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Modvig S, Wernersson R, Øbro NF, Olsen LR, Christensen C, Rosthøj S, Degn M, Jürgensen GW, Madsen HO, Albertsen BK, Wehner PS, Rosthøj S, Lilljebjörn H, Fioretos T, Schmiegelow K, Marquart HV. High CD34 surface expression in BCP-ALL predicts poor induction therapy response and is associated with altered expression of genes related to cell migration and adhesion. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2015-2030. [PMID: 35271751 PMCID: PMC9120905 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) constitutes the most important prognostic factor in B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL). Flow cytometry is widely used in MRD assessment, yet little is known regarding the effect of different immunophenotypic subsets on outcome. In this study of 200 BCP‐ALL patients, we found that a CD34‐positive, CD38 dim‐positive, nTdT dim‐positive immunophenotype on the leukemic blasts was associated with poor induction therapy response and predicted an MRD level at the end of induction therapy (EOI) of ≥ 0.001. CD34 expression was strongly and positively associated with EOI MRD, whereas CD34‐negative patients had a low relapse risk. Further, CD34 expression increased from diagnosis to relapse. CD34 is a stemness‐associated cell‐surface molecule, possibly involved in cell adhesion/migration or survival. Accordingly, genes associated with stemness were overrepresented among the most upregulated genes in CD34‐positive leukemias, and protein–protein interaction networks showed an overrepresentation of genes associated with cell migration, cell adhesion, and negative regulation of apoptosis. The present work is the first to demonstrate a CD34‐negative immunophenotype as a good prognostic factor in ALL, whereas high CD34 expression is associated with poor therapy response and an altered gene expression profile reminiscent of migrating cancer stem‐like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Modvig
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Wernersson
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.,Intomics A/S, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Friesgaard Øbro
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Rønn Olsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claus Christensen
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Rosthøj
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matilda Degn
- Dept. of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
| | - Gitte Wullf Jürgensen
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans O Madsen
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Klug Albertsen
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peder Skov Wehner
- H.C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steen Rosthøj
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lilljebjörn
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Dept. of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Vibeke Marquart
- Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ichiki A, Carreras J, Miyaoka M, Kikuti YY, Jibiki T, Tazume K, Watanabe S, Sasao T, Obayashi Y, Onizuka M, Ohmachi K, Yoshiba F, Shirasugi Y, Ogawa Y, Kawada H, Nakamura N, Ando K. Clinicopathological Analysis of 320 Cases of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Using the Hans Classifier. J Clin Exp Hematop 2018; 57:54-63. [PMID: 29021515 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.17029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The estimation of clinical prognosis for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with a quick, cost-efficient method is necessary because of the clinical heterogeneity of this disease, which leads to death, relapsed or refractory disease in approximately 40% of patients. We analyzed 320 cases diagnosed from 2007 to 2013 treated with R-CHOP therapy at Tokai University Hospital and associated institutions. DLBCL was classified according to the cell-of-origin using the Hans algorithm [germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) vs non-GCB subtypes], and into 6 subgroups derived from combinations of CD10, BCL6 and MUM1 markers. The percentage of GCB and non-GCB (NGCB) subtypes was 35% and 65%, respectively. GCB-DLBCL was characterized by lower BCL2 immunohistochemical expression, extranodal sites <1, better therapeutic response, and favorable overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) (P<0.01). The most frequent subgroup was NGCB-1 (CD10-BCL6+MUM1+, 51%) followed by GCB-1 (CD10+BCL6+or-MUM1+, 21%), NGCB-2 (CD10-BCL6-MUM1+, 13%), GCB-2 (CD10+BCL6+or-MUM1-, 10%), GCB-3 (CD10-BCL6+MUM1-, 4%) and NGCB-3 (CD10-BCL6-MUM1-, 2%). In comparison with GCB-2 and GCB-3 (both MUM1-), the GCB-1 (MUM1+) was characterized by favorable PFS (5-year PFS 84% vs 65%, OR 0.368, P<0.05), independent of high LDH (associated with unfavorable PFS, OR 7.04, P<0.01) in the multivariate analysis. This predictive value of MUM1 was independent of CD10. Interestingly, triple-negative NGCB-3 tended to have a more favorable prognosis than the other NGCB subgroups. In conclusion, the Hans classifier is a valid method to evaluate the prognosis of DLBCL NOS. In the GCB subtypes, GCB subtypes, MUM1-positivity is associated with a more favorable outcome (PFS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Ichiki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | | | - Masashi Miyaoka
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Kei Tazume
- Department of Pathology, Isehara Kyodo Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Onizuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Ken Ohmachi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Fumiaki Yoshiba
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Yukari Shirasugi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Yoshiaki Ogawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Kawada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University, School of Medicine
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3
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CD34 and CD38 are prognostic biomarkers for acute B lymphoblastic leukemia. Biomark Res 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 28018598 PMCID: PMC5159997 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-016-0080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD34 and CD38 proteins are usually used as surface markers to identify HSCs and Leukemic stem cells. However, there have been cases that lacked CD34 or CD38 protein but still had leukemia initiating capacity in B-ALL suggesting the restrictive of these two markers. CD34 and CD38 expression were detected in most B-ALL and can serve as a specific biomarker for the prognosis of this subset of leukemia. Lack of CD34 or high CD38 expression is associated with favorable prognosis.
