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Zhao Y, Pasanen M, Rysä J. Placental ion channels: potential target of chemical exposure. Biol Reprod 2022; 108:41-51. [PMID: 36173899 PMCID: PMC9843680 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is an important organ for the exchange of substances between the fetus and the mother, hormone secretion, and fetoplacental immunological defense. Placenta has an organ-specific distribution of ion channels and trophoblasts, and placental vessels express a large number of ion channels. Several placental housekeeping activities and pregnancy complications are at least partly controlled by ion channels, which are playing an important role in regulating hormone secretion, trophoblastic homeostasis, ion transport, and vasomotor activity. The function of several placental ion channels (Na, Ca, and Cl ion channels, cation channel, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and aquaporin-1) is known to be influenced by chemical exposure, i.e., their responses to different chemicals have been tested and confirmed in experimental models. Here, we review the possibility that placental ion channels are targets of toxicological concern in terms of placental function, fetal growth, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Markku Pasanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- Correspondence: School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland. Tel: +358403552412; E-mail:
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2
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Thomson S, Waters KA, Hennessy A, Machaalani R. The unfolded protein response and apoptotic regulation in the human placenta due to maternal cigarette smoking and pre-eclampsia. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:120-127. [PMID: 34492309 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal cigarette smoking (CS) and pre-eclampsia (PE) alter placental function and expression of important proteins which maintain homeostasis. Two interlinked pathways of interest are the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis. The UPR is upregulated in the PE placenta, but no data is available on the effects of CS and how it correlates with apoptotic expression. Samples of human placental tissue from normotensive non-smokers (n = 8), women with PE (n = 8), and CS (n = 8) were analysed using immunohistochemistry for 3 UPR markers (phosphorylated PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase (pPERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)), and an antibody microarray for 19 apoptotic and stress regulating markers. For the PE group compared to the normotensive group, staining for pPERK was increased in decidual tissue and villi, and for IRE1, the overall percentage of stained villi per field of view was increased. There were no differences in UPR expression comparing CS to controls. Of the apoptotic markers, only IκBα (Ser32/36), which is part of an inhibitory pathway, showed a significant decrease in the PE and CS groups compared to controls. These findings suggest UPR regulation is more evident in PE with a general increase in ER stress due to decreased inhibition of apoptosis as compared to CS for which UPR was not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - K A Waters
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - A Hennessy
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, 2751, Australia; Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - R Machaalani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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3
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Wedn AM, El-Bassossy HM, Eid AH, El-Mas MM. Modulation of preeclampsia by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway: Therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114703. [PMID: 34324867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) is vital for the orchestration of the immune and inflammatory responses under normal and challenged conditions. Over the past two decades, peripheral and central circuits of CAP have been shown to be critically involved in dampening the inflammatory reaction in a wide array of inflammatory disorders. Additionally, emerging evidence supports a key role for CAP in the regulation of the female reproductive system during gestation as well as in the advent of serious pregnancy-related inflammatory insults such as preeclampsia (PE). Within this framework, the modulatory action of CAP encompasses the perinatal maternal and fetal adverse consequences that surface due to antenatal PE programming. Albeit, a considerable gap still exists in our knowledge of the precise cellular and molecular underpinnings of PE/CAP interaction, which hampered global efforts in safeguarding effective preventive or therapeutic measures against PE complications. Here, we summarize reports in the literature regarding the roles of peripheral and reflex cholinergic neuroinflammatory pathways of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in reprogramming PE complications in mothers and their progenies. The possible contributions of α7-nAChRs, cholinesterases, immune cells, adhesion molecules, angiogenesis, and endothelial dysfunction to the interaction have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla M Wedn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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4
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Vivekanandarajah A, Nelson ME, Kinney HC, Elliott AJ, Folkerth RD, Tran H, Cotton J, Jacobs P, Minter M, McMillan K, Duncan JR, Broadbelt KG, Schissler K, Odendaal HJ, Angal J, Brink L, Burger EH, Coldrey JA, Dempers J, Boyd TK, Fifer WP, Geldenhuys E, Groenewald C, Holm IA, Myers MM, Randall B, Schubert P, Sens MA, Wright CA, Roberts DJ, Nelsen L, Wadee S, Zaharie D, Haynes RL. Nicotinic Receptors in the Brainstem Ascending Arousal System in SIDS With Analysis of Pre-natal Exposures to Maternal Smoking and Alcohol in High-Risk Populations of the Safe Passage Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636668. [PMID: 33776893 PMCID: PMC7988476 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-natal exposures to nicotine and alcohol are known risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of post-neonatal infant mortality. Here, we present data on nicotinic receptor binding, as determined by 125I-epibatidine receptor autoradiography, in the brainstems of infants dying of SIDS and of other known causes of death collected from the Safe Passage Study, a prospective, multicenter study with clinical sites in Cape Town, South Africa and 5 United States sites, including 2 American Indian Reservations. We examined 15 pons and medulla regions related to cardiovascular control and arousal in infants dying of SIDS (n = 12) and infants dying from known causes (n = 20, 10 pre-discharge from time of birth, 10 post-discharge). Overall, there was a developmental decrease in 125I-epibatidine binding with increasing postconceptional age in 5 medullary sites [raphe obscurus, gigantocellularis, paragigantocellularis, centralis, and dorsal accessory olive (p = 0.0002-0.03)], three of which are nuclei containing serotonin cells. Comparing SIDS with post-discharge known cause of death (post-KCOD) controls, we found significant decreased binding in SIDS in the nucleus pontis oralis (p = 0.02), a critical component of the cholinergic ascending arousal system of the rostral pons (post-KCOD, 12.1 ± 0.9 fmol/mg and SIDS, 9.1 ± 0.78 fmol/mg). In addition, we found an effect of maternal smoking in SIDS (n = 11) combined with post-KCOD controls (n = 8) on the raphe obscurus (p = 0.01), gigantocellularis (p = 0.02), and the paragigantocellularis (p = 0.002), three medullary sites found in this study to have decreased binding with age and found in previous studies to have abnormal indices of serotonin neurotransmission in SIDS infants. At these sites, 125I-epibatidine binding increased with increasing cigarettes per week. We found no effect of maternal drinking on 125I-epibatidine binding at any site measured. Taken together, these data support changes in nicotinic receptor binding related to development, cause of death, and exposure to maternal cigarette smoking. These data present new evidence in a prospective study supporting the roles of developmental factors, as well as adverse exposure on nicotinic receptors, in serotonergic nuclei of the rostral medulla-a finding that highlights the interwoven and complex relationship between acetylcholine (via nicotinic receptors) and serotonergic neurotransmission in the medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Morgan E. Nelson
