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Fujii J, Homma T, Kobayashi S, Warang P, Madkaikar M, Mukherjee MB. Erythrocytes as a preferential target of oxidative stress in blood. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:562-580. [PMID: 33427524 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1873318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBC) are specifically differentiated to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and they lack most organelles, including mitochondria. The autoxidation of hemoglobin constitutes a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nitric oxide, which is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) or via the hemoglobin-mediated conversion of nitrite, interacts with ROS and results in the production of reactive nitrogen oxide species. Herein we present an overview of anemic diseases that are closely related to oxidative damage. Because the compensation of proteins by means of gene expression does not proceed in enucleated cells, antioxidative and redox systems play more important roles in maintaining the homeostasis of RBC against oxidative insult compared to ordinary cells. Defects in hemoglobin and enzymes that are involved in energy production and redox reactions largely trigger oxidative damage to RBC. The results of studies using genetically modified mice suggest that antioxidative enzymes, notably superoxide dismutase 1 and peroxiredoxin 2, play essential roles in coping with oxidative damage in erythroid cells, and their absence limits erythropoiesis, the life-span of RBC and consequently results in the development of anemia. The degeneration of the machinery involved in the proteolytic removal of damaged proteins appears to be associated with hemolytic events. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the dominant machinery, not only for the proteolytic removal of damaged proteins in erythroid cells but also for the development of erythropoiesis. Hence, despite the fact that it is less abundant in RBC compared to ordinary cells, the aberrant ubiquitin-proteasome system may be associated with the development of anemic diseases via the accumulation of damaged proteins, as typified in sickle cell disease, and impaired erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takujiro Homma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Prashant Warang
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
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Sakiyama H, Fujiwara N, Yoneoka Y, Yoshihara D, Eguchi H, Suzuki K. Cu,Zn-SOD deficiency induces the accumulation of hepatic collagen. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:666-77. [PMID: 26981929 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2016.1164856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases, and results in the development of fibrosis. Oxidative stress is thought to be one of the underlying causes of NAFLD. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a primary antioxidative enzyme that scavenges superoxide anion radicals. Although SOD1 knockout (KO) mice have been reported to develop fatty livers, it is not known whether this lack of SOD1 leads to the development of fibrosis. Since the accumulation of collagen typically precedes liver fibrosis, we assessed the balance between the synthesis and degradation of collagen in liver tissue from SOD1 KO mice. We found a higher accumulation of collagen in the livers of SOD1 KO mice compared to wild type mice. The level of expression of HSP47, a chaperone of collagen, and a tissue inhibitor (TIMP1) of matrix metalloproteinases (a collagen degradating enzyme) was also increased in SOD1 KO mice livers. These results indicate that collagen synthesis is increased but that its degradation is inhibited in SOD1 KO mice livers. Moreover, SOD1 KO mice liver sections were extensively modified by advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which suggest that collagen in SOD1 KO mice liver might be also modified with AGEs and then would be more resistant to the action of collagen degrading enzymes. These findings clearly show that oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Sakiyama
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Noriko Fujiwara
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Yuka Yoneoka
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Daisaku Yoshihara
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Hironobu Eguchi
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- a Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Hyogo , Japan
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Lei XG, Zhu JH, Cheng WH, Bao Y, Ho YS, Reddi AR, Holmgren A, Arnér ESJ. Paradoxical Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes: Basic Mechanisms and Health Implications. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:307-64. [PMID: 26681794 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are generated from aerobic metabolism, as a result of accidental electron leakage as well as regulated enzymatic processes. Because ROS/RNS can induce oxidative injury and act in redox signaling, enzymes metabolizing them will inherently promote either health or disease, depending on the physiological context. It is thus misleading to consider conventionally called antioxidant enzymes to be largely, if not exclusively, health protective. Because such a notion is nonetheless common, we herein attempt to rationalize why this simplistic view should be avoided. First we give an updated summary of physiological phenotypes triggered in mouse models of overexpression or knockout of major antioxidant enzymes. Subsequently, we focus on a series of striking cases that demonstrate "paradoxical" outcomes, i.e., increased fitness upon deletion of antioxidant enzymes or disease triggered by their overexpression. We elaborate mechanisms by which these phenotypes are mediated via chemical, biological, and metabolic interactions of the antioxidant enzymes with their substrates, downstream events, and cellular context. Furthermore, we propose that novel treatments of antioxidant enzyme-related human diseases may be enabled by deliberate targeting of dual roles of the pertaining enzymes. We also discuss the potential of "antioxidant" nutrients and phytochemicals, via regulating the expression or function of antioxidant enzymes, in preventing, treating, or aggravating chronic diseases. We conclude that "paradoxical" roles of antioxidant enzymes in physiology, health, and disease derive from sophisticated molecular mechanisms of redox biology and metabolic homeostasis. Simply viewing antioxidant enzymes as always being beneficial is not only conceptually misleading but also clinically hazardous if such notions underpin medical treatment protocols based on modulation of redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gen Lei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jian-Hong Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wen-Hsing Cheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongping Bao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ye-Shih Ho
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amit R Reddi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Holmgren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing,China; Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi; Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, Georgia; and Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bolognin S, Pasqualetto F, Mucignat-Caretta C, Scancar J, Milacic R, Zambenedetti P, Cozzi B, Zatta P. Effects of a copper-deficient diet on the biochemistry, neural morphology and behavior of aged mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47063. [PMID: 23071712 PMCID: PMC3468563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper dyshomeostasis has been suggested as an aetiological risk factor for some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, the precise mechanism at the base of this involvement is still obscure. In this work, we show the effects of a copper-deficient diet in aged CD1 mice and the influence of such a diet on: a) the concentration of various metal ions (aluminium, copper, iron, calcium, zinc) in the main organs and in different brain areas; b) the alteration of metallothioneins I-II and tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositivity in the brain; c) behavioural tests (open field, pole, predatory aggression, and habituation/dishabituation smell tests). Our data suggested that the copper-deficiency was able to produce a sort of “domino effect” which altered the concentration of the other tested metal ions in the main organs as well as in the brain, without, however, significantly affecting the animal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bolognin
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Metalloproteins Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Pasqualetto
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Metalloproteins Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Janez Scancar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milacic
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Experimental Veterinary Science, University of Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy
- * E-mail: (PZ); (BC)
| | - Paolo Zatta
- CNR-Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Metalloproteins Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail: (PZ); (BC)
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