1
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Kulyar MFEA, Mo Q, Yao W, Li Y, Nawaz S, Loon KS, Ahmed AE, Alsaegh AA, Al Syaad KM, Akhtar M, Bhutta ZA, Li J, Qi D. Modulation of apoptosis and Inflammasome activation in chondrocytes: co-regulatory role of Chlorogenic acid. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:2. [PMID: 38169388 PMCID: PMC10759508 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01377-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein regulates programmed cell death throughout the disease conditions by upholding apoptotic pathways. However, the mechanism by which it's expressed in chondrocytes still needs to be studied in chondrocyte-related disorders. Additionally, exploring the potential therapeutic role of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) in confluence with Bcl-2 modulation is of significant interest. METHODS In vivo and in vitro studies were performed according to our previous methodologies. The chondrocytes were cultured in specific growth media under standard conditions after expression verification of different microRNAs through high-throughput sequencing and verification of Bcl-2 involvement in tibial growth plates. The effect of Bcl-2 expression was investigated by transfecting chondrocytes with miR-460a, siRNA, and their negative controls alone or in combination with CGA. The RNA was extracted and subjected to a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence assays were performed to visualize the intracellular localization of Bcl-2 and associated proteins related to apoptotic and inflammasome pathways. Moreover, apoptosis through flow cytometry was also performed to understand the modulation of concerning pathways. RESULTS The suppression of Bcl-2 induced higher apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to IL-1β maturation and affecting the inflammasome during chondrocyte proliferation. Conversely, overexpression attenuated the activation, as evidenced by reduced caspase activity and IL-1β maturation. In parallel, CGA successfully reduced siRNA-induced apoptosis by decreasing Cytochrome C (Cyto C) release from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, which in turn decreased Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 cleavage with Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Furthermore, siBcl-2 transfection and CGA therapy increased chondrocyte proliferation and survival. The CGA also showed a promising approach to maintaining chondrocyte viability by inhibiting siRNA-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Targeting Bcl-2-mediated regulation might be a possible treatment for chondrocyte-related conditions. Moreover, these results add knowledge of the complicated processes underlying chondrocyte function and the pathophysiology of related diseases, highlighting the significance of target specific therapies. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fakhar-E-Alam Kulyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Quan Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyein San Loon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed Ezzat Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aiman A Alsaegh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid M Al Syaad
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Wu Y, Zehnle PMA, Rajak J, Koleci N, Andrieux G, Gallego-Villar L, Aumann K, Boerries M, Niemeyer CM, Flotho C, Bohler S, Erlacher M. BH3 mimetics and azacitidine show synergistic effects on juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2024; 38:136-148. [PMID: 37945692 PMCID: PMC10776398 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an aggressive hematopoietic disorder of infancy and early childhood driven by constitutively active RAS signaling and characterized by abnormal proliferation of the granulocytic-monocytic blood cell lineage. Most JMML patients require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for cure, but the risk of relapse is high for some JMML subtypes. Azacitidine was shown to effectively reduce leukemic burden in a subset of JMML patients. However, variable response rates to azacitidine and the risk of drug resistance highlight the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Since RAS signaling is known to interfere with the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, we combined various BH3 mimetic drugs with azacitidine in our previously established patient-derived xenograft model. We demonstrate that JMML cells require both MCL-1 and BCL-XL for survival, and that these proteins can be effectively targeted by azacitidine and BH3 mimetic combination treatment. In vivo azacitidine acts via downregulation of antiapoptotic MCL-1 and upregulation of proapoptotic BH3-only. The combination of azacitidine with BCL-XL inhibition was superior to BCL-2 inhibition in eliminating JMML cells. Our findings emphasize the need to develop clinically applicable MCL-1 or BCL-XL inhibitors in order to enable novel combination therapies in JMML refractory to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Patricia M A Zehnle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jovana Rajak
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Naile Koleci
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorena Gallego-Villar
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Aumann
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte M Niemeyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Flotho
