1
|
Taddei E, Rosiles A, Hernandez L, Luna R, Rubio C. Apoptosis in the Dentate Nucleus Following Kindling-induced Seizures in Rats. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:511-519. [PMID: 34852754 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211201161800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by abnormal and recurrent neuronal discharges that result in epileptic seizures. The dentate nuclei of the cerebellum receive excitatory input from different brain regions. Purkinje cell loss due to chronic seizures could lead to decreased inhibition of these excitatory neurons, resulting in the activation of apoptotic cascades in the dentate nucleus. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to determine whether there is a presence of apoptosis (either intrinsic or extrinsic) in the dentate nucleus, the final relay of the cerebellar circuit, following kindling-induced seizures. METHODS In order to determine this, seizures were triggered via the amygdaloid kindling model. Following 0, 15, or 45 stimuli, rats were sacrificed, and the cerebellum was extracted. It was posteriorly prepared for the immunohistochemical analysis with cell death biomarkers: TUNEL, Bcl-2, truncated Bid (tBid), Bax, cytochrome C, and cleaved caspase 3 (active form). Our findings reproduce results obtained in other parts of the cerebellum. RESULTS We found a decrease of Bcl-2 expression, an anti-apoptotic protein, in the dentate nucleus of kindled rats. We also determined the presence of TUNEL-positive neurons, which confirms the presence of apoptosis in the dentate nucleus. We observed the expression of tBid, Bax, as well as cytochrome C and cleaved caspase-3, the main executor caspase of apoptosis. CONCLUSION There is a clear activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in the cells of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum of rats subjected to amygdaloid kindling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Taddei
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía"Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Artemio Rosiles
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía" Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leonardo Hernandez
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía"Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rudy Luna
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía"Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía"Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muraoka M, Yoshida S, Ohno M, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Hirata Y, Arai M, Hirata K. Reactivity of γ-glutamyl-cysteine with intracellular and extracellular glutathione metabolic enzymes. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:180-188. [PMID: 34923639 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl-cysteine (γ-EC) is a precursor of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. We investigated whether it functions as a substrate for three intracellular and one extracellular GSH metabolic enzymes, which mediate the antioxidant defence function of GSH. Among them, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) exhibited substrate specificity for γ-EC, whereas glutathione reductase did not. The specificities of γ-EC and its disulphide form to GGT were comparable to GSH and its oxidized form, GSSG respectively. These results indicate that they can supply GSH constituent amino acids, glutamate, cysteine and cystine through degradation by GGT. γ-EC may contribute valuable antioxidant defence properties as a food and cosmetic additive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshida
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayoshi Arai
- Natural Products for Drug Discovery Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muraoka M, Ohno M, Tateishi M, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Hirata Y, Hirata K. Optimization of Reaction Conditions for γ-Glutamylcysteine Production from Glutathione Using a Phytochelatin Synthase-Like Enzyme from Nostoc sp. Pasteur Culture Collection 7120. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1832-1836. [PMID: 34853266 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) has antioxidant properties similar to those of glutathione (GSH) and acts as its precursor in mammals. There are a few procedures for the production of γ-EC, such as chemical synthesis or enzymatic synthesis from glutamate and cysteine; however, they are very costly and not suitable for industrial production. A phytochelatin synthase-like enzyme derived from Nostoc sp. Pasteur Culture Collection 7120 (NsPCS) catalyzes the hydrolysis of GSH to γ-EC and glycine in the absence of ATP or other additives. Our research aims to establish an alternative γ-EC production procedure with low cost and high productivity. To this end, we optimized the reaction conditions of NsPCS and characterized its properties in this study. We found that 200 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, at 37 °C, had the highest NsPCS activity among the conditions we tested. Under these conditions, NsPCS had a Km of 385 µM and a Vmax of 26 mol/min/mg-protein. In addition, NsPCS converted 100 mM GSH into γ-EC with high yields. These results suggest that the NsPCS reaction has great potential for the low-cost, industrial-scale production of γ-EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Makoto Tateishi
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | | | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Glutathione ethyl ester reverses the deleterious effects of fentanyl on ventilation and arterial blood-gas chemistry while prolonging fentanyl-induced analgesia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6985. [PMID: 33772077 PMCID: PMC7997982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop novel compounds that prevent the deleterious effects of opioids such as fentanyl on minute ventilation while, if possible, preserving the analgesic actions of the opioids. We report that L-glutathione ethyl ester (GSHee) may be such a novel compound. In this study, we measured tail flick latency (TFL), arterial blood gas (ABG) chemistry, Alveolar-arterial gradient, and ventilatory parameters by whole body plethysmography to determine the responses elicited by bolus injections of fentanyl (75 μg/kg, IV) in male adult Sprague-Dawley rats that had received a bolus injection of GSHee (100 μmol/kg, IV) 15 min previously. GSHee given alone had minimal effects on TFL, ABG chemistry and A-a gradient whereas it elicited changes in some ventilatory parameters such as an increase in breathing frequency. In vehicle-treated rats, fentanyl elicited (1) an increase in TFL, (2) decreases in pH, pO2 and sO2 and increases in pCO2 (all indicative of ventilatory depression), (3) an increase in Alveolar-arterial gradient (indicative of a mismatch in ventilation-perfusion in