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Sandström E, Vettorazzo C, Mackay CL, Troalen LG, Hulme AN. Development and Application of Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Historical Dye Analysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4846-4854. [PMID: 36857539 PMCID: PMC10034744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) source was built and attached to a Bruker 7T SolariX FT-ICR-MS for the in situ analysis of 14 early synthetic dyestuffs. Optimization using silk and wool cloths dyed with rhodamine B concluded that when using a commercial electrospray emitter (part number: 0601815, Bruker Daltonik), a nebulizing gas (N2) pressure of 3.9 bar and a sprayer voltage of 4.5 kV (positive ionization mode) or 4.2 kV (negative ionization mode), a solvent system of 3:1 v/v ACN:H2O, and a sprayer incident angle, α, of 35° gave the highest signal-to-noise ratios on both silk and wool for the samples investigated. The system was applied to modern early synthetic dye references on silk and wool as well as historical samples from the 1893 edition of Adolf Lehne's Tabellarische Übersicht über die künstliche organischen Farbstoffe und ihre Anwendung in Färberei und Zeugdruck [Tabular overview of the synthetic organic dyestuffs and their use in dyeing and printing]. The successful analysis of six chemically different dye families in both negative and positive modes showed the presence of known degradation products and byproducts arising from the original synthetic processes in the historical samples. This study demonstrates the applicability and potential of DESI-MS to the field of historical dye analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Sandström
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
- National Museums Scotland, Collections Services Department, National Museums Collection Centre, 242 West Granton Road, Edinburgh EH5 1JA, UK
| | - Chiara Vettorazzo
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Lore G Troalen
- National Museums Scotland, Collections Services Department, National Museums Collection Centre, 242 West Granton Road, Edinburgh EH5 1JA, UK
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
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Zhou X, Belavek KJ, Miller EW. Origins of Ca 2+ Imaging with Fluorescent Indicators. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3547-3554. [PMID: 34251789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1980, Roger Tsien published a paper, in this journal [Tsien, R. Y. (1980) Biochemistry, 19 (11), 2396], titled "New calcium indicators and buffers with high selectivity against magnesium and protons: design, synthesis, and properties of prototype structures". These new buffers included 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, or BAPTA, which is still widely used today. And so, the world was set alight with new ways in which to visualize Ca2+. The ability to watch fluctuations in intracellular Ca2+ revolutionized the life sciences, although the fluorescent indicators used today, particularly in neurobiology, no longer rely exclusively on BAPTA but on genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. In this Perspective, we reflect on the origins of Ca2+ imaging with a special focus on the contributions made by Roger Tsien, from the early concept of selective Ca2+ binding described in Biochemistry to optical Ca2+ indicators based on chemically synthesized fluorophores to genetically encoded fluorescent Ca2+ indicators.
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Gonzalez MA, Walker AS, Cao KJ, Lazzari-Dean JR, Settineri NS, Kong EJ, Kramer RH, Miller EW. Voltage Imaging with a NIR-Absorbing Phosphine Oxide Rhodamine Voltage Reporter. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2304-2314. [PMID: 33501825 PMCID: PMC7986050 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of fluorescent dyes that emit and absorb light at wavelengths greater than 700 nm and that respond to biochemical and biophysical events in living systems remains an outstanding challenge for noninvasive optical imaging. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and application of near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing and -emitting optical voltmeter based on a sulfonated, phosphine-oxide (po) rhodamine for voltage imaging in intact retinas. We find that po-rhodamine based voltage reporters, or poRhoVRs, display NIR excitation and emission profiles at greater than 700 nm, show a range of voltage sensitivities (13 to 43% ΔF/F per 100 mV in HEK cells), and can be combined with existing optical sensors, like Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent proteins (GCaMP), and actuators, like light-activated opsins ChannelRhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Simultaneous voltage and Ca2+ imaging reveals differences in activity dynamics in rat hippocampal neurons, and pairing poRhoVR with blue-light based ChR2 affords all-optical electrophysiology. In ex vivo retinas isolated from a mouse model of retinal degeneration, poRhoVR, together with GCaMP-based Ca2+ imaging and traditional multielectrode array (MEA) recording, can provide a comprehensive physiological activity profile of neuronal activity, revealing differences in voltage and Ca2+ dynamics within hyperactive networks of the mouse retina. Taken together, these experiments establish that poRhoVR will open new horizons in optical interrogation of cellular and neuronal physiology in intact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alison S. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cao
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julia R. Lazzari-Dean
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Settineri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eui Ju Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard H. Kramer
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan W. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Hoenke S, Serbian I, Deigner HP, Csuk R. Mitocanic Di- and Triterpenoid Rhodamine B Conjugates. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225443. [PMID: 33233650 PMCID: PMC7699795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of the “correct” triterpenoid, the “correct” spacer and rhodamine B (RhoB) seems to be decisive for the ability of the conjugate to accumulate in mitochondria. So far, several triterpenoid rhodamine B conjugates have been prepared and screened for their cytotoxic activity. To obtain cytotoxic compounds with EC50 values in a low nano-molar range combined with good tumor/non-tumor selectivity, the Rho B unit has to be attached via an amine spacer to the terpenoid skeleton. To avoid spirolactamization, secondary amines have to be used. First results indicate that a homopiperazinyl spacer is superior to a piperazinyl spacer. Hybrids derived from maslinic acid or tormentic acid are superior to those from oleanolic, ursolic, glycyrrhetinic or euscaphic acid. Thus, a tormentic acid-derived RhoB conjugate 32, holding a homopiperazinyl spacer can be regarded, at present, as the most promising candidate for further biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hoenke
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Street 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany; (S.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Immo Serbian
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Street 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany; (S.H.); (I.S.)
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Medical and Life Science Faculty, Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University, Jakob–Kienzle–Street 17, D-78054 Villigen–Schwenningen, Germany;
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes Street 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany; (S.H.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5525660
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Abstract
Adolf Baeyer announced the discovery of fluorescein in 1871 and named it after its most striking property, i.e., fluorescence. I describe here the synthesis of fluorescein. There are seven molecular species in both the solid state or in solution. I also summarize some of the diverse applications of the dye, both medical and nonmedical, which depend mostly on the facile detection of fluorescein at low concentration. Both animal and human toxicity are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cooksey
- a Independent scholar , Watford , United Kingdom
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Sabatini F, Giugliano R, Degano I. Photo-oxidation processes of Rhodamine B: A chromatographic and mass spectrometric approach. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lavis LD. Teaching Old Dyes New Tricks: Biological Probes Built from Fluoresceins and Rhodamines. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:825-843. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Lavis
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia 20147
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