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Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08938. [PMID: 35198788 PMCID: PMC8851252 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a complex and multifunctional organ, in which the static versus dynamic balance is responsible for its constant adaptation to variations in the external environment that is continuously exposed. One of the most important functions of the skin is its ability to act as a protective barrier, against the entry of foreign substances and against the excessive loss of endogenous material. Human skin imposes physical, chemical and biological limitations on all types of permeating agents that can cross the epithelial barrier. For a molecule to be passively permeated through the skin, it must have properties, such as dimensions, molecular weight, pKa and hydrophilic-lipophilic gradient, appropriate to the anatomy and physiology of the skin. These requirements have limited the number of commercially available products for dermal and transdermal administration of drugs. To understand the mechanisms involved in the drug permeation process through the skin, the approach should be multidisciplinary in order to overcome biological and pharmacotechnical barriers. The study of the mechanisms involved in the permeation process, and the ways to control it, can make this route of drug administration cease to be a constant promise and become a reality. In this work, we address the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects encountered in the pathway of drugs through the skin, and the potential added value of using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid vectors (NLC) to drug permeation/penetration through this route. The technology and architecture for obtaining lipid nanoparticles are described in detail, namely the composition, production methods and the ability to release pharmacologically active substances, as well as the application of these systems in the vectorization of various pharmacologically active substances for dermal and transdermal applications. The characteristics of these systems in terms of dermal application are addressed, such as biocompatibility, occlusion, hydration, emollience and the penetration of pharmacologically active substances. The advantages of using these systems over conventional formulations are described and explored from a pharmaceutical point of view.
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Saepang K, Li SK, Chantasart D. Effect of Pulsed Direct Current on Iontophoretic Delivery of Pramipexole across Human Epidermal Membrane In Vitro. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1187-1198. [PMID: 34136986 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulsed direct current (PDC) iontophoresis, by allowing skin depolarization, was suggested to provide more efficient ion transport, but the extent of its enhancement effect was unclear. PDC could also offer electric-customized drug delivery. This study examined the effect of PDC iontophoresis on transdermal delivery of pramipexole dihydrochloride (PXCl). METHODS Iontophoretic delivery of PXCl across human epidermal membrane from pH 7.0 solution was conducted in vitro using continuous direct current (DC) and 6- and 12-cycle PDC iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm2 and total applied duration of 6 h). Different parameters of PDC iontophoresis were studied, including current density (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mA/cm2) and on-off current dosing pattern (1 h/3 h, 0.5 h/3.5 h, and 0.2 h/3.8 h). RESULTS Both 6- and 12-cycle PDC iontophoresis protocols provided modulation of the permeation profile but delivered smaller amounts of PXCl (396 and 400 μg/cm2, respectively) as compared with continuous DC iontophoresis (482 μg/cm2) at 24 h after 0.5 mA/cm2 and 180 mA/cm2 × min current dose application. Increasing applied current density from 0.1 to 0.5 mA/cm2 increased the PDC iontophoretic flux of PXCl linearly from 5.3 to 14.6 μg/cm2·h (R2 = 0.887). Varying the current level and duration but at the same applied current dose (36 mA/cm2 × min), the total amount of PXCl delivered by PDC iontophoresis at 24 h was independent of the on-off dosing pattern studied (114-128 μg/cm2). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that PDC iontophoresis can benefit transdermal delivery of PXCl in terms of controlling its permeation but does not enhance iontophoretic transport compared to continuous DC iontophoresis under the conditions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamchai Saepang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - S Kevin Li
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Doungdaw Chantasart
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayuthaya Road, Rajathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Ganti SS, Nguyen HX, Murnane KS, Blough BE, Banga AK. Transdermal formulation of 4-benzylpiperidine for cocaine-use disorder. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Feng S, Zhu L, Huang Z, Wang H, Li H, Zhou H, Lu L, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu L. Controlled release of optimized electroporation enhances the transdermal efficiency of sinomenine hydrochloride for treating arthritis in vitro and in clinic. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1737-1752. [PMID: 28670109 PMCID: PMC5479295 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s136313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) is an ideal drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, high plasma concentration of systemically administered SH can release histamine, which can cause rash and gastrointestinal side effects. Topical delivery can increase SH concentration in the synovial fluid without high plasma level, thus minimizing systemic side effects. However, passive diffusion of SH was found to be inefficient because of the presence of the stratum corneum layer. Therefore, an effective method is required to compensate for the low efficiency of SH passive diffusion. In this study, transdermal experiments in vitro and clinical tests were utilized to explore the optimized parameters for electroporation of topical delivery for SH. Fluorescence experiment and hematoxylin and eosin staining analysis were performed to reveal the mechanism by which electroporation promoted permeation. In vitro, optimized electroporation parameters were 3 KHz, exponential waveform, and intensity 10. Using these parameters, transdermal permeation of SH was increased by 1.9–10.1 fold in mice skin and by 1.6–47.1 fold in miniature pig skin compared with passive diffusion. After the electroporation stimulation, the intercellular intervals and epidermal cracks in the skin increased. In clinical tests, SH concentration in synovial fluid was 20.84 ng/mL after treatment with electroporation. Therefore, electroporation with optimized parameters could significantly enhance transdermal permeation of SH. The mechanism by which electroporation promoted permeation was that the electronic pulses made the skin structure looser. To summarize, electroporation may be an effective complementary method for transdermal permeation of SH. The controlled release of electroporation may be a promising clinical method for transdermal drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Feng
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Lijun Zhu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Zhisheng Huang
- Department of Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Haojia Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Hong Li
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Lu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Ying Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People's Republic of China
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Pawar K, Kolli CS, Rangari VK, Babu RJ. Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV) Peptide Across Microporated Human Skin. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1814-1820. [PMID: 28343991 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-proline-valine (KPV) is a C-terminal peptide fragment of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Present study investigates various transdermal enhancement strategies such as iontophoresis (ITP), microneedles (MN), and their combination (ITP + MN) on KPV delivery across dermatomed human skin. KPV attains a positive charge at pH less than 7.0, thus anodal ITP was used. The influence of current strength, KPV concentration, and duration of current application on the KPV delivery was investigated. At defined ITP parameters, the influence of MN on KPV delivery (ITP + MN) across skin was also determined. KPV permeation was less than detectable levels (limit of detection, 0.01 μg/mL) by simple passive diffusion. However, KPV permeation was increased to 4.4 μg/cm2/h by MN treatment. Furthermore, ITP and ITP + MN increased the permeation rate by 8 and 35 fold, respectively, as compared to MN alone. The skin retention levels of KPV by MN, ITP, and ITP + MN were increased by 5, 10, and 10 fold, respectively, as compared to passive diffusion. Confocal studies indicate that fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled KPV migrated through the stratum corneum, along the microchannels and into the lower epidermal tissue because the fluorescence was observed beyond the depth of 100 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Pawar
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Chandra S Kolli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, California Health Sciences University, Clovis, California 93612
| | - Vijaya K Rangari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849.