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg; and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sheila Bohler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Dubois N, Crompot E, Meuleman N, Bron D, Lagneaux L, Stamatopoulos B. Importance of Crosstalk Between Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells and the Stromal Microenvironment: Direct Contact, Soluble Factors, and Extracellular Vesicles. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1422. [PMID: 32974152 PMCID: PMC7466743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is caused by the accumulation of malignant B cells due to a defect in apoptosis and the presence of small population of proliferating cells principally in the lymph nodes. The abnormal survival of CLL B cells is explained by a plethora of supportive stimuli produced by the surrounding cells of the microenvironment, including follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). This crosstalk between malignant cells and normal cells can take place directly by cell-to-cell contact (assisted by adhesion molecules such as VLA-4 or CD100), indirectly by soluble factors (chemokines such as CXCL12, CXCL13, or CCL2) interacting with their receptors or by the exchange of material (protein, microRNAs or long non-coding RNAs) via extracellular vesicles. These different communication methods lead to different activation pathways (including BCR and NFκB pathways), gene expression modifications (chemokines, antiapoptotic protein increase, prognostic biomarkers), chemotaxis, homing in lymphoid tissues and survival of leukemic cells. In addition, these interactions are bidirectional, and CLL cells can manipulate the normal surrounding stromal cells in different ways to establish a supportive microenvironment. Here, we review this complex crosstalk between CLL cells and stromal cells, focusing on the different types of interactions, activated pathways, treatment strategies to disrupt this bidirectional communication, and the prognostic impact of these induced modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Dubois
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emerence Crompot
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, ULB-Research Cancer Center (U-CRC), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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4
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Mangolini M, Ringshausen I. Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Drive Key Hallmarks of B Cell Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1466. [PMID: 32098106 PMCID: PMC7073037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All B cell leukaemias and a substantial fraction of lymphomas display a natural niche residency in the bone marrow. While the bone marrow compartment may only be one of several sites of disease manifestations, the strong clinical significance of minimal residual disease (MRD) in the bone marrow strongly suggests that privileged niches exist in this anatomical site favouring central elements of malignant transformation. Here, the co-existence of two hierarchical systems, originating from haematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, has extensively been characterised with regard to regulation of the former (blood production) by the latter. How these two systems cooperate under pathological conditions is far less understood and is the focus of many current investigations. More recent single-cell sequencing techniques have now identified an unappreciated cellular heterogeneity of the bone marrow microenvironment. How each of these cell subtypes interact with each other and regulate normal and malignant haematopoiesis remains to be investigated. Here we review the evidences of how bone marrow stroma cells and malignant B cells reciprocally interact. Evidently from published data, these cell-cell interactions induce profound changes in signalling, gene expression and metabolic adaptations. While the past research has largely focussed on understanding changes imposed by stroma- on tumour cells, it is now clear that tumour-cell contact also has fundamental ramifications for the biology of stroma cells. Their careful characterisations are not only interesting from a scientific biological viewpoint but also relevant to clinical practice: Since tumour cells heavily depend on stroma cells for cell survival, proliferation and dissemination, interference with bone marrow stroma-tumour interactions bear therapeutic potential. The molecular characterisation of tumour-stroma interactions can identify new vulnerabilities, which could be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mangolini
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK;
| | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Wellcome Trust/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK;
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University hospital, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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5
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Yi X, Sarkar A, Kismali G, Aslan B, Ayres M, Iles LR, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, Long JP, Bertilaccio MTS, Gandhi V. AMG-176, an Mcl-1 Antagonist, Shows Preclinical Efficacy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3856-3867. [PMID: 31937611 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Survival of CLL cells due to the presence of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 has been established. Direct inhibition of Bcl-2 by venetoclax and indirect targeting of Mcl-1 with transcription inhibitors have been successful approaches for CLL. AMG-176 is a selective and direct antagonist of Mcl-1, which has shown efficacy in several hematologic malignancies; however, its effect on CLL is elusive. We evaluated biological and molecular effects of AMG-176 in primary CLL cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using samples from patients (n = 74) with CLL, we tested effects of AMG-176 on CLL and normal hematopoietic cell death and compared importance of CLL prognostic factors on this biological activity. We evaluated CLL cell apoptosis in the presence of stromal cells and identified cell death pathway including stabilization of Mcl-1 protein. Finally, we tested a couplet of AMG-176 and venetoclax in CLL lymphocytes. RESULTS AMG-176 incubations resulted in time- and dose-dependent CLL cell death. At 100 and 300 nmol/L, there was 30% and 45% cell death at 24 hours. These concentrations did not result in significant cell death in normal hematopoietic cells. Presence of stroma did not affect AMG-176-induced CLL cell death. IGHV unmutated status, high β2M and Mcl-1 protein levels resulted in slightly lower cell death. Mcl-1, but not Bcl-2 protein levels, in CLL cells increased with AMG-176. Low concentrations of venetoclax (1-30 nmol/L) were additive or synergistic with AMG-176. CONCLUSIONS AMG-176 is active in inducing CLL cell death while sparing normal blood cells. Combination with low-dose venetoclax was additive or synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Hematology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Aloke Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gorkem Kismali
