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Radioiodine labeling and in vivo trafficking of extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5041. [PMID: 33658566 PMCID: PMC7930277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodistribution and role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are still largely unknown. Reliable tracking methods for EVs are needed. In this study, nuclear imaging using radioiodine were developed and applied for tracking EVs derived from cell lines. EVs were obtained from supernatant of thyroid cancer cell (Cal62) and natural killer cells (NK92-MI) using sequential ultracentrifuges. Sulfosuccinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxypheynyl) propionate were labeled to membrane of Cal62 and NK92-MI cell derived EVs, then the EVs were labeled with radioiodine (I-131 and I-125) using pre-coated iodination tubes (RI-EVs). In vivo gamma camera images were obtained after intravenous injection of the RI-EVs, and ex vivo biodistribution study was also performed. EVs were labeled with radioiodine and radiochemical purity of the RI-EV was more than 98%. Results of nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy showed that there was no significant difference in EVs before and after the radioiodine labeling. After intravenous injection of RI-EVs to mice, gamma camera imaging well visualized the real-time biodistribution of the RI-EVs. RI-EVs were mainly visualized at liver, spleen, and lung. Nuclear imaging system of EVs derived from thyroid cancer and NK cells using radioiodine labeling of the EVs was established. Thus, this system might be helpful for in vivo tracking of EVs.
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Gao Y, Chu C, Jablonska A, Bulte JWM, Walczak P, Janowski M. Imaging as a tool to accelerate the translation of extracellular vesicle-based therapies for central nervous system diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1688. [PMID: 33336512 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural and diverse lipid bilayer-enclosed particles originating from various cellular components and containing an abundance of cargoes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have gained considerable interest as therapeutic agents for a variety of diseases, including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Their therapeutic value depends on cell origin but can be further enhanced by enrichment of cargo when used as drug carriers. Therefore, there has been significant effort directed toward introducing them to clinical practice. However, it is essential to avoid the failures we have seen with whole-cell therapy, in particular for the treatment of the CNS. Successful launching of clinical studies is contingent upon the understanding of the biodistribution of EVs, including their uptake and clearance from organs and specific homing into the region of interest. A multitude of noninvasive imaging methods has been explored in vitro to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of EVs administered in vivo. However, only a few studies have been performed to track the delivery of EVs, especially delivery to the brain, which is the most therapeutically challenging organ. We focus here on the use of advanced imaging techniques as an essential tool to facilitate the acceleration of clinical translation of EV-based therapeutics, especially in the CNS arena. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengyan Chu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Jablonska
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Emerging strategies for labeling and tracking of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2020; 328:141-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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Nannan L, Oudart JB, Monboisse JC, Ramont L, Brassart-Pasco S, Brassart B. Extracellular Vesicle-Dependent Cross-Talk in Cancer-Focus on Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1456. [PMID: 32974169 PMCID: PMC7466446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and shed microvesicles are generated by many different cells. However, among all the cells, cancer cells are now recognized to secrete more EVs than healthy cells. Tumor-derived EVs can be isolated from biofluids such as blood, urine, ascitic fluid, and saliva. Their numerous components (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) possess many pleiotropic functions involved in cancer progression. The tumor-derived EVs generated under the influence of tumor microenvironment play distant roles and promote cellular communication by directly interacting with different cells. Moreover, they modulate extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor progression. Tumor-derived EVs are involved in pre-metastatic niche formation, dependent on the EV-associated protein receptors, and in cancer chemoresistance as they transfer drug-resistance-related genes to recipient cells. Recent advances in preclinical and clinical fields suggest their potential use as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis as well as for drug delivery in cancer. In this Review, we discuss EV characteristics and pro-tumor capacities, and highlight the future crucial impact of tumor-derived EVs in pancreatic cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Nannan
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,Biomedical MRI Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Oudart
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Jean Claude Monboisse
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Ramont
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Service de Biochimie-Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Reims, France
| | - Sylvie Brassart-Pasco
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France
| | - Bertrand Brassart
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé (FED 4231), Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Reims, France.,CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire-MEDyC, Reims, France
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5
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Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Ahn BC. Application of In Vivo Imaging Techniques for Monitoring Natural Killer Cell Migration and Tumor Infiltration. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051318. [PMID: 32455886 PMCID: PMC7281416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of natural killer (NK) cell-based immunotherapy has shown promise against various cancer types. To some extent therapeutic potential of NK cell-based immunotherapy depends on migration of NK cells towards tumors in animal models or human subjects and subsequent infiltration. Constant improvement in the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of NK cells is driving the performance and use of NK cell-based immunotherapies. In this review, we summarize the molecular imaging techniques used in monitoring the migration and infiltration of NK cells in vivo at preclinical and clinical levels. A review of pros and cons of each molecular imaging modality is done. Finally, we provide our perception of the usefulness of molecular imaging approaches for in vivo monitoring of NK cells in preclinical and clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (P.G.); (R.L.R.)
