cytogenetic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Bacher
- Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department for Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Grossharden, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Jabbour E, Cortes J, Kantarjian H. Treatment selection after imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Target Oncol 2009; 4:3-10. [PMID: 19343297 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-008-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a progressive and often fatal malignancy of the blood. The harbinger of CML is a chromosomal translocation that results in the synthesis of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. The advent of imatinib, an inhibitor targeted specifically for BCR-ABL, represented a significant medical advance in CML therapy. However, patients with CML can exhibit varying responses to first-line treatment with imatinib. While most patients respond to treatment, some may experience a loss of response or require treatment discontinuation due to toxicity. Frequent monitoring for resistance or intolerance is a requirement for recognition of suboptimal response. Mutational analysis of the patient's BCR-ABL alleles is also informative and may be predictive of a response to therapy. Published physician guidelines have highlighted these recommendations, but it is not clear if these guidelines are universally followed. One option in patients showing poor response to standard-dose imatinib of 400 mg is to escalate the dose. However, this option should be reserved for patients with minimal disease burden. Clinically available options mainly include second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as dasatinib and nilotinib. Allogenic stem cell transplantations (for eligible patients) also should be considered. The disease and patient characteristics at the time of imatinib failure should be evaluated before choosing second-line therapy to optimize the therapeutic benefit without unnecessary delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Jabbour
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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19
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor gene is functionally inactivated in a broad range of paediatric and adult cancers, and a plethora of cellular functions and partners have been identified for the RB protein. Data from human tumours and studies from mouse models indicate that loss of RB function contributes to both cancer initiation and progression. However, we still do not know the identity of the cell types in which RB normally prevents cancer initiation in vivo, and the specific functions of RB that suppress distinct aspects of the tumorigenic process are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Burkhart
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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20
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Jabbour E, El Ahdab S, Cortes J, Kantarjian H. Nilotinib: a novel Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of leukemias. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1127-36. [PMID: 18549348 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.17.7.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The successful introduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors has initiated a new era in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib mesilate therapy has significantly improved the prognosis of CML. A minority of patients in chronic-phase CML--and more patients in advanced phases--are resistant to imatinib, or develop resistance during treatment. This is attributed, in 40-50% of cases, to the development of mutations in the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase domain that impair imatinib binding. Nilotinib (Tasigna) is a novel potent selective oral kinase inhibitor. Preclinical and clinical investigations demonstrate that nilotinib effectively overcomes imatinib resistance, and has induced high rates of hematologic and cytogenetic responses in CML post imatinib failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Jabbour
- The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Leukemia, Unit 428, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Stoklosa T, Poplawski T, Koptyra M, Nieborowska-Skorska M, Basak G, Slupianek A, Rayevskaya M, Seferynska I, Herrera L, Blasiak J, Skorski T. BCR/ABL inhibits mismatch repair to protect from apoptosis and induce point mutations. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2576-80. [PMID: 18413724 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BCR/ABL kinase-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells display genomic instability leading to point mutations in various genes including bcr/abl and p53, eventually causing resistance to imatinib and malignant progression of the disease. Mismatch repair (MMR) is responsible for detecting misincorporated nucleotides, resulting in excision repair before point mutations occur and/or induction of apoptosis to avoid propagation of cells carrying excessive DNA lesions. To assess MMR activity in CML, we used an in vivo assay using the plasmid substrate containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene corrupted by T:G mismatch in the start codon; therefore, MMR restores EGFP expression. The efficacy of MMR was reduced approximately 2-fold in BCR/ABL-positive cell lines and CD34(+) CML cells compared with normal counterparts. MMR was also challenged by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), which generates O(6)-methylguanine and O(4)-methylthymine recognized by MMR system. Impaired MMR activity in leukemia cells was associated with better survival, accumulation of p53 but not of p73, and lack of activation of caspase 3 after MNNG treatment. In contrast, parental cells displayed accumulation of p53, p73, and activation of caspase 3, resulting in cell death. Ouabain-resistance test detecting mutations in the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase was used to investigate the effect of BCR/ABL kinase-mediated inhibition of MMR on mutagenesis. BCR/ABL-positive cells surviving the treatment with MNNG displayed approximately 15-fold higher mutation frequency than parental counterparts and predominantly G:C-->A:T and A:T-->G:C mutator phenotype typical for MNNG-induced unrepaired lesions. In conclusion, these results suggest that BCR/ABL kinase abrogates MMR activity to inhibit apoptosis and induce mutator phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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22
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) can be considered as a paradigm for neoplasias that evolve through a multi-step process. CML is also one of the best examples of a disease that can be targeted by molecular therapy; however, the success of new 'designer drugs' is largely restricted to the chronic phase of the disease. If not cured at this stage, CML invariably progresses and transforms into an acute-type leukaemia undergoing a 'blast crisis'. The causes of this transformation are still poorly understood. What mechanisms underlie this progression, and are they shared by other common cancers?
