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Luo Y, de Gruijl FR, Vermeer MH, Tensen CP. "Next top" mouse models advancing CTCL research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1372881. [PMID: 38665428 PMCID: PMC11044687 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1372881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review systematically describes the application of in vivo mouse models in studying cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), a complex hematological neoplasm. It highlights the diverse research approaches essential for understanding CTCL's intricate pathogenesis and evaluating potential treatments. The review categorizes various mouse models, including xenograft, syngeneic transplantation, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), emphasizing their contributions to understanding tumor-host interactions, gene functions, and studies on drug efficacy in CTCL. It acknowledges the limitations of these models, particularly in fully replicating human immune responses and early stages of CTCL. The review also highlights novel developments focusing on the potential of skin-targeted GEMMs in studying natural skin lymphoma progression and interactions with the immune system from onset. In conclusion, a balanced understanding of these models' strengths and weaknesses are essential for accelerating the deciphering of CTCL pathogenesis and developing treatment methods. The GEMMs engineered to target specifically skin-homing CD4+ T cells can be the next top mouse models that pave the way for exploring the effects of CTCL-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cornelis P. Tensen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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2
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Mycosis Fungoides and Sézary Syndrome: Microenvironment and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030746. [PMID: 36765704 PMCID: PMC9913729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome are epidermotropic cutaneous lymphomas, and both of them are rare diseases. Mycosis fungoides is the most frequent primary cutaneous lymphoma. In about 25% of patients with mycosis fungoides, the disease may progress to higher stages. The pathogenesis and risk factors of progression in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome are not yet fully understood. Previous works have investigated inter- and intrapatient tumor cell heterogeneity. Here, we overview the role of the tumor microenvironment of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome by describing its key components and functions. Emphasis is put on the role of the microenvironment in promoting tumor growth or antitumor immune response, as well as possible therapeutic targets. We focus on recent advances in the field and point out treatment-related alterations of the microenvironment. Deciphering the tumor microenvironment may help to develop strategies that lead to long-term disease control and cure.
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3
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TOX Expression in Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071582. [PMID: 35885488 PMCID: PMC9316398 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are the two most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Currently, no markers can be clearly related to prognosis or to differential diagnosis between early stages and inflammatory benign diseases (IBD). The thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box factor (TOX), has been proposed as a possible marker in differential diagnosis between early CTCL stages and IBD. Recently TOX has been related to prognosis. We aimed to investigate whether TOX may be a diagnostic or prognostic marker. MF and SS biopsies between 2010 and 2020 were retrieved. New tissues slides were stained with an anti-TOX antibody, (Clone NAN448B). On each slide, 5 fields were examined at high magnification (400×), to evaluate the percentage of marker-positivity in a quantitative way. Thirty-six patients (12 females and 24 males) and 48 biopsies were collected. Nine patients had multiple biopsies. TOX expression in MF/SS cases showed an increase from early to advanced phases. TOX was not regarded as a prognostic marker due to the absence of significant changes by comparing early MF cases with reactive conditions. TOX statistical significance increased in patients alive with disease and in those dead of disease (p = 0.013 and = 0.0005, respectively) as compared with patients in complete remission. Our results show that TOX should be regarded more as a prognostic than a diagnostic marker.
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4
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Beksaç B, Gleason L, Baik S, Ringe JM, Porcu P, Nikbakht N. Dermal fibroblasts promote cancer cell proliferation and exhibit fibronectin overexpression in early mycosis fungoides. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:53-60. [PMID: 35331619 PMCID: PMC9133159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycosis fungoides (MF) is caused by proliferation of malignant T-cells in the skin and may progress to involve blood, lymph nodes, and viscera. While the skin microenvironment is essential for the initiation and progression of MF in early stages, little is known about the impact of skin stroma on the growth and survival of malignant lymphocytes. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of dermal fibroblasts and their product, fibronectin, on the survival and proliferation of malignant MF cells. METHODS Fibroblasts and malignant MF CD4 T-cells were isolated from skin of patients with early-stage MF. Fibroblast-lymphocyte co-culture experiments and lymphocyte cultures on fibronectin-coated plates were established utilizing the cells derived from lesional skin, blood, and MF cell lines. The survival and proliferation rates of lymphocytes were assessed via Annexin V and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester assays respectively. Additionally, integrin and fibronectin expressions in MF skin were assessed via immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that dermal fibroblasts increased the proliferation rates of MF cells, but not normal skin or blood CD4 T-cells. However, fibroblasts did not rescue MF cells from apoptosis in co-cultures. In MF skin, we found an overexpression of a fibronectin isoform not normally found in healthy skin. MF cells expressed fibronectin-binding integrins and adhered to fibronectin but did not exhibit adhesion-mediated survival via fibronectin-integrin interactions. CONCLUSION Overall, our results suggest a direct role for fibroblasts, independent of fibronectin-mediated adhesion, in promoting MF cell proliferation. These findings have implications in understanding and targeting the malignant skin stromal microenvironment in cutaneous lymphomas.
