1
|
Sun Y, Lv X, Ding P, Wang L, Sun Y, Li S, Zhang H, Gao Z. Exploring the functions of polymers in adenovirus-mediated gene delivery: Evading immune response and redirecting tropism. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:93-104. [PMID: 31386928 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) is a promising viral carrier in gene therapy because of its unique attribution. However, clinical applications of Ad vectors are currently restricted by their immunogenicity and broad native tropism. To address these obstacles, a variety of nonimmunogenic polymers are utilized to modify Ad vectors chemically or physically. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. With polyethylene glycol (PEG) first in order, a variety of polymers have been developed to shield the surface of Ad vectors and well accomplished to evade the host immune response, block CAR-dependant cellular uptake, and reduce accumulation in the liver. In addition, shielding Ad vectors with targeted polymers (including targeting ligand-conjugated polymers and bio-responsive polymers) can also efficiently retarget Ad vectors to tumor tissues and reduce their distribution in nontargeted tissues. With its potential to evade the immune response and retarget Ad vectors, modification with polymers has been generally regarded as a promising strategy to facilitate the clinical applications of Ad vectors for virotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: There is no doubt that Adenovirus (Ads) are attractive vectors for gene therapy, with high sophistication and effectiveness in overcoming both extra- and intracellular barriers, which cannot be exceeded by any other nonviral gene vectors. Unfortunately, their clinical applications are still restricted by some critical hurdles, including immunogenicity and native broad tropism. Therefore, a variety of elegant strategies have been developed from various angles to address these hurdles. Among these various strategies, coating Ads with nonimmunogenic polymers has attracted much attention. In this review, we systemically discuss the functions of polymers in Ad-mediated gene delivery from two aspects: evading the host immune responses to Ads and redirecting Ad tropism. In addition, the key factors in Ad modification with polymers have been highlighted and summarized to provide guiding theory for the design of more effective and safer polymer-Ad hybrid gene vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoqian Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base - Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu P, Wang R, Wang X, Ouyang J. Recent advancements in erythrocytes, platelets, and albumin as delivery systems. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2873-84. [PMID: 27274282 PMCID: PMC4876107 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s104691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have been applied to enhance the efficacy of therapeutics and to alleviate negative effects through the controlled delivery of targeting and releasing agents. However, few drug carriers can achieve high targeting efficacy, even when targeting modalities and surface markers are introduced. Immunological problems have also limited their wide applications. Biological drug delivery systems, such as erythrocytes, platelets, and albumin, have been extensively investigated because of their unique properties. In this review, erythrocytes, platelets, and albumin are described as efficient drug delivery systems. Their properties, applications, advantages, and limitations in disease treatment are explained. This review confirms that these systems can be used to facilitate a specific, biocompatible, and smart drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruju Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Toro Bejarano M, Merchan JR. Targeting tumor vasculature through oncolytic virotherapy: recent advances. Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:169-81. [PMID: 27512680 PMCID: PMC4918394 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic virotherapy field has made significant advances in the last decade, with a rapidly increasing number of early- and late-stage clinical trials, some of them showing safety and promising therapeutic efficacy. Targeting tumor vasculature by oncolytic viruses (OVs) is an attractive strategy that offers several advantages over nontargeted viruses, including improved tumor viral entry, direct antivascular effects, and enhanced antitumor efficacy. Current understanding of the biological mechanisms of tumor neovascularization, novel vascular targets, and mechanisms of resistance has allowed the development of oncolytic viral vectors designed to target tumor neovessels. While some OVs (such as vaccinia and vesicular stomatitis virus) can intrinsically target tumor vasculature and induce vascular disruption, the majority of reported vascular-targeted viruses are the result of genetic manipulation of their viral genomes. Such strategies include transcriptional or transductional endothelial targeting, "armed" viruses able to downregulate angiogenic factors, or to express antiangiogenic molecules. The above strategies have shown preclinical safety and improved antitumor efficacy, either alone, or in combination with standard or targeted agents. This review focuses on the recent efforts toward the development of vascular-targeted OVs for cancer treatment and provides a translational/clinical perspective into the future development of new generation biological agents for human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Toro Bejarano
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jaime R Merchan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The myeloid-binding peptide adenoviral vector enables multi-organ vascular endothelial gene targeting. J Transl Med 2014; 94:881-92. [PMID: 24955893 PMCID: PMC4117817 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are ideal gene therapy targets as they provide widespread tissue access and are the first contact surfaces following intravenous vector administration. Human recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is the most frequently used gene transfer system because of its appreciable transgene payload capacity and lack of somatic mutation risk. However, standard Ad5 vectors predominantly transduce liver but not the vasculature following intravenous administration. We recently developed an Ad5 vector with a myeloid cell-binding peptide (MBP) incorporated into the knob-deleted, T4 fibritin chimeric fiber (Ad.MBP). This vector was shown to transduce pulmonary ECs presumably via a vector handoff mechanism. Here we tested the body-wide tropism of the Ad.MBP vector, its myeloid cell necessity, and vector-EC expression dose response. Using comprehensive multi-organ co-immunofluorescence analysis, we discovered that Ad.MBP produced widespread EC transduction in the lung, heart, kidney, skeletal muscle, pancreas, small bowel, and brain. Surprisingly, Ad.MBP retained hepatocyte tropism albeit at a reduced frequency compared with the standard Ad5. While binding specifically to myeloid cells ex vivo, multi-organ Ad.MBP expression was not dependent on circulating monocytes or macrophages. Ad.MBP dose de-escalation maintained full lung-targeting capacity but drastically reduced transgene expression in other organs. Swapping the EC-specific ROBO4 for the CMV promoter/enhancer abrogated hepatocyte expression but also reduced gene expression