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Vermeulen JN, Meijer DKF, Over J, Lange JMA, Proost JH, Bakker HI, Beljaars L, Wit FWNM, Prins JM. A Phase I/IIa Study with Succinylated Human Serum Albumin (Suc-HSA), a candidate HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Succinylated human serum albumin (Suc-HAS) is a negatively charged neo-glycoprotein that binds to the positively charged V3–loop of HIV-1 gp120, acting as HIV-1-fusion inhibitor in vitro (IC50: 0.5–5.0 μg/ml). Suc-HSA was safe in rats and monkeys, and showed antiretroviral effect in a human-to-mouse model. We evaluated safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of Suc-HSA in HIV-1-infected individuals. Methods First, six untreated, chronically HIV-1-infected patients were randomized to a single dose of 1 or 10 mg/kg Suc-HSA intravenously. Second, five consecutive daily doses (10 mg/kg, based on the results of the single dose study) were given to four patients. Safety laboratory assessments, Suc-HSA plasma levels, plasma HIV-1 RNA (pVL), and CD4+ T-cell counts were determined. Results Increase of liver transaminases (grade 1/2) occurred in one of six patients in the single-dose phase and in three of four patients in the multiple-dosing phase. Suc-HSA plasma levels were undetectable 4 h after a single dose of 1 mg/kg. After a dose of 10 mg/kg, plasma levels were more sustained, but declined under the target plasma concentration (10 μg/ml) 12–24 h post-dosing. After multiple dosing, plasma levels reached peak values 2h post-dosing as predicted by our kinetic model. However, trough levels were below the target concentrations. There was no change in pVL or CD4+ T-cell count in either the single- or multiple-dosing phase. Conclusions At the chosen dosing regimens, adequate antiviral plasma levels were not maintained, probably because the hepatic clearance was more rapid than expected. This may partially explain the lack of effect on pVL and CD4+ T-cell count. The observed liver transaminase increases prohibit further dose escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost N Vermeulen
- IATEC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Poverty-related Communicable Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk KF Meijer
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Over
- Sanquin Plasma Products, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joep MA Lange
- IATEC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Poverty-related Communicable Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Proost
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hester I Bakker
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Beljaars
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand WNM Wit
- IATEC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Poverty-related Communicable Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan M Prins
- Center for Poverty-related Communicable Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Proost JH, Beljaars L, Olinga P, Swart PJ, Kuipers ME, Reker-Smit C, Groothuis GMM, Meijer DKF. Prediction of the pharmacokinetics of succinylated human serum albumin in man from in vivo disposition data in animals and in vitro liver slice incubations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 27:123-32. [PMID: 16219448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Suc-HSA is a potent HIV-inhibitor with possible application in man. To facilitate the assessment of dosing regimens for future phase I clinical studies, we predicted the pharmacokinetic properties of Suc-HSA in man. Slices prepared from rat, monkey and human liver were incubated with succinylated albumin, and the maximum uptake rate V(m) and Michaelis-Menten constant K(m) were calculated. The pharmacokinetics after multiple doses of Suc-HSA were studied in rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of Suc-HSA in man were predicted from the results and data from literature, using pharmacokinetic modeling and interspecies scaling techniques, and potential intravenous dose regimens for HIV treatment in man were calculated. On the basis of in vitro uptake studies in rat, monkey and human liver slices and in vivo disposition data in monkey (data from earlier study) and rat, we predicted the following parameters for liver uptake in humans: V(m) 82.5 microg h(-1) kg(-1) and K(m) 0.228 microg ml(-1). The predicted steady-state concentration after daily intravenous bolus doses of 1 mg kg(-1) is between 4 and 30 microg ml(-1), i.e. well above the IC50 of about 0.4 microg ml(-1). Additional loading doses of 8 mg kg(-1) in total are needed to reach steady-state within a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes H Proost
- Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), Section Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Beljaars L, Bakker HI, van der Strate BWA, Smit C, Duijvestijn AM, Meijer DKF, Molema G. The antiviral protein human lactoferrin is distributed in the body to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection-prone cells and tissues. Pharm Res 2002; 19:54-62. [PMID: 11841043 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013655315969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lactoferrin has anti-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and -HIV properties in vitro. However, the pharmacokinetic behavior of the 80-kD protein has not been well defined. We, therefore, assessed the plasma decay and body distribution of lactoferrin after intravenous administration to freely moving rats. Furthermore, the systemic availability of lactoferrin after intraperitoneal dosing was determined. METHODS AND RESULTS After intravenous injection, human lactoferrin (hLF) was rapidly cleared from the plasma, but higher doses resulted in prolonged plasma levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a pronounced distribution of hLF to endothelial cells in the liver whereas diffuse staining in hepatocytes indicated the presence of considerable amounts in this large cell population. This endothelial association, which also was found in other organ/tissues, including blood vessels. was confirmed by in vitro cell-binding studies. In addition, leukocytes in plasma that were infiltrated in various organs showed binding of hLF. A small fraction of hLF was transported into the lymphatic system. Western blot analysis revealed that hLF, present in the various organs. mainly consisted of an 80-kD protein. After intraperitoneal administration, small amounts of 80-kD hLF distributed to the general circulation. The bioavailability was 0.6% but increased to 3.6% after multiple administrations. CONCLUSIONS The affinity of hLF for endothelial cells and leukocytes, and its penetration into the lymphatic system, indicates that this protein reaches target cells and body compartments that are crucial for CMV and HIV replication. The ability to reach the blood compartment after intraperitoneal dosing offers opportunities for parenteral administration of the protein in future studies on its antiviral effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Center for Pharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, The Netherlands.
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