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Aslan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mary Ayres
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - LaKesla R Iles
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James P Long
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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6
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Ciciarello M, Corradi G, Loscocco F, Visani G, Monaco F, Cavo M, Curti A, Isidori A. The Yin and Yang of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment: Pros and Cons of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1135. [PMID: 31709192 PMCID: PMC6823864 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have, for a long time, been recognized as pivotal contributors in the set up and maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche, as well as in the development and differentiation of the lympho-hematopoietic system. MSCs also have a unique immunomodulatory capacity, which makes them able to affect, both in vitro and in vivo, the function of immune cells. These features, namely the facilitation of stem cell engraftment and the inhibition of lymphocyte responses, have both proven essential for successful allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), which remains the only curative option for several hematologic malignancies. For example, in steroid-refractory acute graft-vs. host disease developing after allo-SCT, MSCs have produced significant results and are now considered a treatment option. However, more recently, the other side of the MSC coin has been unveiled, because of their emerging role in creating a protective and immune-tolerant microenvironment able to support the survival of leukemic cells and affect the response to therapies. In this light, it has been proposed that the failure of current treatments to efficiently override the stroma-mediated protection of leukemic cells accounts for the high rate of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia, at least in part. In this review, we will focus on emerging microenvironment-driven mechanisms conferring a survival advantage to leukemic cells overt physiological HSCs. This body of evidence increasingly highlights the opportunity to consider tumor-microenvironment interactions when designing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Ciciarello
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. & A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Corradi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. & A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Loscocco
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Michele Cavo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. & A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", University Hospital S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Isidori
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant Center, AORMN Hospital, Pesaro, Italy
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7
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Cervantes-Gomez F, Stellrecht CM, Ayres ML, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, Gandhi V. PIM kinase inhibitor, AZD1208, inhibits protein translation and induces autophagy in primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2793-2809. [PMID: 31073371 PMCID: PMC6497463 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3 serine/threonine kinases play a role in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells. Mice lacking these three kinases were viable. Further, in human hematological malignancies, these proteins are overexpressed making them suitable targets. Several small molecule inhibitors against this enzyme were synthesized and tested. AZD1208, an orally available small-molecule drug, inhibits all three PIM kinases at a low nanomolar range. AZD1208 has been tested in clinical trials for patients with solid tumors and hematological malignancies, especially acute myelogenous leukemia. The present study evaluated the efficacy and biological actions of AZD1208 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. CLL cells had higher levels of PIM2 protein and mRNAs than did normal lymphocytes from healthy donors. Treatment of CLL lymphocytes with AZD1208 resulted in modest cell death, whereas practically no cytotoxicity was observed in healthy lymphocytes. To determine the mechanism by which AZD1208 inhibits PIM kinase function, we evaluated PIM kinase pathway and downstream substrates. Because peripheral blood CLL cells are replicationally quiescent, we analyzed substrates involved in apoptosis, transcription, and translation but not cell cycle targets. AZD1208 inhibited protein translation by decreasing phosphorylation levels of 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). AZD1208 induced autophagy in replicationally-quiescent CLL cells, which is consistent with protein translation inhibition. These data suggest that AZD1208 may elicit cytotoxicity in CLL cells through inhibiting translation and autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Cervantes-Gomez
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine M Stellrecht
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary L Ayres