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5
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Roccuzzo G, Giordano S, Fava P, Pileri A, Guglielmo A, Tonella L, Sanlorenzo M, Ribero S, Fierro MT, Quaglino P. Immune Check Point Inhibitors in Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: Biologic Rationale, Clinical Results and Future Perspectives. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733770. [PMID: 34485162 PMCID: PMC8415544 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (PCTCL) are the most common types of cutaneous lymphomas, with Mycosis fungoides as the most frequent subtype. Besides early stages which usually have a good prognosis, advanced stages remain a great therapeutic challenge with low survival rates. To date, none of the currently available therapeutic options have significantly improved the outcomes of advanced cutaneous lymphomas. Recent studies have demonstrated that immune-checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, play part in the proliferation pathways of neoplastic T-cells, as well as in other tumors. Hence, the potential role of immune-checkpoint-inhibitors in treating cutaneous lymphomas has been investigated in the last years. Herein, we outline the current knowledge regarding the role of immune-checkpoint molecules in PCTCL, their signaling pathways, microenvironment and therapeutic inhibition rationale. Moreover, we review the published data on immunotherapies in PCTCL and summarize the currently ongoing clinical trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Roccuzzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fava
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pileri
- Dermatology-IRCCS Policlinico di Sant'Orsola Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alba Guglielmo
- Dermatology-IRCCS Policlinico di Sant'Orsola Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Tonella
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Sanlorenzo
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Fierro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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6
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Stolearenco V, Namini MRJ, Hasselager SS, Gluud M, Buus TB, Willerslev-Olsen A, Ødum N, Krejsgaard T. Cellular Interactions and Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:851. [PMID: 33015047 PMCID: PMC7498821 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) comprises a group of lymphoproliferative diseases characterized by the accumulation of malignant T cells in chronically inflamed skin lesions. In early stages, the disease presents as skin patches or plaques covering a limited area of the skin and normally follows an indolent course. However, in a subset of patients the cutaneous lesions develop into tumors and the malignant T cells may spread to the lymphatic system, blood and internal organs with fatal consequences. Despite intensive research, the mechanisms driving disease progression remain incompletely understood. While most studies have focused on cancer cell-intrinsic oncogenesis, such as genetic and epigenetic events driving malignant transformation and disease progression, an increasing body of evidence shows that the interplay between malignant T cells and non-malignant cells plays a crucial role. Here, we outline some of the emerging mechanisms by which tumor, stromal and epidermal interactions may contribute to the progression of CTCL with particular emphasis on the crosstalk between fibroblasts, keratinocytes and malignant T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Stolearenco
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin R J Namini
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri S Hasselager
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Gluud
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Terkild B Buus
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Demina OM, Akilov OE, Rumyantsev AG. Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: modern data of pathogenesis, clinics and therapy. ONCOHEMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.17650/1818-8346-2018-13-3-25-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas that are characterized by skin infiltration with malignant monoclonal T lymphocytes. More common in adults aged 55 to 60 years, the annual incidence is about 0.5 per 100 000 people. Mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome and CD30+ lymphoproliferative diseases are the main subtypes of CTCL. To date, CTCL have a complex concept of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. The article presented summary data on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. M. Demina
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - O. E. Akilov
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Lymphoma Clinics
| | - A. G. Rumyantsev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russia
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8
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Sakamoto M, Miyagaki T, Kamijo H, Oka T, Takahashi N, Suga H, Yoshizaki A, Asano Y, Sugaya M, Sato S. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor A levels reflect itch severity in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. J Dermatol 2017; 45:95-99. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minami Sakamoto
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomomitsu Miyagaki
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamijo
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Naomi Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiraku Suga