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia V Melo
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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23
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The clinical challenge of imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia: emerging strategies with new targeted agents. Target Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11523-006-0032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Hosoya N, Sanada M, Nannya Y, Nakazaki K, Wang L, Hangaishi A, Kurokawa M, Chiba S, Ogawa S. Genomewide screening of DNA copy number changes in chronic myelogenous leukemia with the use of high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 45:482-94. [PMID: 16425296 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) evolves from an indolent chronic phase (CP) characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome. Without effective therapy, it progresses to an accelerated phase (AP) and eventually to a fatal blast crisis (BC). To identify the genes involved in stage progression in CML, we performed a genomewide screening of DNA copy number changes in a total of 55 CML patients in different stages with the use of the high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) technique. We constructed Human 1M arrays that contained 3,151 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNAs, allowing for an average resolution of 1.0 Mb across the entire genome. In addition to common chromosomal abnormalities, array CGH analysis unveiled a number of novel copy number changes. These alterations included losses in 2q26.2-q37.3, 5q23.1-q23.3, 5q31.2-q32, 7p21.3-p11.2, 7q31.1-q31.33, 8pter-p12(p11.2), 9p, and 22q13.1-q13.31 and gains in 3q26.2-q29, 6p22.3, 7p15.2-p14.3, 8p12, 8p21.3, 8p23.2, 8q24.13-q24.21, 9q, 19p13.2-p12, and 22q13.1-q13.32 and occurred at a higher frequency in AP and BC. Minimal copy number changes affecting even a single BAC locus were also identified. Our data suggests that at least a proportion of CML patients carry still-unknown cryptic genomic alterations that could affect a gene or genes of importance in the disease progression of CML. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hosoya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo,Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) evolves from a chronic phase characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome as the sole genetic abnormality into blast crisis, which is often associated with additional chromosomal and molecular secondary changes. Although the pathogenic effects of most CML blast crisis secondary changes are still poorly understood, ample evidence suggests that the phenotype of CML blast crisis cells (enhanced proliferation and survival, differentiation arrest) depends on cooperation of BCR/ABL with genes dysregulated during disease progression. Most genetic abnormalities of CML blast crisis have a direct or indirect effect on p53 or Rb (or both) gene activity, which are primarily required for cell proliferation and survival, but not differentiation. Thus, the differentiation arrest of CML blast crisis cells is a secondary consequence of these abnormalities or is caused by dysregulation of differentiation-regulatory genes (ie, C/EBPalpha). Validation of the critical role of certain secondary changes (ie, loss of p53 or C/EBPalpha function) in murine models of CML blast crisis and in in vitro assays of BCR/ABL transformation of human hematopoietic progenitors might lead to the development of novel therapies based on targeting BCR/ABL and inhibiting or restoring the gene activity gained or lost during disease progression (ie, p53 or C/EBPalpha).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Calabretta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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26
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Nagy E, Beck Z, Kiss A, Csoma E, Telek B, Kónya J, Oláh E, Rák K, Tóth FD. Frequent methylation of p16INK4A and p14ARF genes implicated in the evolution of chronic myeloid leukaemia from its chronic to accelerated phase. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:2298-305. [PMID: 14556920 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00552-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and mechanism of p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) gene alterations were studied in cell samples from 30 patients with Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), both at diagnosis and at the onset of the accelerated phase (AP) of the disease. No alterations in the p16(INK4A) or p14(ARF) genes were found in any of the chronic phase (CP) samples. DNA sequencing analyses detected p16(INK4A) or p14(ARF) mutations in 17 AP samples. All mutations were heterozygous without loss of the other allele. Aberrant methylation of the p16(INK4A) or p14(ARF) promoters was found in 14 of 30 AP samples. The most common situation was the simultaneous methylation of both promoters. Our data indicate that p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) are primary targets for inactivation by promoter methylation in the acceleration of CML. Transcriptional silencing of the p16(INK4A) and p14(ARF) genes may be important in the conversion of CML from the CP to the AP.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Codon
- DNA Methylation
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase/therapy
- Mutation/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4012, Debrecen, Hungary
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27
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Lee YK, Park JY, Kang HJ, Cho HC. Overexpression of p16INK4A and p14ARF in haematological malignancies. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY HAEMATOLOGY 2003; 25:233-7. [PMID: 12890162 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2257.2003.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two proteins, p16INK4A and p14ARF, originating from the same gene locus CDKN2A, use different promoters and alternative reading frames. p16INK4A is translated from alpha transcript and p14ARF is from beta transcript. These two proteins, which are inactivated in some human malignancies, are possible tumour suppressor candidates. In this study, we investigated the expression of p16INK4A and p14ARF mRNAs in haematological malignancies. We studied eight normal bone marrow samples, three reactive granulocytic hyperplasia patients, and 21 haematological malignancy patients, including seven acute myelogenous leukaemia, four acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, five myelodysplastic syndrome, five chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). p16INK4A and p14ARF mRNA expression was assayed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Normal bone marrows and reactive granulocytic hyperplasia showed barely detectable expression of either mRNA. In contrast, p16INK4A and p14ARF mRNA expression was abnormally increased in patients with haematological malignancies. Especially in CML, overexpression of p16INK4A and p14ARF mRNAs was more frequent than in controls (80 and 60%, respectively, P < 0.05). In conclusion, p16INK4A and p14ARF mRNA expression was frequently increased in haematological malignancies, especially in CML. We suggest that overexpression of these mRNAs may be related to the pathogenesis of haematological malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p16
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea.