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (P.G.); (R.L.R.)
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea; (P.G.); (R.L.R.)
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Varderidou-Minasian S, Lorenowicz MJ. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair: challenges and opportunities. Theranostics 2020; 10:5979-5997. [PMID: 32483432 PMCID: PMC7254996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration owing to their immunomodulatory potential and release of trophic factors that promote healing. They have been increasingly used in clinical trials to treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation and tissue damage such as graft versus host disease, orthopedic injuries and cardiac and liver diseases. Recent evidence demonstrates that their beneficial effects are derived, at least in part, from their secretome. In particular, data from animal models and first-in-man studies indicate that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can exert similar therapeutic potential as their cells of origin. MSC-EVs are membranous structures loaded with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which play an important role in cell-cell communication and may represent an attractive alternative for cell-based therapy. In this article we summarize recent advances in the use of MSC-EVs for tissue repair. We highlight several isolation and characterization approaches used to enrich MSC-derived EVs. We discuss our current understanding of the relative contribution of the MSC-EVs to the immunomodulatory and regenerative effects mediated by MSCs and MSC secretome. Finally we highlight the challenges and opportunities, which come with the potential use of MSC-EVs as cell free therapy for conditions that require tissue repair.
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7
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Son SH, Oh JM, Gangadaran P, Ji HD, Lee HW, Rajendran RL, Baek SH, Gopal A, Kalimuthu S, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. White blood cell labeling with Technetium-99m ( 99mTc) using red blood cell extracellular vesicles-mimetics. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2019; 80:102375. [PMID: 31655394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2019.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles, have gained increasing attention for their application in drug delivery. Here, we developed a novel method for radiolabeling WBCs with 99mTc using RBC-derived extracellular vesicles -mimetics (EVMs), and monitored in vivo inflammation tracking of 99mTc-WBC using gamma camera in acute inflammation mouse model. METHODS Engineered EVMs from RBCs were produced by a one-step extrusion method. RBC-EVMs were analyzed by NTA and TEM. Cells were labeled with 99mTc by using 99mTc-RBC-EVMs. Inflammation mice model was prepared and confirmed by 18F-FDG PET/CT. 99mTc-WBCs were injected in mice, and their biodistribution was analyzed by gamma camera. FINDING The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-RBC-EVMs was 100%. The 99mTc-labeling did't affect the size and morphology. The 99mTc in the cytoplasm of RBC-EVMs was successfully confirmed by high angle annular dark field STEM (scanning transmission electron microscope). Cells were successfully labeled with 99mTc using 99mTc-RBC-EVMs, and the counts per minute was increased in dose- and time-dependent manners. The 18F-FDG PET/CT images confirmed establishment of acute inflammation (left mouse foot). 99mTc-WBCs showed higher uptake in the inflamed foot than non-inflamed foot. INTERPRETATION This novel method for radiolabeling WBCs using RBC-EVMs. 99mTc labeling may be a feasible method to monitor the in vivo biodistribution of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Son
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Dong Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwan Baek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Arunnehru Gopal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Pan Y, Lv J, Pan D, Xu Y, Yang M, Ju H, Zhou J, Zhu L, Zhao Q, Zhang Y. Evaluating the utility of human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene: a promising molecular imaging tool. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1311-1324. [PMID: 30560451 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabelled ligands of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) have been used to image the GLP-1R-expressing tissues (e.g., islets and insulinoma). Here, we introduced human glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (hglp-1r) gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene to broaden its applications in molecular imaging in vivo. Transient and stable baculoviral vectors (BV) were re-constructed and used to transfer the hglp-1r gene or enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) reporter gene into the stem cells or tumor cells. Cell proliferation assay and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that BV-mediated reporter gene transferring and expression was biosafe and highly efficient. The BV-mediated exogenous hGLP-1R in target cells showed same ligand-receptor binding characteristics compared with its counterpart in insulinoma cells. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor binding assay showed a high affinity (IC50 = 0.3708 nM) and robust correlation (R2 = 0.9264) between the fluorescein-tagged or radiolabeled ligand probes and exogenous hGLP-1R in target cells. The target cells transferred with BV-mediated hGLP-1R could be clearly visualized in nude mice by micro-PET, which was capable of the purposes of short-term tracking transplanted stem cells or long-term monitoring tumor formation. Then, the image-based analysis and bio-distribution analysis quantitatively confirmed high target-to-background ratio of hGLP-1R-expressing cells. This study also investigated the endogenous GLP-1R-expressing organs/tissues in nude mice in the hGLP-1R radionuclide reporter gene imaging. Summarily, we evaluated the utility of hglp-1r gene as a novel radionuclide reporter gene, and demonstrated that it was a favorable and promising candidate of molecular imaging tool, which would expand the spectrum of radionuclide reporter gene imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijun Ju
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxin Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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New Optical Imaging Reporter-labeled Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Platform for In Vivo Tumor Targeting in a Mouse Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13509. [PMID: 30201988 PMCID: PMC6131173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), originating from multivesicular bodies by invagination of the endosomal membrane, are communication channels between distant cells. They are natural carriers of exogeneous cellular materials and have been exploited as drug delivery carriers in various diseases. Here, we found that tumor cell-derived EVs can be used as efficient targets in tumors by monitoring with an optical reporter system. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (CAL62) cell-derived EVs with Renilla luciferase (Rluc) were used to target CAL62 tumors in a mouse model. Optical imaging revealed that cancer cell-derived EVs (EV-CAL62/Rluc) targeted the original tumor (CAL62) in mice within 30 min after systemic injection. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging revealed that EV-CAL62/Rluc were internalized into CAL62 tumors in the mice. Ex vivo Optical imaging further confirmed the in vivo finding. Here, we successfully monitored the tumor targeting ability of tumor cell-derived EVs by optical imaging. Based on these results, tumor cell-derived EVs are highly effective natural carriers for drug delivery for cancer therapies.
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Gangadaran P, Hong CM, Oh JM, Rajendran RL, Kalimuthu S, Son SH, Gopal A, Zhu L, Baek SH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. In vivo Non-invasive Imaging of Radio-Labeled Exosome-Mimetics Derived From Red Blood Cells in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:817. [PMID: 30104975 PMCID: PMC6078013 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are natural nano-sized membrane vesicles that have garnered recent interest owing to their potential as drug delivery vehicles. Though exosomes are effective drug carriers, their production and in vivo biodistribution are still not completely elucidated. We analyzed the production of exosome mimetics (EMs) from red blood cells (RBCs) and the radio-labeling of the RBC-EMs for in vivo imaging. Engineered EMs from RBCs were produced in large-scale by a one-step extrusion method, and further purified by density-gradient centrifugation. RBC-EMs were labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc). For non-invasive imaging, 99mTc (free) or 99mTc-RBC-EMs were injected in mice, and their biodistribution was analyzed by gamma camera imaging. Animals were sacrificed, and organs were collected for further biodistribution analysis. RBC-EMs have similar characteristics as the RBC exosomes but have a 130-fold higher production yield in terms of particle numbers. Radiochemical purity of 99mTc-RBC-EMs was almost 100% till 2 h reduced to 97% at 3 h. Radio-labeling did not affect the size and morphology of RBC-EMs. In contrast to free 99mTc, in vivo imaging of 99mTc-RBC-EMs in mice showed higher uptake in the liver and spleen, and no uptake in the thyroid. Ex vivo imaging confirmed the in vivo findings. Furthermore, fluorescent imaging confirmed the nuclear imaging findings. Immunofluorescent imaging revealed that the hepatic uptake of RBC-EMs was significantly mediated by kupffer cells (resident hepatic macrophages). Our results demonstrate a simple yet large-scale production method for a novel type of RBC-EMs, which can be effectively labeled with 99mTc, and feasibly monitored in vivo by nuclear imaging. The RBC-EMs may be used as in vivo drug delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Son
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Arunnehru Gopal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Liya Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Se Hwan Baek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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11