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Montresor A, Toffali L, Rigo A, Ferrarini I, Vinante F, Laudanna C. CXCR4- and BCR-triggered integrin activation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells depends on JAK2-activated Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35123-35140. [PMID: 30416684 PMCID: PMC6205546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, which, in turn, plays a critical role in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) pathogenesis. The BTK-specific inhibitor Ibrutinib blocks BCR signaling and is now approved as effective B-CLL therapy. Chemokines, such as the homeostatic chemokine CXCL12, play a central role in B-CLL pathogenesis and progression, by regulating CLL cell interaction with the stromal microenvironment, leading to cells survival and proliferation. In this study, we investigated, in normal versus CLL B-lymphocytes, the role of BTK in signal transduction activated by the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis and its involvement in rapid integrin activation. We show that BTK is rapidly activated by CXCL12 in healthy as well as CLL B-lymphocytes, with a kinetic of tyr-phosphorylation coherent with rapid adhesion triggering. BTK inhibition prevents CXCL12-induced triggering of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) integrins. Furthermore, BTK inhibition blocks the activation of the small GTP-binding protein RhoA, controlling integrin affinity. Very importantly, we show that BTK tyr-phosphorylation and activation by CXCL12 depends on upstream activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase. A comparative analysis of 36 B-CLL patients demonstrates that JAK2-dependent BTK regulatory role on integrin activation by CXCL12 is fully conserved in CLL cells. Finally, we show that the JAK2-BTK axis also regulates signaling to integrin activation by BCR. Thus, BTK and JAK protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) manifest a hierarchical activity both in chemokine- as well as BCR-mediated integrin activation and dependent adhesion, potentially suggesting the possibility of combined therapeutic approaches to B-CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Montresor
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Lara Toffali
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research & Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Isacco Ferrarini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research & Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vinante
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, Cancer Research & Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Trafficking and Signal Transduction, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.,The Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
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9
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Mangolini M, Götte F, Moore A, Ammon T, Oelsner M, Lutzny-Geier G, Klein-Hitpass L, Williamson JC, Lehner PJ, Dürig J, Möllmann M, Rásó-Barnett L, Hughes K, Santoro A, Méndez-Ferrer S, Oostendorp RAJ, Zimber-Strobl U, Peschel C, Hodson DJ, Schmidt-Supprian M, Ringshausen I. Notch2 controls non-autonomous Wnt-signalling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3839. [PMID: 30242258 PMCID: PMC6155045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signalling pathway, one of the core de-regulated pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), is activated in only a subset of patients through somatic mutations. Here we describe alternative, microenvironment-dependent mechanisms of Wnt activation in malignant B cells. We show that tumour cells specifically induce Notch2 activity in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) required for the transcription of the complement factor C1q. MSC-derived C1q in turn inhibits Gsk3-β mediated degradation of β-catenin in CLL cells. Additionally, stromal Notch2 activity regulates N-cadherin expression in CLL cells, which interacts with and further stabilises β-catenin. Together, these stroma Notch2-dependent mechanisms induce strong activation of canonical Wnt signalling in CLL cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the Wnt pathway impairs microenvironment-mediated survival of tumour cells. Similarly, inhibition of Notch signalling diminishes survival of stroma-protected CLL cells in vitro and disease engraftment in vivo. Notch2 activation in the microenvironment is a pre-requisite for the activation of canonical Wnt signalling in tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mangolini
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Frederik Götte
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Andrew Moore
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Tim Ammon
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Madlen Oelsner
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Gloria Lutzny-Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Ludger Klein-Hitpass
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - James C Williamson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jan Dürig
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen,, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Michael Möllmann
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen,, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Lívia Rásó-Barnett
- Haematopathology and Oncology Diagnostic Service (HODS), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Antonella Santoro
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Robert A J Oostendorp
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | | | - Christian Peschel
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Daniel J Hodson
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, 81675, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Ingo Ringshausen
- Wellcome Trust/ MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute & Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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10