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Gopalakrishnapillai A, Kolb EA, Dhanan P, Bojja AS, Mason RW, Corao D, Barwe SP. Generation of Pediatric Leukemia Xenograft Models in NSG-B2m Mice: Comparison with NOD/SCID Mice. Front Oncol 2016; 6:162. [PMID: 27446808 PMCID: PMC4921874 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of orthotopic xenograft mouse models of leukemia is important to understand the mechanisms of leukemogenesis, cancer progression, its cross talk with the bone marrow microenvironment, and for preclinical evaluation of drugs. In these models, following intravenous injection, leukemic cells home to the bone marrow and proliferate there before infiltrating other organs, such as spleen, liver, and the central nervous system. Moreover, such models have been shown to accurately recapitulate the human disease and correlate with patient response to therapy and prognosis. Thus, various immune-deficient mice strains have been used with or without recipient preconditioning to increase engraftment efficiency. Mice homozygous for the severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mutation and with non-obese diabetic background (NOD/SCID) have been used in the majority of leukemia xenograft studies. Later, NOD/SCID mice deficient for interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain (IL2Rγ) gene called NSG mice became the model of choice for leukemia xenografts. However, engraftment of leukemia cells without irradiation preconditioning still remained a challenge. In this study, we used NSG mice with null alleles for major histocompatibility complex class I beta2-microglobulin (β2m) called NSG-B2m. This is a first report describing the 100% engraftment efficiency of pediatric leukemia cell lines and primary samples in NSG-B2m mice in the absence of host preconditioning by sublethal irradiation. We also show direct comparison of the engraftment efficiency and growth rate of pediatric acute leukemia cells in NSG-B2m and NOD/SCID mice, which showed 80–90% engraftment efficiency. Secondary and tertiary xenografts in NSG-B2m mice generated by injection of cells isolated from the spleens of leukemia-bearing mice also behaved similar to the primary patient sample. We have successfully engrafted 25 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 5 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples with distinct cytogenetic characteristics in NSG-B2m mice, with the purpose of generating pediatric ALL and AML xenografts for preclinical evaluation of drugs. Thus, our data support the use of NSG-B2m mouse model for leukemia engraftment and in vivo preclinical drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Priyanka Dhanan
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Aruna Sri Bojja
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Diana Corao
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Sonali P Barwe
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, A.I. DuPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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Yu JH, Dong JT, Jia YQ, Jiang NG, Zeng TT, Xu H, Mo XM, Meng WT. Individualized leukemia cell-population profiles in common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 32:213-23. [PMID: 22776235 PMCID: PMC3845576 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunophenotype is critical for diagnosing common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (common ALL) and detecting minimal residual disease. We developed a protocol to explore the immunophenotypic profiles of common ALL based on the expression levels of the antigens associated with B lymphoid development, including IL-7Rα (CD127), cytoplasmic CD79a (cCD79a), CD19, VpreB (CD179a), and sIgm, which are successive and essential for progression of B cells along their developmental pathway. Analysis of the immunophenotypes of 48 common ALL cases showed that the immunophenotypic patterns were highly heterogeneous, with the leukemic cell population differing from case to case. Through the comprehensive analysis of immunophenotypic patterns, the profiles of patient-specific composite leukemia cell populations could provide detailed information helpful for the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and individualized therapies for common ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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6
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Schabath R, Ratei R, Ludwig WD. The prognostic significance of antigen expression in leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2003; 16:613-28. [PMID: 14592646 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6926(03)00087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous immunophenotypic features have been examined for their potential prognostic significance in predicting treatment outcome in leukaemias. These include immunophenotypic subgroups of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and immature acute myeloid leukaemia, expression of individual surface antigens or combined immunophenotypic features, and more recently, molecules mediating the multidrug resistance phenotype or being involved in the regulation of drug-induced apoptosis. Most previous studies investigating the prognostic significance of antigen expression in leukaemia have not used the information provided by multiparameter flow cytometry and have chosen rather arbitrary cut-off points for marker positivity. Moreover, given significant associations between immunophenotypic features and genetic abnormalities in leukaemic cells, immunophenotyping as an independent predictor of treatment outcome has been questioned. Thus, except for lineage assignment of leukaemic blasts and definition of maturational status in ALL, information provided by immunophenotyping is currently not applied to risk-classification systems or used for planning patient treatment in leukaemia. We review some of the recent findings regarding the prognostic impact of distinct immunophenotypic features in acute leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schabath
