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Fan M, Huang Y, Zhu X, Zheng J, Du M. Octreotide and Octreotide-derived delivery systems. J Drug Target 2023; 31:569-584. [PMID: 37211679 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2216895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical peptide Octreotide is a somatostatin analog with targeting and therapeutic abilities. Over the last decades, Octreotide has been developed and approved to treat acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumours, and Octreotide-based radioactive conjugates have been leveraged clinically to detect small neuroendocrine tumour sites. Meanwhile, variety of Octreotide-derived delivery strategies have been proposed and explored for tumour targeted therapeutics or diagnostics in preclinical or clinical settings. In this review, we especially focus on the preclinical development and applications of Octreotide-derived drug delivery systems, diagnostic nanosystems, therapeutic nanosystems and multifunctional nanosystems, we also briefly discuss challenges and prospects of these Octreotide-derived delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Fan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlin Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Zheng
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingwei Du
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Bio-Responsive Carriers for Controlled Delivery of Doxorubicin to Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040865. [PMID: 35456699 PMCID: PMC9026771 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular internalization of drug carriers occurs via different endocytic pathways that ultimately involve the endosomes and the lysosomes, organelles where the pH value drops to 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. We aimed to design and characterize pH/temperature-responsive carriers for the effective delivery of the anti-tumoral drug doxorubicin. To this purpose, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylimidazole) was synthesized as an attractive pH/temperature-sensitive copolymer. Microspheres made of this copolymer, loaded with doxorubicin (MS-DXR), disintegrate in monodisperse nanospheres (NS-DXR) under conditions similar to that found in the bloodstream (pH = 7.4, temperature of 36 °C) releasing a small amount of payload. However, in environments that simulate the endosomal and lysosomal conditions, nanospheres solubilize, releasing the entire amount of drug. We followed the NS-DXR internalization using two cancer cell lines, hepatic carcinoma HepG2 cells and lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The data showed that NS-DXR are internalized to a greater extent by HepG2 cells than A549 cells, and this correlated with increased cytotoxicity induced by NS-DXR in HepG2 cells compared with A549 cells. Moreover, NS-DXR particles do not cause hemolysis and erythrocytes aggregation. Administered in vivo, NS-DXR localized in the liver and kidneys of mice, and the loading of DXR into NS resulted in the reduced renal clearance of DXR. In conclusion, the newly developed poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole) particles are biocompatible and may be introduced as carriers for doxorubicin to hepatic tumors.
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Prencipe F, Diaferia C, Rossi F, Ronga L, Tesauro D. Forward Precision Medicine: Micelles for Active Targeting Driven by Peptides. Molecules 2021; 26:4049. [PMID: 34279392 PMCID: PMC8271712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is based on innovative administration methods of active principles. Drug delivery on tissue of interest allows improving the therapeutic index and reducing the side effects. Active targeting by means of drug-encapsulated micelles decorated with targeting bioactive moieties represents a new frontier. Between the bioactive moieties, peptides, for their versatility, easy synthesis and immunogenicity, can be selected to direct a drug toward a considerable number of molecular targets overexpressed on both cancer vasculature and cancer cells. Moreover, short peptide sequences can facilitate cellular intake. This review focuses on micelles achieved by self-assembling or mixing peptide-grafted surfactants or peptide-decorated amphiphilic copolymers. Nanovectors loaded with hydrophobic or hydrophilic cytotoxic drugs or with gene silence sequences and externally functionalized with natural or synthetic peptides are described based on their formulation and in vitro and in vivo behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Prencipe
- Institute of Crystallography (IC) CNR, Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie Pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, 64053 Pau, France