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Vangapandu HV, Chen H, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Korkut A, Gandhi V. Proteomics profiling identifies induction of caveolin-1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by bone marrow stromal cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1427-1438. [PMID: 28971726 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1376747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy in which cells reside in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood, each of which provides a unique microenvironment. Although the levels of certain proteins are reported to induce, changes in the CLL cell proteome in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells have not been elucidated. Reverse-phase protein array analysis of CLL cells before and 24 h after stromal cell interaction revealed changed levels of proteins that regulate cell cycle, gene transcription, and protein translation. The most hit with respect to both the extent of change in expression level and statistical significance was caveolin-1, which was confirmed with immunoblotting. Caveolin-1 mRNA levels were also upregulated in CLL cells after stromal cell interaction. The induction of caveolin-1 levels was rapid and occurred as early as 1 h. Studies to determine the significance of upregulated caveolin-1 levels in CLL lymphocytes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima V Vangapandu
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.,b MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Huiqin Chen
- c Department of Biostatistics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - William G Wierda
- d Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- d Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Anil Korkut
- e Department of Bioinformatics and Computer Biology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- a Department of Experimental Therapeutics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.,b MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Houston , TX , USA.,c Department of Biostatistics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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11
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Patel VM, Balakrishnan K, Douglas M, Tibbitts T, Xu EY, Kutok JL, Ayers M, Sarkar A, Guerrieri R, Wierda WG, O’Brien S, Jain N, Stern HM, Gandhi V. Duvelisib treatment is associated with altered expression of apoptotic regulators that helps in sensitization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to venetoclax (ABT-199). Leukemia 2017; 31:1872-1881. [PMID: 28017967 PMCID: PMC5540815 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Duvelisib, an oral dual inhibitor of PI3K-δ and PI3K-γ, is in phase III trials for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In CLL, duvelisib monotherapy is associated with high iwCLL (International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia) and nodal response rates, but complete remissions are rare. To characterize the molecular effect of duvelisib, we obtained samples from CLL patients on the duvelisib phase I trial. Gene expression studies (RNAseq, Nanostring, Affymetrix array and real-time RT-PCR) demonstrated increased expression of BCL2 along with several BH3-only pro-apoptotic genes. In concert with induction of transcript levels, reverse phase protein arrays and immunoblots confirmed increase at the protein level. The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax induced greater apoptosis in ex vivo-cultured CLL cells obtained from patients on duvelisib compared with pre-treatment CLL cells from the same patients. In vitro combination of duvelisib and venetoclax resulted in enhanced apoptosis even in CLL cells cultured under conditions that simulate the tumor microenvironment. These data provide a mechanistic rationale for testing the combination of duvelisib and venetoclax in the clinic. Such combination regimen (NCT02640833) is being evaluated for patients with B-cell malignancies including CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viralkumar M. Patel
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Ethan Y. Xu
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Mary Ayers
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Aloke Sarkar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Renato Guerrieri
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Susan O’Brien
- Department of Leukemia, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Leukemia, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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12
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Vangapandu HV, Ayres ML, Bristow CA, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Balakrishnan K, Stellrecht CM, Gandhi V. The Stromal Microenvironment Modulates Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Neoplasia 2017; 19:762-771. [PMID: 28863345 PMCID: PMC5577399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are replicationally quiescent mature B-cells. In short-term cultures, supporting stromal cells provide a survival advantage to CLL cells by inducing transcription and translation without promoting proliferation. We hypothesized that the stromal microenvironment augments malignant B cells' metabolism to enable the cells to cope with their energy demands for transcription and translation. We used extracellular flux analysis to assess the two major energy-generating pathways, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and glycolysis, in primary CLL cells in the presence of three different stromal cell lines. OxPhos, measured as the basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and maximum respiration capacity, was significantly higher in 28 patients' CLL cells cocultured with bone marrow-derived NK.Tert stromal cells than in CLL cells cultured alone (P = .004 and <.0001, respectively). Similar OCR induction was observed in CLL cells cocultured with M2-10B4 and HS-5 stromal lines. In contrast, heterogeneous changes in the extracellular acidification rate (a measure of glycolysis) were observed in CLL cells cocultured with stromal cells. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of CLL cells' metabolomics profile indicated stroma-mediated stimulation of nucleotide synthesis. Quantitation of ribonucleotide pools showed a significant two-fold increase in CLL cells cocultured with stromal cells, indicating that the stroma may induce CLL cellular bioenergy and the RNA building blocks necessary for the transcriptional requirement of a prosurvival phenotype. The stroma did not impact the proliferation index (Ki-67 staining) of CLL cells. Collectively, these data suggest that short-term interaction (≤24 hours) with stroma increases OxPhos and bioenergy in replicationally quiescent CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima V Vangapandu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary L Ayres