- Robert-Rössle-Clinic, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumour Immunology, HELIOS Clinic Berlin, Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch, Lindenberger Weg 80, D-13122, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Levy AS, Sather HN, Steinherz PG, Sowers R, La M, Moscow JA, Gaynon PS, Uckun FM, Bertino JR, Gorlick R. Reduced folate carrier and dihydrofolate reductase expression in acute lymphocytic leukemia may predict outcome: a Children's Cancer Group Study. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25:688-95. [PMID: 12972803 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200309000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methotrexate is a major component of current treatment regimens for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Potential mechanisms of methotrexate resistance include impaired drug uptake, decreased drug retention, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) amplification. The purpose of this study was to assess whether reduced folate carrier (RFC) and DHFR expression in untreated leukemic blasts correlated with outcome. METHODS Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to measure RFC and DHFR mRNA expression in leukemic blasts from 40 newly diagnosed patients with ALL obtained in a blinded fashion from Children's Cancer Group studies. RESULTS Low RFC expression at diagnosis correlated significantly with an unfavorable event free survival. Surprisingly, low, not high, DHFR expression correlated significantly with an unfavorable event-free survival. Proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression demonstrated a weak inverse relationship between sample PCNA and DHFR or RFC expression, suggesting that DHFR and RFC expression may be markers for factors other than drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired transport may be an important mechanism of intrinsic methotrexate resistance in ALL, and DHFR expression also may be an important prognostic factor in ALL. Additional studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism for the correlation of low DHFR expression with poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Ando T, Suguro M, Hanai T, Kobayashi T, Honda H, Seto M. Fuzzy neural network applied to gene expression profiling for predicting the prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2002; 93:1207-12. [PMID: 12460461 PMCID: PMC5926895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2002.tb01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the largest category of aggressive lymphomas. Less than 50% of patients can be cured by combination chemotherapy. Microarray technologies have recently shown that the response to chemotherapy reflects the molecular heterogeneity in DLBCL. On the basis of published microarray data, we attempted to develop a long-overdue method for the precise and simple prediction of survival of DLBCL patients. We developed a fuzzy neural network (FNN) model to analyze gene expression profiling data for DLBCL. From data on 5857 genes, this model identified four genes (CD10, AA807551, AA805611 and IRF-4) that could be used to predict prognosis with 93% accuracy. FNNs are powerful tools for extracting significant biological markers affecting prognosis, and are applicable to various kinds of expression profiling data for any malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ando
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Xu Y, McKenna RW, Kroft SH. Comparison of multiparameter flow cytometry with cluster analysis and immunohistochemistry for the detection of CD10 in diffuse large B-Cell lymphomas. Mod Pathol 2002; 15:413-9. [PMID: 11950915 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD10 is a critical antigen for the distinction of follicle-center lymphoma from other B-cell lymphomas composed of small cells in fine-needle aspiration specimens, tissue core biopsies, and bone marrow. In addition, CD10 is expressed in a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), where it may be an adverse prognostic indicator. We have previously demonstrated that CD10 expression detected by multiparameter flow cytometry (FC) with cluster analysis is highly sensitive and specific for follicle-center lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of small B-cell lymphomas. In this study, we assessed the utility of paraffin section immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD10 compared with FC in a cohort of 50 DLBCLs. IHC for CD10 was technically successful in 47 of the 50 (94%) DLBCLs; 3 failed based on lack of internal CD10 reactivity. CD10 was expressed by FC in 20 of 47 DLBCLs (43%); CD10 was positive by IHC in 15 of these (75%). All 27 cases that were CD10(-) by FC were negative by IHC. The level of CD10 expression by FC in the 5 FC(+)/IHC(-) cases ranged from relatively dim to bright. Our results indicate 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity of CD10 expression by IHC compared with multiparameter FC with cluster analysis and a 6% technical failure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9073, USA