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy and Interuniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Zhang H, Guo Z, He B, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Zhang Q. The Improved Delivery to Breast Cancer Based on a Novel Nanocarrier Modified with High-Affinity Peptides Discovered by Phage Display. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800269. [PMID: 29956504 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-targeted nanosystems have the potential to realize site-specific tumor therapy and alleviate unwanted side effects of many chemotherapeutic agents, and one of the most key issues seems to be the construction of an effective nanocarrier. Based on different processes of phage display techniques, 38 cell-binding peptides and 32 cell-internalizing peptides are discovered. Four of these ligand peptides [FIPFDPMSMRWE (FIP), NASSFPTNSRWA (NAS), GLHTSATNLYLH (GLH), and ALAVAPSRWWNE (ALA), respectively] exhibit high affinity to MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Among them, NAS and ALA are reported for the first time, whose affinities are 20.6 and 76.3 times that of the random peptide control, respectively. Both NAS and ALA modifications to doxorubicin-loaded lipid nanosytems [LP(DOX)] show stronger tumor inhibition, longer animal survival time, and less body weight loss, compared to unmodified or control peptide modified nanosystems, on an MCF7 tumor-bearing mouse model. In conclusion, the cell-binding peptide NAS and cell-internalizing peptide ALA can be used for ligand-targeted delivery of antitumor drugs. It seems that the in vivo antitumor effect of these ligand-targeted nanosystems is closely related to their ligand-cell affinity, but fairly tolerant of the ligand types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Zhaoming Guo
- School of Life Science and Medicine; Dalian University of Technology; Liaoning 124221 China
| | - Bing He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University Health Science Center; Beijing 100191 China
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Li L, Wang Q, Zhang X, Luo L, He Y, Zhu R, Gao D. Dual-targeting liposomes for enhanced anticancer effect in somatostatin receptor II-positive tumor model. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2155-2169. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We developed octreotide-modified magnetic liposomes (OMlips) as dual-targeting drug carriers to enhance the drug accumulation in tumor site. Materials & methods: Octreotide acts as a modified ligand for receptor-mediated targeting and the coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles offer the magnetic targeting property. SSTR2 overexpressed A549 cells and S180 cells were chosen to explore the targeting ability and antitumor effect of the oleanolic acid (OA)-loaded OMlips in vitro and in vivo. Results: The OMlips platform significantly improves the targeting, penetrating and accumulation of OA at the SSTR2 overexpressed cells and SSTR2-positive tumor-bearing mice. Conclusion: The OA-loaded OMlips have better antitumor effect and lower systemic toxicity. Such a receptor-mediated and magnetically-orienting dual-targeting drug nanocarriers may have great potentials in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Xuwu Zhang
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Liyao Luo
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Yuchu He
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
| | - Ruiyan Zhu
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
- Hebei Province Asparagus Industry Technology Research Institute, No.12 Donghai Road, Qinhuangdao, 066318, PR China
| | - Dawei Gao
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, No.438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao, 066004, PR China
- Hebei Province Asparagus Industry Technology Research Institute, No.12 Donghai Road, Qinhuangdao, 066318, PR China
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Liu Y, Xu Y, Geng X, Huo Y, Chen D, Sun K, Zhou G, Chen B, Tao K. Synergistic Targeting and Efficient Photodynamic Therapy Based on Graphene Oxide Quantum Dot-Upconversion Nanocrystal Hybrid Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800293. [PMID: 29665272 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Locating nanotherapeutics at the active sites, especially in the subcellular scale, is of great importance for nanoparticle-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) and other nanotherapies. However, subcellular targeting agents are generally nonspecific, despite the fact that the accumulation of a nanoformulation at active organelles leads to better therapeutic efficacy. A PDT nanoformulation is herein designed by using graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) with rich functional groups as both the supporter for dual targeting modification and the photosensitizer for generating reactive oxygen species, and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNs) as the transducer of excitation light. A tumor-targeting agent, folic acid, and a mitochondrion-targeting moiety, carboxybutyl triphenylphosphonium, are simultaneously attached onto the UCNs-GOQDs hybrid nanoparticles by surface modification, and a synergistic targeting effect is obtained for these nanoparticles according to both in vitro and in vivo experiments. More significant cell death and a higher extent of mitochondrion damage are observed compared to the results of UCNs-GOQDs nanoparticles with no or just one targeting moiety. Furthermore, the PDT efficacy on tumor-bearing mice is also effectively improved. Overall, the current work presents a synergistic strategy to enhance subcellular targeting and the PDT efficacy for cancer therapy, which may also shed light on other kinds of nanotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200235, P. R. China
| | - Xiangshuai Geng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Yingying Huo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200235, P. R. China
| | - Dexin Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200235, P. R. China
| | - Biqiong Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK