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Kalimuthu S, Zhu L, Oh JM, Gangadaran P, Lee HW, Baek SH, Rajendran RL, Gopal A, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Migration of mesenchymal stem cells to tumor xenograft models and in vitro drug delivery by doxorubicin. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1051-1061. [PMID: 30013447 PMCID: PMC6036160 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show therapeutic effects in various types of diseases. MSCs have been shown to migrate towards inflamed or cancerous tissues, and visualized after sacrificing the animal. MSCs are able to deliver drugs to target cells, and are an ideal candidate for cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to track the migration of MSCs in tumor-bearing mice; MSCs were also used as drug delivery vehicles. Human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and anaplastic thyroid cancer cells (CAL62) were transduced with lentiviral particles, to express the Renilla luciferase and mCherry (mCherry-Rluc) reporter genes. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs were transduced with lentiviral particles, to express the firefly luciferase and enhanced green fluorescence protein (Fluc2-eGFP) reporter genes (MSC/Fluc). Luciferase activity of the transduced cells was measured by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Further in vitro migration assays were performed to confirm cancer cells conditioned medium dependent MSC and doxorubicin (DOX) treated MSC migration. MSCs were loaded with DOX, and their therapeutic effects against the cancer cells were studied in vitro. In vivo MSC/Fluc migration in mice having thyroid or breast cancer xenografts was evaluated after systemic injection. Rluc activity of CAL62/Rluc (R2=0.911), MDA-MB-231/Rluc (R2=0.934) cells and Fluc activity of MSC/Fluc (R2=0.91) cells increased with increasing cell numbers, as seen by BLI. eGFP expression of MSC/Fluc was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Similar migration potential was observed between MSC/Fluc and naïve MSCs in migration assay. DOX treated MSCs migration was not decreased compared than MSCs. Migration of the systemically injected MSC/Fluc cells into tumor xenografts (thyroid and breast cancer) was visualized in animal models (p<0.05) and confirmed by ex vivo (p<0.05) BLI. Additionally, MSCs delivered DOX to CAL62/Rluc and MDA-MB-231/Rluc cells, thereby decreasing their Rluc activities. In this study, we confirmed the migration of MSCs to tumor sites in cancer xenograft models using both in vivo and ex vivo BLI imaging. DOX-pretreated MSCs showed enhanced cytotoxic effects. Therefore, this noninvasive reporter gene (Fluc2)-based BLI may be useful for visualizing in vivo tracking of MSCs, which can be used as a drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Gangadaran P, Hong CM, Ahn BC. An Update on in Vivo Imaging of Extracellular Vesicles as Drug Delivery Vehicles. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29541030 PMCID: PMC5835830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently being considered as promising drug delivery vehicles. EVs are naturally occurring vesicles that exhibit many characteristics favorable to serve as drug delivery vehicles. In addition, EVs have inherent properties for treatment of cancers and other diseases. For research and clinical translation of use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles, in vivo tracking of EVs is essential. The latest molecular imaging techniques enable the tracking of EVs in living animals. However, each molecular imaging technique has its certain advantages and limitations for the in vivo imaging of EVs; therefore, understanding the molecular imaging techniques is essential to select the most appropriate imaging technology to achieve the desired imaging goal. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and the molecular imaging techniques used in visualizing and monitoring EVs in in vivo environments. Furthermore, we provide a perceptual vision of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and in vivo monitoring of EVs using molecular imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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13
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Guo R, Xi Y, Zhang M, Miao Y, Zhang M, Li B. Human sodium iodide transporter gene-mediated imaging and therapy of mouse glioma, comparison between 188Re and 131I. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3911-3917. [PMID: 29467904 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel treatment options are urgently required for patients with glioma who are not effectively treated through standard therapy. Human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) is a molecular target of certain tumors types. Compared with 131I, 188Re possesses a higher energy and shorter half-life; therefore, the effects of 188Re and 131I were compared in hNIS-mediated gene imaging and therapy in the present study. Recombinant human brain glioma cell line U87 was transfected with a recombinant lentiviral vector containing hNIS (U87-hNIS). U87-0 cell line transfected with blank lentivirus was prepared as a control. In vitro, the 188Re and 131I uptake of U87-hNIS cells were 21.3-times and 25.9-times that of the control groups, however the excretion rate of the two nuclides was very rapid, and the half-life was only ~4 min. Sodium perchlorate inhibited hNIS-mediated 188Re and 131I uptake to levels observed in the control groups. 