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Dermatology; International University of Health and Welfare; Chiba Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology; University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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9
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10
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Malignant inflammation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-a hostile takeover. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:269-282. [PMID: 27717961 PMCID: PMC5368200 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0594-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are characterized by the presence of chronically inflamed skin lesions containing malignant T cells. Early disease presents as limited skin patches or plaques and exhibits an indolent behavior. For many patients, the disease never progresses beyond this stage, but in approximately one third of patients, the disease becomes progressive, and the skin lesions start to expand and evolve. Eventually, overt tumors develop and the malignant T cells may disseminate to the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and visceral organs, often with a fatal outcome. The transition from early indolent to progressive and advanced disease is accompanied by a significant shift in the nature of the tumor-associated inflammation. This shift does not appear to be an epiphenomenon but rather a critical step in disease progression. Emerging evidence supports that the malignant T cells take control of the inflammatory environment, suppressing cellular immunity and anti-tumor responses while promoting a chronic inflammatory milieu that fuels their own expansion. Here, we review the inflammatory changes associated with disease progression in CTCL and point to their wider relevance in other cancer contexts. We further define the term "malignant inflammation" as a pro-tumorigenic inflammatory environment orchestrated by the tumor cells and discuss some of the mechanisms driving the development of malignant inflammation in CTCL.
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11
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Lauenborg B, Christensen L, Ralfkiaer U, Kopp KL, Jønson L, Dabelsteen S, Bonefeld CM, Geisler C, Gjerdrum LMR, Zhang Q, Wasik MA, Ralfkiaer E, Ødum N, Woetmann A. Malignant T cells express lymphotoxin α and drive endothelial activation in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15235-49. [PMID: 25915535 PMCID: PMC4558148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin α (LTα) plays a key role in the formation of lymphatic vasculature and secondary lymphoid structures. Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is the most common primary lymphoma of the skin and in advanced stages, malignant T cells spreads through the lymphatic to regional lymph nodes to internal organs and blood. Yet, little is known about the mechanism of the CTCL dissemination. Here, we show that CTCL cells express LTα in situ and that LTα expression is driven by aberrantly activated JAK3/STAT5 pathway. Importantly, via TNF receptor 2, LTα functions as an autocrine factor by stimulating expression of IL-6 in the malignant cells. LTα and IL-6, together with VEGF promote angiogenesis by inducing endothelial cell sprouting and tube formation. Thus, we propose that LTα plays a role in malignant angiogenesis and disease progression in CTCL and may serve as a therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Lauenborg
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Christensen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Ralfkiaer
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina L Kopp
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Jønson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elisabeth Ralfkiaer
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ødum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Nicolay JP, Felcht M, Schledzewski K, Goerdt S, Géraud C. Sézary syndrome: old enigmas, new targets. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016; 14:256-64. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Nicolay
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
- Department of Immunogenetics; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Moritz Felcht
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Kai Schledzewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
| | - Cyrill Géraud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim; University of Heidelberg; Mannheim Germany
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13
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Nicolay JP, Felcht M, Schledzewski K, Goerdt S, Géraud C. Sézary-Syndrom: von ungelösten Fragen zu neuen Therapieansätzen. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12900_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Nicolay
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim Deutschland
- Abteilung für Immungenetik; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Moritz Felcht
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Kai Schledzewski
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Sergij Goerdt
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim Deutschland
| | - Cyrill Géraud
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Mannheim und Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg; Mannheim Deutschland
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14