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28
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Peller S, Rotter V. TP53 in hematological cancer: low incidence of mutations with significant clinical relevance. Hum Mutat 2003; 21:277-84. [PMID: 12619113 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the wild-type p53 gene (TP53) by various genetic alterations is a major event in human tumorigenesis. More than 60% of human primary tumors exhibit a mutation in the p53 gene. Hematological malignancies present a rather low incidence of genetic alterations in this gene (10-20%). Nevertheless, epidemiological studies of the hematological malignancies indicate that the prognosis of patients with a mutation in the p53 gene is worse than those expressing the wild-type p53 protein. Correlations between drug resistance, altered apoptosis, and mutations in the p53 gene are found in hematological malignancies and leukemias. These issues, as well as the possibility of exploiting p53 and its various functions for new therapeutic strategies, are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Peller
- Laboratory of Hematology, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin Israel.
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29
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Skorski T. BCR/ABL regulates response to DNA damage: the role in resistance to genotoxic treatment and in genomic instability. Oncogene 2002; 21:8591-604. [PMID: 12476306 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BCR/ABL regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and adhesion. In addition, BCR/ABL can induce resistance to cytostatic drugs and irradiation by modulation of DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints and Bcl-2 protein family members. Upon DNA damage BCR/ABL not only enhances reparation of DNA lesions (e.g. homologous recombination repair), but also prolongs activation of cell cycle checkpoints (e.g. G2/M) providing more time for repair of otherwise lethal lesions. Moreover, by modification of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (e.g. upregulation of Bcl-x(L)) BCR/ABL provides a cytoplasmic 'umbrella' protecting mitochondria from the 'rain' of apoptotic signals coming from the damaged DNA in the nucleus, thus preventing release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases. The unrepaired and/or aberrantly repaired (but not lethal) DNA lesions resulting from spontaneous and/or drug-induced damage can accumulate in BCR/ABL-transformed cells leading to genomic instability and malignant progression of the disease. Inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase activity by STI571 (Gleevec, imatinib mesylate) reverses drug resistance and, in combination with standard chemotherapeutics can exert strong anti-leukemia effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Skorski
- Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19122, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Over the last decade, a growing number of tumor suppressor genes have been discovered to play a role in tumorigenesis. Mutations of p53 have been found in hematological malignant diseases, but the frequency of these alterations is much lower than in solid tumors. These mutations occur especially as hematopoietic abnormalities become more malignant such as going from the chronic phase to the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. A broad spectrum of tumor suppressor gene alterations do occur in hematological malignancies, especially structural alterations of p15(INK4A), p15(INK4B) and p14(ARF) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia as well as methylation of these genes in several myeloproliferative disorders. Tumor suppressor genes are altered via different mechanisms, including deletions and point mutations, which may result in an inactive or dominant negative protein. Methylation of the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene can blunt its expression. Chimeric proteins formed by chromosomal translocations (i.e. AML1-ETO, PML-RARalpha, PLZF-RARalpha) can produce a dominant negative transcription factor that can decrease expression of tumor suppressor genes. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the involvement of tumor suppressor genes in hematopoietic malignancies including those involved in cell cycle control, apoptosis and transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utz Krug
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, CA 90048, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The majority of clonal hematologic syndromes, including lymphoproliferative, myeloproliferative, and myelodysplastic disorders, tend to undergo transformation. However, the frequency of transformation varies widely. For example, transformation is almost invariable in chronic myelogenous leukemia, but it is infrequent in other myeloproliferative disorders. Similarly, transformation occurs in approximately 33% of follicular lymphomas but less commonly in other lower-grade lymphomas. At a genetic level, although some secondary lesions are seen across the spectrum of transformation syndromes (such as loss of function of p53 and p15/p16), there is considerable intra- and interdisease variability, with no common denominator. This review of the literature will discuss these transformations, noting their frequency, pathologic changes observed, clinical syndromes described, underlying genetic correlates, and prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mintzer
- Section of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Joan Karnell Cancer Center, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
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