188Re and 131I were able to kill U87-hNIS cells selectively, with a survival of only 21.6 and 36.2%, respectively. U87-hNIS nude mice appeared to accumulate 188Re, with a ratio of radioactivity counts between tumor and non-tumor sites of ~13.5 compared with 10.3 of 131I 1 h after radionuclide injection. In contrast with in vitro studies, U87-hNIS cells demonstrated a notable increase in 188Re retention in vivo, even 24 h after 188Re injection. U87-hNIS cells also exhibited increased 131I retention in vivo; however, as the time increased, 131I was rapidly released with the tumor no longer able to be imaged 24 h after 131I injection. Following treatment, U87-hNIS tumors experienced a volume reduction of 24.1%, whereas U87-0 cells demonstrated an increase of 28.8%. 188Re and 131I were revealed to be effective at decreasing tumor volume compared with the control. However, 188Re was significantly more potent compared with 131I (P<0.01). The present study indicated that the U87-hNIS cell line is sufficient to induce specific 188Re and 131I uptake, which may kill cells in vitro and in vivo. 188Re exhibited an increased retention time in vivo compared with 131I, which facilitates the imaging and therapy of U87-hNIS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ying Miao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. Molecular Imaging: A Useful Tool for the Development of Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1090. [PMID: 28955332 PMCID: PMC5600950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging is a relatively new discipline that allows visualization, characterization, and measurement of the biological processes in living subjects, including humans, at a cellular and molecular level. The interaction between cancer cells and natural killer (NK) cells is complex and incompletely understood. Despite our limited knowledge, progress in the search for immune cell therapies against cancer could be significantly improved by dynamic and non-invasive visualization and tracking of immune cells and by visualization of the response of cancer cells to therapies in preclinical and clinical studies. Molecular imaging is an essential tool for these studies, and a multimodal molecular imaging approach can be applied to monitor immune cells in vivo, for instance, to visualize therapeutic effects. In this review, we discuss the usefulness of NK cells in cancer therapies and the preclinical and clinical usefulness of molecular imaging in NK cell-based therapies. Furthermore, we discuss different molecular imaging modalities for use with NK cell-based therapies, and their preclinical and clinical applications in animal and human subjects. Molecular imaging has contributed to the development of NK cell-based therapies against cancers in animal models and to the refinement of current cell-based cancer immunotherapies. Developing sensitive and reproducible non-invasive molecular imaging technologies for in vivo NK cell monitoring and for real-time assessment of therapeutic effects will accelerate the development of NK cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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15
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Drug Discovery by Molecular Imaging and Monitoring Therapy Response in Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081639. [PMID: 28749424 PMCID: PMC5578029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging allows a noninvasive assessment of biochemical and biological processes in living subjects. Treatment strategies for malignant lymphoma depend on histology and tumor stage. For the last two decades, molecular imaging has been the mainstay diagnostic test for the staging of malignant lymphoma and the assessment of response to treatment. This technology enhances our understanding of disease and drug activity during preclinical and clinical drug development. Here, we review molecular imaging applications in drug development, with an emphasis on oncology. Monitoring and assessing the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies in preclinical or clinical models are essential and the multimodal molecular imaging approach may represent a new stage for pharmacologic development in cancer. Monitoring the progress of lymphoma therapy with imaging modalities will help patients. Identifying and addressing key challenges is essential for successful integration of molecular imaging into the drug development process. In this review, we highlight the general usefulness of molecular imaging in drug development and radionuclide-based reporter genes. Further, we discuss the different molecular imaging modalities for lymphoma therapy and their preclinical and clinical applications.