the lungs), and (4) changes in ventilatory parameters such as a reduction in tidal volume, that were indicative of pronounced ventilatory depression. In GSHee-pretreated rats, fentanyl elicited a more prolonged analgesia, relatively minor changes in ABG chemistry and Alveolar-arterial gradient, and a substantially milder depression of ventilation. GSHee may represent an effective member of a novel class of thiolester drugs that are able to prevent the ventilatory depressant effects elicited by powerful opioids such as fentanyl and their deleterious effects on gas-exchange in the lungs without compromising opioid analgesia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin KH, Li CY, Hsu YM, Tsai CH, Tsai FJ, Tang CH, Yang JS, Wang ZH, Yin MC. Oridonin, A natural diterpenoid, protected NGF-differentiated PC12 cells against MPP +- and kainic acid-induced injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110765. [PMID: 31430510 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oridonin (ORI) is a natural diterpenoid presented in some medicinal plants. The effects of pre-treatments from ORI against MPP+- or kainic acid (KA)-induced damage in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells were investigated. Results showed that pre-treatments of ORI at 0.25-2 μM enhanced the viability and plasma membrane integrity of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells. MPP+ or KA exposure down-regulated Bcl-2 mRNA expression, up-regulated Bax mRNA expression, increased caspase-3 activity and decreased Na+-K+ ATPase activity. ORI pre-treatments at test concentrations reversed these changes. ORI pre-treatments decreased reactive oxygen species production, raised glutathione level, and increased glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase activities in MPP+ or KA treated cells. ORI pre-treatments lowered tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 levels in MPP+ or KA treated cells. ORI also diminished MPP+ or KA induced increase in nuclear factor-κB binding activity. MPP+ exposure suppressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression and decreased dopamine content. KA exposure reduced glutamine synthetase (GS) mRNA expression, raised glutamate level and lowered glutamine level. ORI pre-treatments at 0.5-2 μM up-regulated mRNA expression of TH and GS, restored DA and glutamine content. These findings suggested that oridonin was a potent neuro-protective agent against Parkinson's disease and seizure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ho Lin
- Emergency Department, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gamma-Glutamylcysteine Ethyl Ester Protects against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Liver Injury and Hematologic Alterations via Upregulation of PPAR γ and Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4016209. [PMID: 28074115 PMCID: PMC5198194 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4016209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (GCEE) is a precursor of glutathione (GSH) with promising hepatoprotective effects. This investigation aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of GCEE against cyclophosphamide- (CP-) induced toxicity, pointing to the possible role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Wistar rats were given GCEE two weeks prior to CP. Five days after CP administration, animals were sacrificed and samples were collected. Pretreatment with GCEE significantly alleviated CP-induced liver injury by reducing serum aminotransferases, increasing albumin, and preventing histopathological and hematological alterations. GCEE suppressed lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production and restored GSH and enzymatic antioxidants in the liver, which were associated with downregulation of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB. In addition, CP administration significantly increased serum proinflammatory cytokines and the expression of liver caspase-3 and BAX, an effect that was reversed by GCEE. CP-induced rats showed significant downregulation of PPARγ which was markedly upregulated by GCEE treatment. These data demonstrated that pretreatment with GCEE protected against CP-induced hepatotoxicity, possibly by activating PPARγ, preventing GSH depletion, and attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Our findings point to the role of PPARγ and suggest that GCEE might be a promising agent for the prevention of CP-induced liver injury.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yalcin A, Soddu E, Turunc Bayrakdar E, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Armagan G, Rassu G, Gavini E, Giunchedi P. Neuroprotective Effects of Engineered Polymeric Nasal Microspheres Containing Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin on β-Amyloid (1-42)-Induced Toxicity. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2372-80. [PMID: 27353207 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) plaques are the key neurotoxic assemblies in Alzheimer disease. It has been suggested that an interaction occurs between membrane cholesterol and Aβ aggregation in the brain. Cyclodextrins can remove cholesterol from cell membranes and change receptor function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-CD) polymeric microspheres, based on chitosan or sodium alginate, on the levels of lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial function in brain synaptosomes. The effect of microspheres on DNA fragmentation, the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and Apex1 mRNAs in rat hippocampus after Aβ(1-42) peptide-induced neurotoxicity was also evaluated. Comparison with HP-CD raw material was performed. Aβ(1-42) treatment significantly decreased the mitochondrial activity of Apex1 and Bcl-2 mRNAs, induced DNA fragmentation, and increased mRNA levels of Bax. Treatment with HP-CD microspheres against Aβ(1-42) significantly reduced DNA fragmentation and increased the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio and mitochondrial function. In addition, HP-CD microspheres used against Aβ(1-42) decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species production. These results indicate that nasally administered spray-dried HP-CD microspheres are able to provide protection against Aβ(1-42)-induced neurotoxicity, due to the suppressed levels of oxidative stress and apoptotic signals in the rat hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayfer Yalcin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Neurosciences, Health Science Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Elena Soddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Ezgi Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Science Institute, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turunc Bayrakdar E, Armagan G, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A. Ex vivoprotective effects of nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide on rat synaptosomes treated with Aβ(1-42). Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:557-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Yigit Uyanikgil