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Emami-Naeini P, Dohlman TH, Omoto M, Hattori T, Chen Y, Lee HS, Chauhan SK, Dana R. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 suppresses allosensitization and promotes corneal allograft survival. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1755-62. [PMID: 25091513 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of VEGF-C and VEGF-D blockade via soluble VEGFR-3 (sVEGFR-3) on T cell allosensitization, corneal neovascularization, and transplant survival. METHODS Corneal intrastromal suture placement and allogeneic transplantation were performed on BALB/c mice to evaluate the effect of sVEGFR-3 on corneal neovascularization. Soluble VEGFR-3 trap was injected intraperitoneally to block VEGF-C/D (every other day starting the day of surgery). Immunohistochemical staining of corneal whole mounts was performed using anti-CD31 (PECAM-1) and anti-LYVE-1 antibodies to quantify the levels of hem- and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was performed to assess indirect and direct host T cell allosensitization and the frequencies of IFN-γ-producing T cells in the draining lymph nodes were assessed using flow cytometry. Graft opacity and survival was evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. RESULTS Treatment with sVEGFR-3 resulted in a significant blockade of lymphangiogenesis 2 weeks post-transplantation and significantly prolonged corneal allograft survival compared to the control group at 8 weeks post-transplantation (87.5 % vs. 50 %), and this was associated with significant reduction in the frequencies of allosensitized T cells and decreased frequencies of IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Soluble VEGFR-3 suppresses corneal lymphangiogenesis and allograft rejection and may offer a viable therapeutic modality for corneal neovascularization and corneal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Emami-Naeini
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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15
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Malignant T cells secrete galectins and induce epidermal hyperproliferation and disorganized stratification in a skin model of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:238-246. [PMID: 25007045 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are the most common primary skin lymphomas, which are characterized by an accumulation of malignant T cells in the skin. The early lesion resembles both clinically and histologically benign inflammatory disorders and also presents with hyperproliferative epidermis and T-cell infiltration. Despite considerable progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the malignant transformation of T cells, the causes of the morphological and histopathological features of the disease are largely unknown. We used an organotypic model of CTCL to show that malignant T cells through the secretion of galectin-1 and -3 stimulate vigorous growth of keratinocytes. In parallel, malignant T cells induce disorganized keratinocyte stratification, resembling the early hyperproliferative stage of CTCL. We also observed a loss of attachment between the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments. In addition, hyperproliferation was followed by a downregulation of differentiation markers, such as keratin 10 and involucrin, and a decrease in barrier formation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that malignant T cells orchestrate the histopathological epidermal changes seen in CTCL.
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16
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Willerslev-Olsen A, Litvinov IV, Fredholm SM, Petersen DL, Sibbesen NA, Gniadecki R, Zhang Q, Bonefeld CM, Wasik MA, Geisler C, Zhou Y, Woetmann A, Sasseville D, Krejsgaard T, Odum N. IL-15 and IL-17F are differentially regulated and expressed in mycosis fungoides (MF). Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1306-12. [PMID: 24621498 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin lesions from mycosis fungoides (MF) patients display an increased expression of interleukin-15 (IL-15), IL-17F, and other cytokines implicated in inflammation and malignant cell proliferation in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). In the leukemic variant of CTCL, Sézary syndrome (SS), IL-2 and IL-15 trigger activation of the Jak-3/STAT3 pathway and transcription of IL17A gene, whereas it is unknown what causes IL-15 expression, Jak3/STAT3 activation, and production of IL-17F in MF. Here, we studied the expression and regulation of IL-15 and its relation to IL-17F in MF cell lines and skin lesions from 60 MF patients. We show that: (1) the spontaneous IL-15 mRNA expression is resistant to Jak3 and STAT3 inhibitors at concentrations that profoundly inhibit STAT3 activation and IL-17F mRNA expression; (2) anti-IL-15 antibody blocks STAT3 activation induced by exogenous IL-15 in non-malignant MF T cells, whereas the spontaneous STAT3 activation and IL-17F expression in malignant T cells is not inhibited; (3) patients display heterogeneous IL-15/IL-17F mRNA expression patterns in skin lesions; and (4) IL-15 expression (in contrast to IL-17F) is not associated with progressive disease. Taken together, these findings indicate that IL-15 and IL-17F are differentially regulated and expressed in MF. We propose that IL-15 and IL-17F are markers for different inflammatory environments and play distinct roles in the development and progression of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon M Fredholm
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David L Petersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina A Sibbesen
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Departmen of Dermatology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Charlotte M Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mariusz A Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Youwen Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology; McGill University Health Centre; Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Persson JL. miRNA in mycosis fungoides and skin inflammation. APMIS 2013; 121:1017-9. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Liao Persson