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16
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Zhu L, Li XJ, Kalimuthu S, Gangadaran P, Lee HW, Oh JM, Baek SH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Natural Killer Cell (NK-92MI)-Based Therapy for Pulmonary Metastasis of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer in a Nude Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:816. [PMID: 28785259 PMCID: PMC5519537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Natural killer (NK) cells represent the third largest population of lymphocytes, and they play an important role in immune surveillance against tumors. The lungs are a common metastatic site for anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and metastasis is one of the most frequent causes of mortality in this type of cancer. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of NK cell-based immunotherapy for pulmonary metastasis of ATC and determined how it affects the effector molecules of NK cells. Methods Human NK cells (NK-92MI) were retrovirally transduced to express the effluc gene. Human ATC cells (CAL-62) were transduced with the effluc and Rluc genes. The cytotoxicity of NK cells against CAL-62 cells was assessed using the CytoTox 96® Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay system. Pulmonary metastases of ATC were developed by i.v. injection of CAL-62, and metastasis growth was monitored using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). To treat the metastases, five million NK-92MI cells were injected twice into the caudal vein of nude mice. To assess the targetability of NK cells to ATC tumors, NK-92MI cells expressing the effluc gene (NK/F) were administered through the tail vein of nude mice with a pulmonary metastasis or tumor xenograft. BLI was subsequently performed at 1, 3, 24, and 48 h. Results NK/F and CAL-62 cells expressing the effluc or Rluc gene (CAL-62/F, CAL-62/R) were successfully established. Expression of the effluc and Rluc genes in NK/F, CAL-62/F, and CAL-62/R cells was verified by RT-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and luciferase assay. After coculture of NK-92MI and CAL-62/F cells for 24 h, the BLI signal intensity of CAL-62/F cells proportionally decreased with the number of cocultured NK cells. An ATC pulmonary metastasis mouse model was successfully generated, and NK cells significantly inhibited the growth of the metastasis (p < 0.01). The NK/F cells exhibited targetability to the pulmonary metastasis and tumor xenograft in the mouse model. Conclusion The results of present study suggest that NK cells are able to target ATC tumors and that NK cell-based immunotherapy may serve as an effective therapeutic approach for pulmonary metastases of ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Xiu Juan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, China
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Se Hwan Baek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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17
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Han L, Xu J, Xu Q, Zhang B, Lam EWF, Sun Y. Extracellular vesicles in the tumor microenvironment: Therapeutic resistance, clinical biomarkers, and targeting strategies. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1318-1349. [PMID: 28586517 DOI: 10.1002/med.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have proved that cell-nonautonomous regulation of neoplastic cells is a distinctive and essential characteristic of tumorigenesis. Two way communications between the tumor and the stroma, or within the tumor significantly influence disease progression and modify treatment responses. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), malignant cells utilize paracrine signaling initiated by adjacent stromal cells to acquire resistance against multiple types of anticancer therapies, wherein extracellular vesicles (EVs) substantially promote such events. EVs are nanoscaled particles enclosed by phospholipid bilayers, and can mediate intercellular communications between cancerous cells and the adjacent microenvironment to accelerate pathological proceeding. Here we review the most recent studies of EV biology and focus on key cell lineages of the TME and their EV cargoes that are biologically active and responsible for cancer resistance, including proteins, RNAs, and other potentially essential components. Since EVs are emerging as novel but critical elements in establishing and maintaining hallmarks of human cancer, timely and insightful understanding of their molecular properties and functional mechanisms would pave the road for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and effective targeting in the global landscape of precision medicine. Further, we address the potential of EVs as promising biomarkers in cancer clinics and summarize the technical improvements in EV preparation, analysis, and imaging. We highlight the practical issues that should be exercised with caution to guide the development of targeting agents and therapeutic methodologies to minimize cancer resistance driven by EVs, thereby allowing to effectively control the early steps of disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Han
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - J Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - B Zhang
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - E W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Y Sun