in other organs. Collectively, our multilevel targeting strategy could enable therapeutic biological production in previously inaccessible organs that pertain to the most debilitating or lethal human diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Chen J, Xu H, Long J, Xie X, Zhang Y. The targeted transduction of MMP-overexpressing tumor cells by ACPP-HPMA copolymer-coated adenovirus conjugates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100670. [PMID: 25000246 PMCID: PMC4085062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have designed and tested a new way to selectively deliver HPMA polymer-coated adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) particles into matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-overexpressing tumor cells. An activatable cell penetrating peptide (ACPP) was designed and attached to the reactive 4-nitrophenoxy groups of HPMA polymers by the C-terminal amino acid (asparagine, N). ACPPs are activatable cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) with a linker between polycationic and polyanionic domains, and MMP-mediated cleavage releases the CPP portion and its attached cargo to enable cell entry. Our data indicate that the transport of these HPMA polymer conjugates by a single ACPP molecule to the cytoplasm occurs via a nonendocytotic and concentration-independent process. The uptake was observed to finish within 20 minutes by inverted fluorescence microscopy. In contrast, HPMA polymer-coated Ad5 without ACPPs was internalized solely by endocytosis. The optimal formulation was not affected by the presence of Ad5 neutralizing antibodies during transduction, and ACPP/polymer-coated Ad5 also retained high targeting capability to several MMP-overexpressing tumor cell types. For the first time, ACPP-mediated cytoplasmic delivery of polymer-bound Ad5 to MMP-overexpressing tumor cells was demonstrated. These findings are significant, as they demonstrate the use of a polymer-based system for the targeted delivery into MMP-overexpressing solid tumors and highlight how to overcome major cellular obstacles to achieve intracellular macromolecular delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanzhi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Long
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Xie
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Stomatology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Targeting of liposomes via PSGL1 for enhanced tumor accumulation. Pharm Res 2012; 30:352-61. [PMID: 22992830 PMCID: PMC3553414 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To improve the delivery of liposomes to tumors using P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL1) mediated binding to selectin molecules, which are upregulated on tumorassociated endothelium. Methods PSGL1 was orientated and presented on the surface of liposomes to achieve optimal selectin binding using a novel streptavidin-protein G linker molecule. Loading of PSGL1 liposomes with luciferin allowed their binding to e-selectin and activated HUVEC to be quantified in vitro and their stability, pharmacokinetics and tumor accumulation to be tested in vivo using murine models. Results PSGL1 liposomes showed 5-fold (p < 0.05) greater selectin binding than identically formulated control liposomes modified with ligand that did not contain the selectin binding domain. When added to HUVEC, PSGL1 liposomes showed >7-fold (p < 0.001) greater attachment than control liposomes. In in vivo studies PSGL1 liposomes showed similar stability and circulation to control liposomes but demonstrated a >3-fold enhancement in the level of delivery to tumors (p < 0.05). Conclusions The technologies and strategies described here may contribute to clinical improvements in the selectivity and efficacy of liposomal drug delivery agents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-012-0875-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Progress in vector design and an increased knowledge of mechanisms underlying tumor-induced immune suppression have led to a new and promising generation of Adenovirus (Ad)-based immunotherapies, which are discussed in this review. As vaccine vehicles Ad vectors (AdVs) have been clinically evaluated and proven safe, but a major limitation of the commonly used Ad5 serotype is neutralization by preexistent or rapidly induced immune responses. Genetic modifications in the Ad capsid can reduce intrinsic immunogenicity and facilitate escape from antibody-mediated neutralization. Further modification of the Ad hexon and fiber allows for liver and scavenger detargeting and selective targeting of, for example, dendritic cells. These next-generation Ad vaccines with enhanced efficacy are now becoming available for testing as tumor vaccines. In addition, AdVs encoding immune-modulating products may be used to convert the tumor microenvironment from immune-suppressive and proinvasive to proinflammatory, thus facilitating cell-mediated effector functions that can keep tumor growth and invasion in check. Oncolytic AdVs, that selectively replicate in tumor cells and induce an immunogenic form of cell death, can also be armed with immune-activating transgenes to amplify primed antitumor immune responses. These novel immunotherapy strategies, employing highly efficacious AdVs in optimized configurations, show great promise and warrant clinical exploration.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim J, Kim PH, Kim SW, Yun CO. Enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of adenovirus in combination with biomaterials. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1838-50. [PMID: 22142769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the reason that systemically administered adenovirus (Ad) is rapidly extinguished by innate/adaptive immune responses and accumulation in liver, in vivo application of the Ad vector is strictly restricted. For achieving to develop successful Ad vector systems for cancer therapy, the chemical or physical modification of Ad vectors with polymers has been generally used as a promising strategy to overcome the obstacles. With polyethylene glycol (PEG) first in order, a variety of polymers have been developed to shield the surface of therapeutic Ad vectors and well accomplished to extend circulation time in blood and reduce liver toxicity. However, although polymer-coated Ads can successfully evacuate from a series of guarding systems in vivo and locate within tumors by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, the possibility to entering into the target cell is few and far between. To endow targeting moiety to polymer-coated Ad vectors, a diversity of ligands such as tumor-homing peptides, growth factors or antibodies, have been introduced with avoiding unwanted transduction and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Here, we will describe and classify the characteristics of the published polymers with respect to Ad vectors. Furthermore, we will also compare the properties of variable targeting ligands, which are being utilized for addressing polymer-coated Ad vectors actively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Kim
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu YY, He KW, Guo RL. Six Alkaloids Inhibit Secretion of IL-1α, TXB2, ET-1 and E-selectin in LPS-induced Endothelial Cells. Immunol Invest 2011; 41:261-74. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.626826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|