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher A Bristow
- Applied Cancer Science Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine M Stellrecht
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Aw A, Brown JR. The potential combination of BCL-2 inhibitors and ibrutinib as frontline therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2287-2297. [PMID: 28482721 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1312387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of small molecule inhibitors targeted at the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway and the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 has revolutionized the care of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While durable responses to the BCR inhibitor ibrutinib have been observed in both previously untreated and relapsed/refractory CLL patients, residual disease is common in patients treated with single-agent ibrutinib. Interest remains high in therapeutic combinations that may lead to better quality remissions. A potential partner to ibrutinib with a distinct mechanism of action that is likely to lead to deeper responses is the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. Preclinical studies have suggested synergism between inhibitors of BCR and BCL-2 and have paved the way to the development of ongoing clinical trials aimed at evaluating the combination of ibrutinib with venetoclax in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Aw
- a Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology , The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- b CLL Center, Department of Medical Oncology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA.,c Department of Medicine , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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14
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Lamothe B, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Gandhi V. Carfilzomib Triggers Cell Death in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia by Inducing Proapoptotic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Responses. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4712-26. [PMID: 27026200 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carfilzomib, while active in B-cell neoplasms, displayed heterogeneous response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) samples from patients and showed interpatient variability to carfilzomib-induced cell death. To understand this variability and predict patients who would respond to carfilzomib, we investigated the mechanism by which carfilzomib induces CLL cell death. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using CLL patient samples and cell lines, complementary knockdown and knockout cells, and carfilzomib-resistant cell lines, we evaluated changes in intracellular networks to identify molecules responsible for carfilzomib's cytotoxic activity. Lysates from carfilzomib-treated cells were immunoblotted for molecules involved in ubiquitin, apoptotic, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathways and results correlated with carfilzomib cytotoxic activity. Coimmunoprecipitation and pull-down assays were performed to identify complex interactions among MCL-1, Noxa, and Bak. RESULTS Carfilzomib triggered ER stress and activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways through alteration of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Consequently, the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homology protein (CHOP) accumulated in response to carfilzomib, and CHOP depletion conferred protection against cytotoxicity. Carfilzomib also induced accumulation of MCL-1 and Noxa, whereby MCL-1 preferentially formed a complex with Noxa and consequently relieved MCL-1's protective effect on sequestering Bak. Accordingly, depletion of Noxa or both Bak and Bax conferred protection against carfilzomib-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, carfilzomib induced ER stress culminating in activation of intrinsic and extrinsic caspase pathways, and we identified the CHOP protein level as a biomarker that could predict sensitivity to carfilzomib in CLL. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4712-26. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Transcription Factor CHOP/metabolism
- Ubiquitinated Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Lamothe
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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15
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Choi MY, Kashyap MK, Kumar D. The chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment: Beyond the B-cell receptor. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2016; 29:40-53. [PMID: 27742071 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant B cells accumulate in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In the tissue compartments, CLL shape a protective microenvironment by coopting normal elements. The efficacy of drugs that target these interactions further underscores their importance in the pathogenesis of CLL. While the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway clearly plays a central role in the CLL microenvironment, there is also rationale to evaluate agents that inhibit other aspects or modulate the immune cells in the microenvironment. Here we review the main cellular components, soluble factors, and signaling pathways of the CLL microenvironment, and highlight recent clinical advances. As the BCR pathway is reviewed elsewhere, we focus on other aspects of the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Choi
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD-Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, 92093-0820, CA, USA.
