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Janardhanam LSL, Deokar AS, Bollareddy SR, Venuganti VVK. Colon-Targeted Layer-by-Layer Self-assembled Film: Pharmacokinetic Analysis of BCS Class I and Class III Model Drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:299. [DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Exploiting the layer-by-layer nanoarchitectonics for the fabrication of polymer capsules: A toolbox to provide multifunctional properties to target complex pathologies. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102680. [PMID: 35468354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer capsules fabricated via the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach have attracted a great deal of attention for biomedical applications thanks to their tunable architecture. Compared to alternative methods, in which the precise control over the final properties of the systems is usually limited, the intrinsic versatility of the LbL approach allows the functionalization of all the constituents of the polymeric capsules following relatively simple protocols. In fact, the final properties of the capsules can be adjusted from the inner cavity to the outer layer through the polymeric shell, resulting in therapeutic, diagnostic, or theranostic (i.e., combination of therapeutic and diagnostic) agents that can be adapted to the particular characteristics of the patient and face the challenges encountered in complex pathologies. The biomedical industry demands novel biomaterials capable of targeting several mechanisms and/or cellular pathways simultaneously while being tracked by minimally invasive techniques, thus highlighting the need to shift from monofunctional to multifunctional polymer capsules. In the present review, those strategies that permit the advanced functionalization of polymer capsules are accordingly introduced. Each of the constituents of the capsule (i.e., cavity, multilayer membrane and outer layer) is thoroughly analyzed and a final overview of the combination of all the strategies toward the fabrication of multifunctional capsules is presented. Special emphasis is given to the potential biomedical applications of these multifunctional capsules, including particular examples of the performed in vitro and in vivo validation studies. Finally, the challenges in the fabrication process and the future perspective for their safe translation into the clinic are summarized.
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Janardhanam LSL, Indukuri VV, Verma P, Dusane AC, Venuganti VVK. Functionalized layer-by-layer assembled film with directional 5-fluorouracil release to target colon cancer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111118. [PMID: 32600718 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to prepare and characterize pH-sensitive capsule containing functionalized layer-by-layer (LbL) assembled polymeric film with directional drug release and evaluate its effectiveness against colon cancer. 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) loaded LbL film was prepared by sequential adsorption of chitosan and alginate polyelectrolytes. This LbL film was coated with polycaprolactone (PCL, 95% w/w) as a backing layer to restrict 5FU release on one-side. The other side constituted the folic acid conjugated chitosan layer for cancer targeting. This film was encapsulated into a gelatin capsule coated with pH-sensitive Eudragit S100. 5FU loaded LbL film was characterized for physical and mechanical properties. Mucoadhesion studies performed using excised rabbit colon showed that chitosan-side of LbL film adhered with significantly (p < 0.05) greater strength compared with PCL-side. Non-everted rat colon-sac model and open colon membrane model studies showed greater permeation of 5FU across the colon wall when adhered to chitosan-side of LbL film compared with PCL-side of the film. Cell monolayer and 3D-spheroid model studies using Caco-2 and COLO 320DM colorectal cancer cells showed significant (p < 0.05) growth inhibition by 5FU loaded LbL film compared with free 5FU solution. In conclusion, pH-sensitive capsule containing 5FU loaded LbL film can be developed to target colorectal cancer for regional drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela Sai Lokesh Janardhanam
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India
| | - Vikram Varma Indukuri
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India
| | - Pratishtha Verma
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India
| | - Apurva Chandrashekhar Dusane
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana State, India
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Kim JW, Lee SS, Park J, Ku M, Yang J, Kim SH. Smart Microcapsules with Molecular Polarity- and Temperature-Dependent Permeability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900434. [PMID: 30997745 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules with molecule-selective permeation are appealing as microreactors, capsule-type sensors, drug and cell carriers, and artificial cells. To accomplish molecular size- and charge-selective permeation, regular size of pores and surface charges have been formed in the membranes. However, it remains an important challenge to provide advanced regulation of transmembrane transport. Here, smart microcapsules are designed that provide molecular polarity- and temperature-dependent permeability. With capillary microfluidic devices, water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double-emulsion drops are prepared, which serve as templates to produce microcapsules. The oil shell is composed of two monomers and dodecanol, which turns to a polymeric framework whose continuous voids are filled with dodecanol upon photopolymerization. One of the monomers provides mechanical stability of the framework, whereas the other serves as a compatibilizer between growing polymer and dodecanol, preventing macrophase separation. Above melting point of dodecanol, molecules that are soluble in the molten dodecanol are selectively allowed to diffuse across the shell, where the rate of transmembrane transport is strongly influenced by partition coefficient. The rate is drastically lowered for temperatures below the melting point. This molecular polarity- and temperature-dependent permeability renders the microcapsules potentially useful as drug carriers for triggered release and contamination-free microreactors and microsensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Jeollabuk-do, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Wang Q, Newby BMZ. Layer-by-layer Polyelectrolytes Coating of Alginate Microgels for Sustained Release of Sodium Benzoate and Zosteric Acid. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018; 46:46-54. [PMID: 30555539 PMCID: PMC6289541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential of sustaining release of very small (Mw < 250 g/mol) hydrophilic drugs up to several days from layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte coated alginate microgels (Alg-Ms) was investigated. One purpose is to minimize post-surgical adhesions, which develop in 12 h to 3 days after surgery. The LbL polyelectrolyte layer would serve as a diffusion barrier for their release. The LbL polyelectrolyte bilayers were prepared using poly(allylamine) (PAH) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS). Sodium benzoate (NaB, Mw = 144 g/mol) and zosteric acid (ZA, Mw = 244 g/mol), two anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial compounds, were used as model drugs. A higher number of PAH/PSS bilayer lead to a greater sustained release of both drugs, and with 4 bilayers, the release of NaB and ZA was prolonged from 24 h to 72 h and 120 h, respectively. Fitting the data to the Ritger-Peppas' equation showed that as the bilayer number increased, the release constant and/or exponent decreased, indicating the LbL PAH/PSS bilayer effectively reduced the permeability of these two very small hydrophilic drugs. The ability to prolong the release of such small hydrophilic molecules, which has rarely been investigated previously, would find broad applications in fields such as anti-adhesion treatment and antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, United States
| | - Bi-min Zhang Newby
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3906, United States
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Cao M, Zhao W, Wang L, Li R, Gong H, Zhang Y, Xu H, Lu JR. Graphene Oxide-Assisted Accumulation and Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Antibacterial Peptide for Sustained Release Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24937-24946. [PMID: 29956912 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of antibacterial materials with sustained release of active components is of great importance for long-term antibacterial applications. Graphene oxide (GO) has been found to be an excellent carrier for accumulating the antibacterial peptide of G(IIKK)4I-NH2 and mediating its loading into the layer-by-layer (LBL) films for sustained release applications. G(IIKK)4I-NH2 takes random coiled conformation in monomeric state below 0.17 mM but self-assembles into supramolecular aggregates with α-helical secondary structure at higher concentrations. It can bind onto GO surface in both monomeric and aggregate states to form stable GO@G(IIKK)4I-NH2 composites. Upon binding, the local amphiphilic environment of GO surface induces a conformational transition of G(IIKK)4I-NH2 monomers from random coils to α-helix. The aggregate binding enhances the loading amount greatly. GO (1 mg) can load as high as 1.7 mg of peptide at saturation. This enables the GO@G(IIKK)4I-NH2 composites to serve as reservoirs for sustained release of active G(IIKK)4I-NH2 monomers. Moreover, G(IIKK)4I-NH2 itself shows low efficiency in LBL assembly, whereas the GO@G(IIKK)4I-NH2 composites are ideal LBL assembling units with highly enhanced loading efficiency of G(IIKK)4I-NH2. The LBL films involving degradable poly(β-amino esters) can realize sustained release of G(IIKK)4I-NH2 for bacteria killing in a well-controlled manner. This study demonstrates an efficient strategy for fabrication of long-durable antibacterial materials and surface coatings by using GO as the carrier for drug accumulation and loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering , China University of Petroleum (East China) , 66 Changjiang West Road , Qingdao 266580 , China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering , China University of Petroleum (East China) , 66 Changjiang West Road , Qingdao 266580 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering , China University of Petroleum (East China) , 66 Changjiang West Road , Qingdao 266580 , China
| | - Ruiheng Li
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Schuster Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Haoning Gong
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Schuster Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering , China University of Petroleum (East China) , 66 Changjiang West Road , Qingdao 266580 , China
| | - Hai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering , China University of Petroleum (East China) , 66 Changjiang West Road , Qingdao 266580 , China
| | - Jian Ren Lu
- Biological Physics Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Manchester , Schuster Building, Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
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Labala S, Jose A, Chawla SR, Khan MS, Bhatnagar S, Kulkarni OP, Venuganti VVK. Effective melanoma cancer suppression by iontophoretic co-delivery of STAT3 siRNA and imatinib using gold nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:407-417. [PMID: 28373100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-delivery of chemotherapeutic agents improve anti-tumor efficacy and reduce cancer resistance. Here, we report development of layer-by-layer assembled gold nanoparticles (LbL-AuNP) containing anti-STAT3 siRNA and imatinib mesylate (IM) to treat melanoma. The combination treatment with STAT3 siRNA and IM in B16F10 melanoma cells showed greater suppression of STAT3 protein, decreased cell viability and increased apoptotic events compared with LbL-AuNP containing either STAT3 siRNA or IM. In vivo efficacy studies in melanoma tumor bearing mice showed that non-invasive topical iontophoretic administration (0.5mA/cm2) of LbL-AuNP was comparable with intratumoral administration. Co-delivery of STAT3 siRNA and IM using LbL-AuNP showed significant (p<0.05) reduction in percentage tumor volume, tumor weight and suppressed STAT3 protein expression compared with either STAT3 siRNA or IM loaded LbL-AuNP. Taken together, LbL-AuNP can be developed as nanocarrier system for co-delivery of siRNA and small molecule drugs for topical iontophoretic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Labala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Anup Jose
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sumeet Rajesh Chawla
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Mohammed Shareef Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Shubhmita Bhatnagar
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Onkar Prakash Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Venkata Vamsi Krishna Venuganti
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India.