| | - Ke Tao
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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Pang L, Zhang C, Qin J, Han L, Li R, Hong C, He H, Wang J. A novel strategy to achieve effective drug delivery: exploit cells as carrier combined with nanoparticles. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:83-91. [PMID: 28155538 PMCID: PMC8241159 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated drug delivery systems employ specific cells as drug vehicles to deliver drugs to targeted sites. Therapeutics or imaging agents are loaded into these cells and then released in diseased sites. These specific cells mainly include red blood cells, leukocytes, stem cells and so on. The cell acts as a Trojan horse to transfer the drug from circulating blood to the diseased tissue. In such a system, these cells keep their original properties, which allow them to mimic the migration behavior of specific cells to carry drug to the targeted site after in vivo administration. This strategy elegantly combines the advantages of both carriers, i.e. the adjustability of nanoparticles (NPs) and the natural functions of active cells, which therefore provides a new perspective to challenge current obstacles in drug delivery. This review will describe a fundamental understanding of these cell-based drug delivery systems, and discuss the great potential of combinational application of cell carrier and NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Jing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Limei Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
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Wang Q, Zhu R, Wang M, Xing S, Li L, He Y, Cao W, Gao D. Targeted therapy of octreotide-modified oleanolic acid liposomes to somatostatin receptor overexpressing tumor cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:927-940. [PMID: 28338414 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To prepare and validate the efficacy of a novel targeted drug delivery system - octreotide (Oct)-modified oleanolic acid (OA) liposomes. MATERIALS & METHODS OA liposomes (OA-L) were prepared by an ethanol injection method. The Oct-modified OA liposomes (O-OA-L) were synthesized and their properties were evaluated. Cellular uptake and competition inhibition studies were performed. RESULTS The OA vesicles presented satisfactory particles size (100-200 nm), stability and drug release characteristics; their ζ potential was -1.42 ± 0.08 mV. The O-OA-L had a higher cell proliferation inhibitory activity and cellular uptake than that of OA-L for somatostatin receptor-positive A549 cells. CONCLUSION The O-OA-L, as a promising agent, can target actively the lesion site with safe and high-efficiency pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.,State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhu
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.,Hebei Province Asparagus Industry Technology Research Institute, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Meili Wang
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Lei Li
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuchu He
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Dawei Gao
- Applying Chemistry Key Lab of Hebei Province, Department of Bioengineer, Yanshan University, No. 438 Hebei Street, Qinhuangdao 066004, China.,State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science & Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Zhou Z, Xu X, Li L, Huang Y. Improvement of anti-tumor abilities on human non-small cell lung carcinoma by micellization and cross-linking of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers. J Drug Target 2015; 23:821-31. [PMID: 25830626 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1025076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma is one of the most frequently occurred cancers with a very high rate of recurrence. Self-assembly N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) micelles and cross-linked micelles were developed to improve antitumor ability of linear HPMA copolymer. The characters of HPMA micelles were investigated and compared using human non-small cell lung carcinoma 3-D culture model and nude mice xenograft model. Cross-linked micelles showed highest cytotoxicity on A549 cell monolayers after a short time treatment in vitro. Moreover, both of the two micelles exhibited better in vitro anti-tumor activity on A549 tumor spheroids than linear HPMA conjugates especially the cross-linked micelles. On BALB/c nude mice bearing A549 xenograft tumors, the cross-linked micelles exhibited the greatest tumor accumulation and the best anti-tumor activity due to the highly improved stabilities and the more pronounced enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, which were followed by the non-cross-linked micelles. Meanwhile, neither the two micelles nor the linear HPMA copolymers showed significant toxicity on the main organs of mice while free doxorubicin (DOX) showed obvious cardiac toxicity. All the results suggested that micellization improved the anti-tumor activity of HPMA copolymers on A549 human non-small cell lung carcinoma, furthermore, cross-linked HPMA copolymer micelles with pH-sensitivity and biodegradability showed more excellent anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Lian Li
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
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