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD-Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, 92093-0820, CA, USA.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD-Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, 92093-0820, CA, USA.
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16
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Balakrishnan K, Burger JA, Fu M, Doifode T, Wierda WG, Gandhi V. Regulation of Mcl-1 expression in context to bone marrow stromal microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Neoplasia 2015; 16:1036-46. [PMID: 25499217 PMCID: PMC4309260 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the resistance of CLL cells to apoptosis is partly mediated through the interactions between leukemia cells and adjacent stromal cells residing in the lymphatic tissue or bone marrow microenvironment. Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein that is associated with failure to treatment is up-regulated in CLL lymphocytes after interaction with microenvironment. However, the regulation of its expression in context to microenvironment is unclear. We evaluated and compared changes in Mcl-1 in CLL B-cells in suspension culture and when co-cultured on stromal cells. The blockade of apoptosis in co-cultured CLL cells is associated with diminution in caspase-3 and PARP cleavage and is not dependent on cytogenetic profile or prognostic factors of the disease. Stroma-derived resistance to apoptosis is associated with a cascade of transcriptional events such as increase in levels of total RNA Pol II and its phosphorylation at Ser2 and Ser5, increase in the rate of global RNA synthesis, and amplification of Mcl-1 transcript levels. The latter is associated with increase in Mcl-1 protein level without an impact on the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Post-translational modifications of protein kinases show increased phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473, Erk at Thr202/Tyr204 and Gsk-3β at Ser9 and augmentation of total Mcl-1 accumulation along with phosphorylation at Ser159/Thr163 sites. Collectively, stroma-induced apoptosis resistance is mediated through signaling proteins that regulate transcriptional and translational expression and post-translational modification of Mcl-1 in CLL cells in context to bone marrow stromal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tejaswini Doifode
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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17
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Proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib complements ibrutinib's action in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2015; 125:407-10. [PMID: 25573971 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-585364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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18
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Expression of executioner procaspases and their activation by a procaspase-activating compound in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Blood 2014; 125:1126-36. [PMID: 25538042 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-01-546796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways converge to activate common downstream executioner caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7), resulting in cell death. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), neoplastic B cells evade apoptosis owing to the overexpression of survival proteins. We hypothesized that direct activation of procaspases could bypass the apoptosis resistance induced by the upstream prosurvival proteins. The procaspase-activating compounds (PAC-1), including B-PAC-1 (L14R8), convert inactive executioner procaspases to their active cleaved forms by chelation of labile zinc ions. Both at transcript and protein levels, primary CLL cells express high levels of latent procaspases (3, -7, and -9). B-PAC-1 treatment induced CLL lymphocyte death which was higher than that in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells or B cells, and was independent of prognostic markers and microenvironmental factors. Mechanistically, B-PAC-1 treatment activated executioner procaspases and not other Zn-dependent enzymes. Exogenous zinc completely, and pancaspase inhibitors partially, reversed B-PAC-1-induced apoptosis, elucidating the zinc-mediated mechanism of action. The cell demise relied on the presence of caspase-3/7 but not caspase-8 or Bax/Bak proteins. B-PAC-1 in combination with an inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonist (Smac066) synergistically induced apoptosis in CLL samples. Our investigations demonstrated that direct activation of executioner procaspases via B-PAC-1 treatment bypasses apoptosis resistance and is a novel approach for CLL therapeutics.
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