- Division of Experimental Cancer Research; Department of Laboratory Medicine; Lund University; Clinical Research Center; Malmö Sweden
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18
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Kopp KL, Ralfkiaer U, Nielsen BS, Gniadecki R, Woetmann A, Ødum N, Ralfkiaer E. Expression of miR-155 and miR-126 in situ in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. APMIS 2013; 121:1020-4. [PMID: 24033365 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, miR-155 has been implicated in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Thus, elevated levels of miR-155 were observed in skin lesions from CTCL patients as judged from qPCR and micro-array analysis and aberrant, high miR-155 expression was associated with severe disease. Moreover, miR-155 promoted proliferation of malignant T cells in vitro. Little is, however, known about which cell types express miR-155 in vivo in CTCL skin lesions. Here, we study miR-155 expression using in situ hybridization (ISH) with a miR-155 probe, a negative control (scrambled), and a miR-126 probe as a positive control in nine patients with mycosis fungoides, the most frequent subtype of CTCL. We provide evidence that both malignant and non-malignant T cells stain weakly to moderately positive with the miR-155 probe, but generally negative with the miR-126 and negative control probes. Reversely, endothelial cells stain positive for miR-126 and negative for miR-155 and the control probe. Solitary T cells with a malignant morphology display brighter staining with the miR-155 probe. Taken together, our findings suggest that both malignant and non-malignant T cells express miR-155 in situ in CTCL. Moreover, they indicate heterogeneity in miR-155 expression among malignant T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina L Kopp
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology (UoC), Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Willerslev-Olsen A, Krejsgaard T, Lindahl LM, Bonefeld CM, A. Wasik M, B. Koralov S, Geisler C, Kilian M, Iversen L, Woetmann A, Odum N. Bacterial toxins fuel disease progression in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1402-21. [PMID: 23949004 PMCID: PMC3760043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5081402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) bacterial infections constitute a major clinical problem caused by compromised skin barrier and a progressive immunodeficiency. Indeed, the majority of patients with advanced disease die from infections with bacteria, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial toxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) have long been suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis in CTCL. Here, we review links between bacterial infections and CTCL with focus on earlier studies addressing a direct role of SE on malignant T cells and recent data indicating novel indirect mechanisms involving SE- and cytokine-driven cross-talk between malignant- and non-malignant T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Willerslev-Olsen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Lise M. Lindahl
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; E-Mails: (L.M.L.); (L.I.)
| | - Charlotte Menne Bonefeld
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Mariusz A. Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Carsten Geisler
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Mogens Kilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; E-Mail:
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; E-Mails: (L.M.L.); (L.I.)
| | - Anders Woetmann
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Niels Odum
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; E-Mails: (A.W.-O.); (T.K.); (C.M.B.); (C.G.); (A.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +45-3532-7879
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20
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Abstract
Inappropriately regulated expression of interleukin (IL)-17A is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, little is known about the role of other IL-17 family members in carcinogenesis. Here, we show that a set of malignant T-cell lines established from patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) spontaneously secrete IL-17F and that inhibitors of Janus kinases and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 are able to block that secretion. Other malignant T-cell lines produce IL-17A but not IL-17F. Upon activation, however, some of the malignant T-cell lines are able to coexpress IL-17A and IL-17F, leading to formation of IL-17A/F heterodimers. Clinically, we demonstrate that IL-17F messenger RNA expression is significantly increased in CTCL skin lesions compared with healthy donors and patients with chronic dermatitis. IL-17A expression is also increased and a significant number of patients express high levels of both IL-17A and IL-17F. Concomitantly, we observed that the expression of the IL-17 receptor is significantly increased in CTCL skin lesions compared with control subjects. Importantly, analysis of a historic cohort of 60 CTCL patients indicates that IL-17F expression is associated with progressive disease. These findings implicate IL-17F in the pathogenesis of CTCL and suggest that IL-17 cytokines and their receptors may serve as therapeutic targets.
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