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Hannah C. Kinney
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Folkerth
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Forensic Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hoa Tran
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob Cotton
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Perri Jacobs
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan Minter
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristin McMillan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jhodie R. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin G. Broadbelt
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn Schissler
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hein J. Odendaal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyoti Angal
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Lucy Brink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elsie H. Burger
- Division of Forensic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Jean A. Coldrey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan Dempers
- Division of Forensic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Theonia K. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William P. Fifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elaine Geldenhuys
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coen Groenewald
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ingrid A. Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Diseases Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael M. Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bradley Randall
- Department of Pathology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Pawel Schubert
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Colleen A. Wright
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Drucilla J. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Shabbir Wadee
- Division of Forensic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Dan Zaharie
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin L. Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Hitzerd E, Broekhuizen M, Neuman RI, Colafella KMM, Merkus D, Schoenmakers S, Simons SHP, Reiss IKM, Danser AHJ. Human Placental Vascular Reactivity in Health and Disease: Implications for the Treatment of Pre-eclampsia. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:505-527. [PMID: 30950346 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190405145228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adequate development of the placenta is essential for optimal pregnancy outcome. Pre-eclampsia (PE) is increasingly recognized to be a consequence of placental dysfunction and can cause serious maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy. Furthermore, PE increases the risk of neonatal problems and has been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease of the mother later in life. Currently, there is no adequate treatment for PE, mainly because its multifactorial pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. It originates in early pregnancy with abnormal placentation and involves a cascade of dysregulated systems in the placental vasculature. To investigate therapeutic strategies it is essential to understand the regulation of vascular reactivity and remodeling of blood vessels in the placenta. Techniques using human tissue such as the ex vivo placental perfusion model provide insight in the vasoactive profile of the placenta, and are essential to study the effects of drugs on the fetal vasculature. This approach highlights the different pathways that are involved in the vascular regulation of the human placenta, changes that occur during PE and the importance of focusing on restoring these dysfunctional systems when studying treatment strategies for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Hitzerd
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Broekhuizen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology; Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rugina I Neuman
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Department of Cardiology; Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sam Schoenmakers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sinno H P Simons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Downregulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in peripheral blood monocytes is associated with enhanced inflammation in preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:188. [PMID: 31138166 PMCID: PMC6540389 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preeclampsia is associated with chronic inflammation. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates systemic inflammation through activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) expressed in monocytes/macrophages. This study aimed to investigate the role of α7nAChR in peripheral blood monocytes in preeclampsia. Methods Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from 30 nonpregnant (NP), 32 normotensive pregnant (NT), and 35 preeclamptic (PE) women. Results We found that both protein and mRNA expression levels of α7nAChR in monocytes from the PE women were significantly lower than those of the NP and NT women (both p < 0.01). α7nAChR protein expression levels in monocytes were negatively correlated with levels of systolic blood pressure (r = − 0.40, p = 0.04), proteinuria (r = − 0.54, p < 0.01), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, r = − 0.42, p = 0.01), and interleukin (IL)-1β (r = − 0.56, p < 0.01), while positively correlated with IL-10 levels (r = 0.43, p = 0.01) in the PE women. Both baseline and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels from monocytes were higher in the PE group than the NP and NT groups (all p < 0.01), but IL-10 levels in the PE group was lower than that of the NP and NT groups (p < 0.01). In addition, the NF-κB activity in monocytes from the PE women was higher than the NP and NT women (p < 0.01). Importantly, activation of α7nAChR with its agonist PNU-282987 inhibited NF-κB, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 release, and increased IL-10 release in monocytes from the PE women (all p < 0.01). Conclusion In conclusion, these findings suggest that downregulation of α7nAChR may be associated with the development of preeclampsia through increasing pro-inflammatory and decreasing anti-inflammatory cytokine release via the NF-κB pathway.