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Lutfiye Kanit
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Ersin Koylu
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Ayfer Yalcin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Center for Brain Research, Faculty of Medicine; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences; Ege University; Bornova Izmir Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University; Topkapi Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turunc Bayrakdar E, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A. Nicotinamide treatment reduces the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity in Aβ(1-42)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:146-58. [PMID: 24151909 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.857018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are still unclear. It is suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation can cause neuroinflammation and cell death. In this study we searched the effects of nicotinamide (NA), endogenous PARP-1 inhibitor, on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the regulation of PARP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (Aβ(1-42))-induced neurodegeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as control, Aβ(1-42), Aβ(1-42) + NA(100 and 500 mg/kg). All groups were stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the hippocampus with Aβ(1-42) or saline. After surgery NA administrations were made intraperitoneally (ip) for 7 days. In order to investigate the effects of Aβ(1-42) and NA, protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione (GSH) levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), mitochondrial function, mRNA and protein levels of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured in specific brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. Aβ(1-42) treatment only increased the oxidative stress parameters and caused decline in antioxidant enzyme activities, mitochondrial function, and GSH levels. Also, overexpression of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and the decreased levels of Bcl-2 were observed in Aβ(1-42)-treated group. NA treatments against Aβ(1-42)-upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, and Bax levels. NA treatments also decreased the oxidative stress parameters and elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH levels, and mitochondrial function against Aβ(1-42) treatment. These data suggest that NA may have a therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative processes due to the decreased levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Armagan G, Bojnik E, Turunc E, Kanit L, Gündüz Çinar O, Benyhe S, Borsodi A, Yalcin A. Kainic acid-induced changes in the opioid/nociceptin system and the stress/toxicity pathways in the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:555-64. [PMID: 22382076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of acute or chronic neurodegenerative disease states. Kainic acid (KA) is an excitotoxic substance and the administration of it to rodents induces seizure activity (status epilepticus, SE) and leads to neurodegeneration. In this study the effect of KA-induced excitotoxicity on the G-protein activations and the gene expression levels of the opioid/nociceptin system receptors as MOPr, KOPr, DOPr, ORL-1, and PNOC (N/OFQ) were investigated, and the regulator effect of naloxone (Nal) on the gene expressions of the opioid system receptors against KA-induced seizures in the rat hippocampus was tested. In addition, the expression levels of stress-toxicity genes were assessed in the hippocampus following KA-induced excitotoxicity in order to determine the potential genetic targets which can be helpful for neuroprotective interventions. Our results indicate that the KA-induced excitotoxicity increased the mRNA levels of MOPr, DOPr, KOPr, PNOC, and ORL-1. However, G-protein activations of MOPr, DOPr, and KOPr remained relatively unchanged while both the potency and efficacy of N/OFQ were significantly increased. The PCR array data showed that KA-induced excitotoxicity altered the expression levels of genes in the cellular stress or toxicity pathways. Our data suggests that the induction of the opioid/nociceptin system may be involved in the cellular stress response following a neurodegenerative insult and that the genes modulated by the KA-treatment in the stress-toxicity pathways may be evaluated as targets of potential neuroprotective interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Protective effect of 2,2′-dithienyl diselenide on kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 2011; 193:300-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
12
|
Lok J, Leung W, Zhao S, Pallast S, van Leyen K, Guo S, Wang X, Yalcin A, Lo EH. γ-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester protects cerebral endothelial cells during injury and decreases blood-brain barrier permeability after experimental brain trauma. J Neurochem 2011; 118:248-55. [PMID: 21534958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathway of injury that is common to almost all neurological conditions. Hence, methods to scavenge radicals have been extensively tested for neuroprotection. However, saving neurons alone may not be sufficient in treating CNS disease. In this study, we tested the cytoprotective actions of the glutathione precursor gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester (GCEE) in brain endothelium. First, oxidative stress was induced in a human brain microvascular endothelial cell line by exposure to H(2)O(2). Addition of GCEE significantly reduced formation of reactive oxygen species, restored glutathione levels which were reduced in the presence of H(2)O(2), and decreased cell death during H(2)O(2)-mediated injury. Next, we asked whether GCEE can also protect brain endothelial cells against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). As expected, OGD disrupted mitochondrial membrane potentials. GCEE was able to ameliorate these mitochondrial effects. Concomitantly, GCEE significantly decreased endothelial cell death after OGD. Lastly, our in vivo experiments using a mouse model of brain trauma show that post-trauma (10 min after controlled cortical impact) administration of GCEE by intraperitoneal injection results in a decrease in acute blood-brain barrier permeability. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of GCEE on brain endothelial cells and microvessels may contribute to its potential efficacy as a neuroprotective agent in traumatic brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|