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Patel N, Jain S, Lin S. Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine hydrochloride: Correlation between in vitro permeation and in vivo performance in rats. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:393-403. [PMID: 27633278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present investigation is to evaluate the feasibility of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tacrine hydrochloride in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats using anodal iontophoretic patches and to correlate plasma tacrine concentration profiles to in vitro tacrine permeation flux. In vitro skin permeation studies were carried out across artificial membrane CELGRAD® 2400, freshly excised SD rat abdominal skin, freshly excised hairless rat abdominal skin, and frozen pig skin to examine the role of permeation membranes. Furthermore, plasma profiles with an application of 0.1-0.3mA current strength and tacrine concentration loading of 5-20mg/ml were obtained in SD rats. The tacrine plasma profiles were fitted to one-compartmental model using WinNonlin and in vivo transdermal absorption rates were then correlated to in vitro permeation profiles using various approaches. Tacrine permeation across membranes revealed current dependent interspecies differences at lower current strength application which diminished at higher current strength application, whereas, no significant difference in tacrine permeation was observed across fresh and frozen SD rat skin under 0.2mA current application. In vivo studies confirmed current and concentration dependent tacrine plasma profiles with possible tacrine depot formation under the skin in-line with earlier in vitro results. Correlation of in vivo transdermal absorption rates to in vitro permeation profiles revealed higher in vitro permeation fluxes compare to in vivo transdermal absorption rates at varied combination of current strength and concentrations. Present in vivo studies support the earlier published in vitro findings and tacrine plasma profiles show a potential to reach therapeutic effective concentration of tacrine hydrochloride to provide a platform for pre-programmed tacrine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketkumar Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Shashank Jain
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Senshang Lin
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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Pastore MN, Kalia YN, Horstmann M, Roberts MS. Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2179-209. [PMID: 25560046 PMCID: PMC4403087 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal patches are now widely used as cosmetic, topical and transdermal delivery systems. These patches represent a key outcome from the growth in skin science, technology and expertise developed through trial and error, clinical observation and evidence-based studies that date back to the first existing human records. This review begins with the earliest topical therapies and traces topical delivery to the present-day transdermal patches, describing along the way the initial trials, devices and drug delivery systems that underpin current transdermal patches and their actives. This is followed by consideration of the evolution in the various patch designs and their limitations as well as requirements for actives to be used for transdermal delivery. The properties of and issues associated with the use of currently marketed products, such as variability, safety and regulatory aspects, are then described. The review concludes by examining future prospects for transdermal patches and drug delivery systems, such as the combination of active delivery systems with patches, minimally invasive microneedle patches and cutaneous solutions, including metered-dose systems.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/history
- Drug Carriers
- History, 15th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- History, Ancient
- Humans
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/history
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/history
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Transdermal Patch/history
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Pastore
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yogeshvar N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of LausanneGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Horstmann
- former Acino Pharma AG, now Independent Pharmacist (Transdermalpharma UG)Neuwied, Germany
| | - Michael S Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra HospitalBrisbane, Qld, Australia
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Patel N, Jain S, Madan P, Lin S. Influence of electronic and formulation variables on transdermal iontophoresis of tacrine hydrochloride. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:442-57. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.879886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Transdermal delivery of selegiline from alginate–Pluronic composite thermogels. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:119-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gillet A, Compère P, Lecomte F, Hubert P, Ducat E, Evrard B, Piel G. Liposome surface charge influence on skin penetration behaviour. Int J Pharm 2011; 411:223-31. [PMID: 21458550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular systems have shown their ability to increase dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Their mechanism of drug transport into and through the skin has been investigated but remains a much debated question. Several researchers have outlined that drug penetration can be influenced by modifying the surface charge of liposomes. In the present work we study the influence of particle surface charge on skin penetration. The final purpose is the development of a carrier system which is able to enhance the skin delivery of two model drugs, betamethasone and betamethasone dipropionate. Liposomes were characterised by their size, morphology, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency and stability. Ex vivo diffusion studies using Franz diffusion cells were performed. Confocal microscopy was performed to visualise the penetration of fluorescently labelled liposomes into the skin. This study showed the potential of negatively charged liposomes to enhance the skin penetration of betamethasone and betamethasone dipropionate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gillet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, CHU, Tour 4, Bat B36, 1 Avenue de l'Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Gillet A, Evrard B, Piel G. Liposomes and parameters affecting their skin penetration behaviour. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(11)50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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