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Machaalani R, Ghazavi E, Hinton T, Makris A, Hennessy A. Immunohistochemical expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits in the human placenta, and effects of cigarette smoking and preeclampsia. Placenta 2018; 71:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Laule CF, Wing CR, Odean EJ, Wilcox JA, Gilbert JS, Regal JF. Effect of nicotine on placental ischemia-induced complement activation and hypertension in the rat. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 14:235-240. [PMID: 29185370 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1394934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition manifested by new-onset maternal hypertension with systemic inflammation, including increased innate immune system complement activation. While exact pathophysiology is unknown, evidence suggests that inadequate spiral artery invasion and resulting utero-placental insufficiency is the initiating event. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy decreases the risk of preeclampsia. Nicotine, a major component of cigarettes, stimulates the efferent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway through peripherally expressed nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and is known to attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in kidney and liver. Prior studies indicated that complement activation was critical for placental ischemia-induced hypertension in a rat model. Thus, it was hypothesized here that nicotine was responsible for the protective effect of cigarette smoking in preeclampsia and would attenuate placental ischemia-induced systemic complement activation and hypertension. The Reduced Utero-placental Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) model in the pregnant rat was employed to induce placental ischemia, resulting in complement activation, fetal resorptions, and hypertension. On gestation day (GD)14, nicotine (1 mg/kg) or saline was administered via subcutaneous injection prior to RUPP surgery and daily through GD18. On GD19, placental ischemia significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) in saline injected animals. However, the placental ischemia-induced increase in blood pressure was not evident in nicotine-treated animals and nicotine treatment significantly increased MAP variability. Circulating C3a was measured as an indicator of complement activation and increased C3a in RUPP compared to Sham persisted with nicotine treatment, as did fetal resorptions. These data suggested to us that nicotine may contribute to the decreased risk of preeclampsia with cigarette smoking, but this protective effect was confounded by additional effects of nicotine on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor F Laule
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota, Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Cameron R Wing
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota, Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Evan J Odean
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota, Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Jacob A Wilcox
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota, Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Jeffrey S Gilbert
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota, Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
| | - Jean F Regal
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Minnesota, Medical School , Duluth , MN , USA
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9
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Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease is believed to occur in two stages with placental dysfunction in early pregnancy leading to maternal clinical findings after 20 weeks of gestation, as consequence of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Much evidence suggests that PE women display an overshooting inflammatory response throughout pregnancy due to an unbalanced regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, it has been suggested that dysregulation of endogenous protective pathways might be associated with PE etiopathogenesis. Resolution of inflammation is an active process coordinated by mediators from diverse nature that regulate key cellular events to restore tissue homeostasis. Inadequate or insufficient resolution of inflammation is believed to play an important role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, like PE. In this narrative review, we discuss possible pro-resolution pathways that might be compromised in PE women, which could be targets to novel therapeutic strategies in this disease.
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10
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Gao Q, Tang J, Li N, Liu B, Zhang M, Sun M, Xu Z. What is precise pathophysiology in development of hypertension in pregnancy? Precision medicine requires precise physiology and pathophysiology. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:286-299. [PMID: 29101000 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that placental ischemia is central in the evolution of hypertension in pregnancy. Many studies and reviews have targeted placental ischemia to explain mechanisms for initiating pregnancy hypertension. The placenta is rich in blood vessels, which are the basis for developing placental ischemia. However, is the physiology of placental vessels the same as that of nonplacental vessels? What is the pathophysiology of placental vessels in development of pregnancy hypertension? This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of special features of placental vascular regulations and the pathophysiological changes linked to preeclamptic conditions. Interestingly, some popular theories or accepted concepts could be based on our limited knowledge and evidence regarding placental vascular physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiology. New views raised could offer interesting ideas for future investigation of mechanisms as well as targets for pregnancy hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengshu Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA, USA.