- Key Lab of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Current Perspectives on In Vivo Noninvasive Tracking of Extracellular Vesicles with Molecular Imaging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9158319. [PMID: 28246609 PMCID: PMC5303595 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9158319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical in vivo tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a crucial tool for the development and optimization of EV-based diagnosis and treatment. EVs have gained interest due to their unique properties that make them excellent candidates for biological applications. Noninvasive in vivo EV tracking has allowed marked progress towards elucidating the mechanisms and functions of EVs in real time in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we summarize several molecular imaging methods that deal with EVs derived from different cells, which have allowed investigations of EV biodistribution, as well as their tracking, delivery, and tumor targeting, to determine their physiological functions and to exploit imaging-derived information for EV-based theranostics.
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19
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Burdette MK, Jenkins R, Bandera Y, Powell RR, Bruce TF, Yang X, Wei Y, Foulger SH. Bovine serum albumin coated nanoparticles for in vitro activated fluorescence. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:20066-20073. [PMID: 27892586 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A fluorophore modified nanoparticle was developed that can only fluoresce when a specific environmental parameter interacts with the system. The model system consisted of an azide modified bovine serum albumin (azBSA) that had been covalently attached to an alkyne modified silicon phthalocyanine (alSiPc) derivative through a copper catalyzed azide/alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition (click reaction). The azBSA/alSiPc assembly was then clicked to a ca. 67 nm poly(propargyl acrylate) (PA) nanoparticle (PA/azBSA/alSiPc). The resulting particles did not exhibit any florescence when the alSiPc was excited. Incubating the particles at 37 °C for 30 min with a proteolytic enzyme (trypsin) degraded the linking BSA and resulted in the appearance of florescence that was attributed to a "free" silicon phthalocyanine. The PA/azBSA/alSiPc particles were incubated with human non-small cell lung cancer cells (A549) and the florescence of the initially quenched particles was achieved with cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Burdette
- Clemson University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Laboratory 226, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
| | - Ragini Jenkins
- Clemson University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Laboratory 226, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
| | - Yuriy Bandera
- Clemson University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Laboratory 226, Anderson, SC 29625, USA. and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Advanced Materials Research Laboratory 226, Anderson, SC, USA
| | - Rhonda R Powell
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Terri F Bruce
- Clemson Light Imaging Facility, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0971, USA
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0971, USA
| | - Stephen H Foulger
- Clemson University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Advanced Materials Research Laboratory 226, Anderson, SC 29625, USA. and Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET), Advanced Materials Research Laboratory 226, Anderson, SC, USA and Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Lee HW, Gangadaran P, Kalimuthu S, Ahn BC. Advances in Molecular Imaging Strategies for In Vivo Tracking of Immune Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1946585. [PMID: 27725934 PMCID: PMC5048043 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1946585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tracking of immune cells in vivo is a crucial tool for development and optimization of cell-based therapy. Techniques for tracking immune cells have been applied widely for understanding the intrinsic behavior of immune cells and include non-radiation-based techniques such as optical imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiation-based techniques such as computerized tomography (CT), and nuclear imaging including single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET). Each modality has its own strengths and limitations. To overcome the limitations of each modality, multimodal imaging techniques involving two or more imaging modalities are actively applied. Multimodal techniques allow integration of the strengths of individual modalities. In this review, we discuss the strengths and limitations of currently available preclinical in vivo immune cell tracking techniques and summarize the value of immune cell tracking in the development and optimization of immune cell therapy for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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21