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Riley RS, Massey D, Jackson-Cook C, Idowu M, Romagnoli G. Immunophenotypic analysis of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2002; 16:245-99, v. [PMID: 12094473 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8588(02)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies. Flow cytometry is an integral part of ALL diagnosis and also provides significant patient prognostic information. This article is a practical review of the basic principles of the flow cytometric evaluation of acute leukemias, the interpretation of flow cytometric data, and the management of practical problems such as aberrant antigen, hematogones, bone marrow regeneration, and minimal residual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger S Riley
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia, Hospitals of Virginia Commonwealth University, 403 North 13th Street, Richmond, VA 23298-0250, USA.
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José Ortuño Giner F, Orfao A. Aplicación de la citometría de flujo al diagnóstico y seguimiento inmunofenotípico de las leucemias agudas. Med Clin (Barc) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)72408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Goodman PA, Wood CM, Vassilev A, Mao C, Uckun FM. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) deficiency in childhood pro-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncogene 2001; 20:3969-78. [PMID: 11494125 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2001] [Revised: 04/03/2001] [Accepted: 04/09/2001] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a key regulator of signal transduction events, apoptosis and orderly cell cycle progression in B-lineage lymphoid cells. Although SYK has not been linked to a human disease, defective expression of the closely related T-cell tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 has been associated with severe combined immunodeficiency. Childhood CD19(+)CD10(-) pro-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is thought to originate from B-cell precursors with a maturational arrest at the pro-B cell stage and it is associated with poor prognosis. Since lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with SYK-deficient fetal liver-derived lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells show a block in B-cell ontogeny at the pro-B to pre-B cell transition, we examined the SYK expression profiles of primary leukemic cells from children with pro-B cell ALL. Here we report that leukemic cells from pediatric CD19(+)CD10(-) pro-B cell ALL patients (but not leukemic cells from patients with CD19(+)CD10(+) common pre-pre-B cell ALL) have markedly reduced SYK activity. Sequencing of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products of the Syk mRNA in these pro-B leukemia cells revealed profoundly aberrant coding sequences with deletions or insertions. These mRNA species encode abnormal SYK proteins with a missing or truncated catalytic kinase domain. In contrast to pro-B leukemia cells, pre-pre-B leukemia cells from children with CD19(+)CD10(+) common B-lineage ALL and EBV-transformed B-cell lines from healthy volunteers expressed wild-type Syk coding sequences. Examination of the genomic structure of the Syk gene by inter-exonic PCR and genomic cloning demonstrated that the deletions and insertions in the abnormal mRNA species of pro-B leukemia cells are caused by aberrant splicing resulting in either mis-splicing, exon skipping or inclusion of alternative exons, consistent with an abnormal posttranscriptional regulation of alternative splicing of Syk pre-mRNA. Our findings link for the first time specific molecular defects involving the Syk gene to an immunophenotypically distinct category of childhood ALL. To our knowledge, this is the first discovery of a specific tyrosine kinase deficiency in a human hematologic malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Goodman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Parker Hughes Institute & Parker Hughes Cancer Center, St Paul, Minnesota, MN 55113, USA
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Abstract
Recent advances in immunohistochemistry have made it possible to investigate lymphomas for the expression of a wide range of antigens in fixed tissues. Epitope retrieval, sensitive detection methods, and the availability of new monoclonal antibodies have all contributed to one's ability to perform detailed immunophenotyping that previously could only be done in cryostat sections or by flow cytometry. Current lymphoma classifications make use of characteristic immunophenotypic profiles that aid in the reproducible diagnosis and subcassification of these neoplasms. The following is a review of the current state of immunophenotyping for lymphoid neoplasms in fixed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hsi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA.