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11
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Vivekanandarajah A, Aishah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia effects on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the developing piglet hippocampus and brainstem. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:23-33. [PMID: 28235547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute (1 day) vs repeated (4 days) exposure to intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH) on the immunohistochemical expression of α2, α3, α5, α7, α9 and β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits in the developing piglet hippocampus and brainstem medulla, and how prior nicotine exposure alters the response to acute IHH. Five piglet groups included: 1day IHH (1D IHH, n=9), 4days IHH (4D IHH, n=8), controls exposed only to air cycles for 1day (1D Air, n=6) or 4days (4D Air, n=5), and pre-exposed to nicotine for 13days prior to 1day IHH (Nic+1D IHH, n=7). The exposure period alternated 6min of HH (8%O2, 7%CO2, balance N2) and 6min of air over 48min, while controls were switched from air-to-air. Results showed that: 1. repeated IHH induces more changes in nAChR subunit expression than acute IHH in both the hippocampus and brainstem medulla, 2. In the hippocampus, α2 and β2 changed the most (increased) following IHH and the CA3, CA2 and DG were mostly affected. In the brainstem medulla, α2, α5, α9 and β2 were changed (decreased) in most nuclei with the hypoglossal and nucleus of the solitary tract being mostly affected. 3. Pre-exposure to nicotine enhanced the changes in the hippocampus but dampened those in the brainstem medulla. These findings indicate that the nAChRs (predominantly with the α2/β2 complex) are affected by IHH in critical hippocampal and brainstem nuclei during early brain development, and that pre-exposure to nicotine alters the pattern of susceptibility to IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- The BOSCH Institute, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Atqiya Aishah
- The BOSCH Institute, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacology, Blackburn Building, D06, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karen A Waters
- The BOSCH Institute, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Children's Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- The BOSCH Institute, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Medicine, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The Children's Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Aishah A, Hinton T, Machaalani R. Cellular protein and mRNA expression of β1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit in brain, skeletal muscle and placenta. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 58:9-16. [PMID: 28153524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The β1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit is a muscle type subunit of this family and as such, is found predominantly in muscle. Recent reports document its expression in other tissues and cell lines including adrenal glands, carcinomas, lung and brain. However, the majority of studies were of tissue lysates, thus the cellular distribution was not determined. This study aimed to determine the cellular distribution of the β1 nAChR subunit in the brain, at both the mRNA and protein levels, using non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively, and to compare it to two muscle tissue types, skeletal and placenta. Tissue was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (all tissue types) and frozen (placenta) from humans. Additional control tissue from the piglet and mouse brain were also studied, as was mRNA for the α3 nAChR and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1) subunit. We found no β1 nAChR subunit mRNA expression in the human and piglet brain despite strong protein expression. Some signal was seen in the mouse brain but considered inconclusive given the probes designed were not of 100% homology to the mouse. In the skeletal muscle and placenta tissues, β1 nAChR subunit mRNA expression was prominent and mirrored protein expression. No α3 nAChR or NR1 mRNA was seen in the skeletal muscle, as expected, although both subunit mRNAs were present in the placenta. This study concludes that further experiments are required to conclusively state that the β1 nAChR subunit is expressed in the human, piglet and mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atqiya Aishah
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tina Hinton
- Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- The Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Fu Q, Colgan SP, Shelley CS. Hypoxia: The Force that Drives Chronic Kidney Disease. Clin Med Res 2016; 14:15-39. [PMID: 26847481 PMCID: PMC4851450 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2015.1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the United States the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) reached epidemic proportions in 2012 with over 600,000 patients being treated. The rates of ESRD among the elderly are disproportionally high. Consequently, as life expectancy increases and the baby-boom generation reaches retirement age, the already heavy burden imposed by ESRD on the US health care system is set to increase dramatically. ESRD represents the terminal stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A large body of evidence indicating that CKD is driven by renal tissue hypoxia has led to the development of therapeutic strategies that increase kidney oxygenation and the contention that chronic hypoxia is the final common pathway to end-stage renal failure. Numerous studies have demonstrated that one of the most potent means by which hypoxic conditions within the kidney produce CKD is by inducing a sustained inflammatory attack by infiltrating leukocytes. Indispensable to this attack is the acquisition by leukocytes of an adhesive phenotype. It was thought that this process resulted exclusively from leukocytes responding to cytokines released from ischemic renal endothelium. However, recently it has been demonstrated that leukocytes also become activated independent of the hypoxic response of endothelial cells. It was found that this endothelium-independent mechanism involves leukocytes directly sensing hypoxia and responding by transcriptional induction of the genes that encode the β2-integrin family of adhesion molecules. This induction likely maintains the long-term inflammation by which hypoxia drives the pathogenesis of CKD. Consequently, targeting these transcriptional mechanisms would appear to represent a promising new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwei Fu
- Kabara Cancer Research Institute, La Crosse, WI
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Carl Simon Shelley
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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