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Zhang L, Wang J, Chi H, Wang S. Local anesthetic lidocaine delivery system: chitosan and hyaluronic acid-modified layer-by-layer lipid nanoparticles. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3529-3537. [PMID: 27340888 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1204569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Transdermal local anesthesia is one of the most applied strategies to avoid systemic adverse effects; there is an appealing need for a prolonged local anesthetic that would provide better bioavailability and longer pain relief with a single administration. OBJECTIVE Layer-by-layer (LBL) technique was used in this study to explore a nanosized drug delivery system for local anesthetic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS LBL-coated lidocaine-loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles (LBL-LA/NLCs) were prepared and characterized in terms of particle size (PS), zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), in vitro skin permeation and in vivo local anesthetic studies. RESULTS Evaluation of the in vitro skin permeation and in vivo anesthesia effect illustrated that LBL-LA/NLCs can enhance and prolong the anesthetic effect of LA. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION LBL-LA/NLCs could function as a promising drug delivery strategy for overcoming the barrier function of the skin and could deliver anesthetic through the skin with sustained release behavior for local anesthetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laizhu Zhang
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining , Shandong , China and
| | - Jianguo Wang
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining , Shandong , China and
| | - Huimin Chi
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University , Jining , Shandong , China and
| | - Shilei Wang
- b Department of Anesthesiology , Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College , Qingdao , Shandong , China
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Chen H, Di Y, Chen D, Madrid K, Zhang M, Tian C, Tang L, Gu Y. Combined chemo- and photo-thermal therapy delivered by multifunctional theranostic gold nanorod-loaded microcapsules. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8884-97. [PMID: 25913201 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00473j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A polyelectrolyte microcapsule-based, cancer-targeting, and controlled drug delivery system has been developed as a multifunctional theranostic agent for synergistic cancer treatment. This new system, called FA-MC@GNR, is composed of folic acid (FA)-modified, multi-layered, hollow microcapsules loaded with gold nanorods (GNRs), and undergoes thermal degradation under near infrared (NIR) light. Either an NIR dye (MPA) or anti-cancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX) was loaded into the microcapsules via physical adsorption, yielding FA-MC@GNRs/MPA or FA-MC@GNRs/DOX, both of which exhibit no obvious toxicity, high stability, and remarkably improved tumor-targeting capabilities in vivo. Utilizing the strong NIR absorption of FA-MC@GNRs/DOX, we demonstrate the system's ability to simultaneously elicit photothermal therapy and controlled chemotherapy, achieving synergistic cancer treatment both in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments. Our study presents a new type of multifunctional micro-carrier for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and photothermal agents, which has been shown to be an effective therapeutic approach for combined cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Labala S, Mandapalli PK, Kurumaddali A, Venuganti VVK. Layer-by-Layer Polymer Coated Gold Nanoparticles for Topical Delivery of Imatinib Mesylate To Treat Melanoma. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:878-88. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5007163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Labala
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Mandapalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Abhinav Kurumaddali
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Venkata Vamsi Krishna Venuganti
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Labala S, Mandapalli PK, Bhatnagar S, Venuganti VVK. Encapsulation of albumin in self-assembled layer-by-layer microcapsules: comparison of co-precipitation and adsorption techniques. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1302-10. [PMID: 25104114 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.947509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to prepare and characterize polymeric self-assembled layer-by-layer microcapsules (LbL-MC) to deliver a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). The aim is to compare the BSA encapsulation in LbL-MC using co-precipitation and adsorption methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS In co-precipitation method, BSA was co-precipitated with growing calcium carbonate particles to form a core template. Later, poly(styrene sulfonate) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) were sequentially adsorbed onto the CaCO3 templates. In adsorption method, preformed LbL-MC were incubated with BSA and encapsulation efficiency is optimized for pH and salt concentration. Free and BSA-encapsulated LbL-MC were characterized using Zetasizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimeter. Later, in vitro release studies were performed using dialysis membrane method at pH 4, 7.4 and 9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results from Zetasizer and SEM showed free LbL-MC with an average size and zeta-potential of 2.0 ± 0.6 μm and 8.1 ± 1.9 mV, respectively. Zeta-potential of BSA-loaded LbL-MC was (-)7.4 ± 0.7 mV and (-)5.7 ± 1.0 mV for co-precipitation and adsorption methods, respectively. In adsorption method, BSA encapsulation in LbL-MC was found to be greater at pH 6.0 and 0.2 M NaCl. Co-precipitation method provided four-fold greater encapsulation efficiency (%) of BSA in LbL-MC compared with adsorption method. At pH 4, the BSA release from LbL-MC was extended up to 120 h. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that BSA encapsulated in LBL-MC through co-precipitation is stable toward trypsin treatment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, co-precipitation method provided greater encapsulation of BSA in LbL-MC. Furthermore, LbL-MC can be developed as carriers for pH-controlled protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Labala
- Department of Pharmacy, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus , Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh , India
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