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Menezes ME, Das SK, Minn I, Emdad L, Wang XY, Sarkar D, Pomper MG, Fisher PB. Detecting Tumor Metastases: The Road to Therapy Starts Here. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 132:1-44. [PMID: 27613128 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the complex process by which primary tumor cells migrate and establish secondary tumors in an adjacent or distant location in the body. Early detection of metastatic disease and effective therapeutic options for targeting these detected metastases remain impediments to effectively treating patients with advanced cancers. If metastatic lesions are identified early, patients might maximally benefit from effective early therapeutic interventions. Further, monitoring patients whose primary tumors are effectively treated for potential metastatic disease onset is also highly valuable. Finally, patients with metastatic disease can be monitored for efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions through effective metastatic detection techniques. Thus, being able to detect and visualize metastatic lesions is key and provides potential to greatly improve overall patient outcomes. In order to achieve these objectives, researchers have endeavored to mechanistically define the steps involved in the metastatic process as well as ways to effectively detect metastatic progression. We presently overview various preclinical and clinical in vitro and in vivo assays developed to more efficiently detect tumor metastases, which provides the foundation for developing more effective therapies for this invariably fatal component of the cancerous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Menezes
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - S K Das
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - I Minn
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - L Emdad
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - X-Y Wang
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - D Sarkar
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - M G Pomper
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - P B Fisher
- Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, United States.
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22
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Retrosternal Goiter Visualized on 99mTc Pertechnetate SPECT/CT, But Not on Planar Scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 2015; 41:e169-70. [PMID: 26545026 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Retrosternal goiter is one of the common causes of anterior mediastinal masses. Scintigraphic diagnosis of retrosternal goiter plays an important role in avoiding invasive diagnostic procedures, and SPECT acquisition may enhance the diagnostic sensitivity of this technique as compared with planar scintigraphy. Here, I report a case of retrosternal goiter that was demonstrated on SPECT/CT obtained with Tc pertechnetate, but not on planar scintigraphy with the same tracer.
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23
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Guo R, Zhang M, Xi Y, Ma Y, Liang S, Shi S, Miao Y, Li B. Theranostic studies of human sodium iodide symporter imaging and therapy using 188Re: a human glioma study in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102011. [PMID: 25000403 PMCID: PMC4084984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the role of 188Re in human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) theranostic gene-mediated human glioma imaging and therapy in model mice. Methods The human glioma cell line U87 was transfected with recombinant lentivirus encoding the hNIS gene under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter (U87-hNIS). The uptake and efflux of 188Re were determined after incubating the cells with 188Re. 188Re uptake experiments in the presence of various concentrations of sodium perchlorate were carried out. In vitro cell killing tests with 188Re were performed. U87-hNIS mediated 188Re distribution, imaging and therapy in nude mice were also tested. Results U87-hNIS cell line was successfully established. The uptake of 188Re in U87-hNIS cells increased up to 26-fold compared to control cells, but was released rapidly with a half-life of approximately 4 minutes. Sodium perchlorate reduced hNIS-mediated 188Re uptake to levels of control cell lines. U87-hNIS cells were selectively killed following exposure to 188Re, with a survival of 21.4%, while control cells had a survival of 92.1%. Unlike in vitro studies, U87-hNIS tumor showed a markedly increased 188Re retention even 48 hours after 188Re injection. In the therapy study, there was a significant difference in tumor size between U87-hNIS mice (317±67 mm3) and control mice (861±153 mm3) treated with 188Re for 4 weeks (P<0.01). Conclusion The results indicate that inserting the hNIS gene into U87 cells is sufficient to induce specific 188Re uptake, which has a cell killing effect both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, our study, based on the function of hNIS as a theranostic gene allowing noninvasive imaging of hNIS expression by 188Re scintigraphy, provides detailed characterization of in vivo vector biodistribution and level, localization, essential prerequisites for precise planning and monitoring of clinical gene therapy that aims to individualize gene therapy concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M. Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xin Hua Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rui Jin Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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