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15
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Reaman GH, Sposto R, Sensel MG, Lange BJ, Feusner JH, Heerema NA, Leonard M, Holmes EJ, Sather HN, Pendergrass TW, Johnstone HS, O'Brien RT, Steinherz PG, Zeltzer PM, Gaynon PS, Trigg ME, Uckun FM. Treatment outcome and prognostic factors for infants with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on two consecutive trials of the Children's Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:445-55. [PMID: 10080584 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1999.17.2.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Infants represent a very poor risk group for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We report treatment outcome for such patients treated with intensive therapy on consecutive Children's Cancer Group (CCG) protocols. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 1984 and 1993, infants with newly diagnosed ALL were enrolled onto CCG-107 (n = 99) and CCG-1883 (n = 135) protocols. Postconsolidation therapy was more intensive on CCG-1883. On both studies, prophylactic treatment of the CNS included both high-dose systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal therapy, in contrast to whole-brain radiotherapy, which was used in earlier studies. RESULTS Most patients (>95%) achieved remission with induction therapy. The most frequent event was a marrow relapse (46 patients on CCG-107 and 66 patients on CCG- 1883). Four-year event-free survival was 33% (SE = 4.7%) on CCG-107 and 39% (SE = 4.2%) on CCG- 1883. Both studies represent an improvement compared with a 22% (SE = 5.1%) event-free survival for historical controls. Four-year cumulative probabilities of any marrow relapse or an isolated CNS relapse were, respectively, 49% (SE = 5%) and 9% (SE = 3%) on CCG-107 and 50% (SE = 5%) and 3% (SE = 2%) on CCG-1883, compared with 63% (SE = 6%) and 5% (SE = 3%) for the historical controls. Independent adverse prognostic factors were age less than 3 months, WBC count of more than 50,000/microL, CD10 negativity, slow response to induction therapy, and presence of the translocation t(4;11). CONCLUSION Outcome for infants on CCG-107 and CCG- 1883 improved, compared with historical controls. Marrow relapse remains the primary mode of failure. Isolated CNS relapse rates are low, indicating that intrathecal chemotherapy combined with very-high-dose systemic therapy provides adequate protection of the CNS. The overall unsatisfactory outcome observed for the infant ALL population warrants the future use of novel alternative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Reaman
- Children's National Medical Center and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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McIntosh GG, Lodge AJ, Watson P, Hall AG, Wood K, Anderson JJ, Angus B, Horne CH, Milton ID. NCL-CD10-270: a new monoclonal antibody recognizing CD10 in paraffin-embedded tissue. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:77-82. [PMID: 9916921 PMCID: PMC1853426 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/1998] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CD10 (CALLA) antigen is expressed in a wide variety of epithelial and nonepithelial tissues, but its most significant application is in the diagnosis and classification of certain types of malignant lymphoma and leukemia. CD10 is expressed in a high percentage of cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), follicular lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, and some hematopoietic tumors. Although the antigen is not lineage specific, CD10 expression is widely used to define subgroups within B-ALL and is a useful tool for detecting the presence of leukemic blasts in the bloodstream. Currently available monoclonal antibodies to CD10 have been found to be effective only in fresh-frozen tissue and for techniques such as flow cytometry. We have used a recombinant protein corresponding to the whole of CD10 to generate a monoclonal antibody that is effective in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. We have used this antibody to assay for the presence of CD10 on a range of normal and pathological tissues. Strong staining was seen in lymphoid germinal centers, renal tubules, glomeruli, syncytiotrophoblast, hepatic parenchymal canaliculi, B-lineage ALL, follicle center cell lymphoma, and a proportion of cases of large-B-cell lymphoma. We believe that this antibody will be of value in the characterization of malignant lymphoma, in particular the differential diagnosis of small-B-cell lymphoma and subtyping of lymphoblastic leukemia, as well as the investigation of the significance of expression of CD10 in other normal and pathological tissues.
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Uckun FM, Nachman JB, Sather HN, Sensel MG, Kraft P, Steinherz PG, Lange B, Hutchinson R, Reaman GH, Gaynon PS, Heerema NA. Clinical significance of Philadelphia chromosome positive pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the context of contemporary intensive therapies. Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19981101)83:9<2030::aid-cncr21>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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