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Al-U’datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Al-Husein B, Hiram R, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-shboul O, Jaradat S, Alqbelat J, Almajwal A. Involvement and possible role of transglutaminases 1 and 2 in mediating fibrotic signalling, collagen cross-linking and cell proliferation in neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281320. [PMID: 36848364 PMCID: PMC9970086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TG) isoforms control diverse normal and pathophysiologic processes through their capacity to cross-link extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Their functional and signalling roles in cardiac fibrosis remain poorly understood, despite some evidence of TG2 involvement in abnormal ECM remodelling in heart diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of TG1 and TG2 in mediating fibrotic signalling, collagen cross-linking, and cell proliferation in healthy fibroblasts by siRNA-mediated knockdown. siRNA for TG1, TG2 or negative control was transfected into cultured neonatal rat ventricular fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. mRNA expression of TGs and profibrotic, proliferation and apoptotic markers was assessed by qPCR. Cell proliferation and soluble and insoluble collagen were determined by ELISA and LC-MS/MS, respectively. TG1 and TG2 were both expressed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts before transfection. Other TGs were not detected before and after transfection. TG2 was predominantly expressed and more effectively silenced than TG1. Knocking down TG1 or TG2 significantly modified profibrotic markers mRNA expression in fibroblasts, decreasing connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and increasing transforming growth factor-β1 compared to the negative siRNA control. Reduced expression of collagen 3A1 was found upon TG1 knockdown, while TG2 knockdown raised α-smooth muscle actin expression. TG2 knockdown further increased fibroblast proliferation and the expression of proliferation marker cyclin D1. Lower insoluble collagen content and collagen cross-linking were evidenced upon silencing TG1 or TG2. Transcript levels of collagen 1A1, fibronectin 1, matrix metalloproteinase-2, cyclin E2, and BCL-2-associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio were strongly correlated with TG1 mRNA expression, whereas TG2 expression correlated strongly with CTGF mRNA abundance. These findings support a functional and signalling role for TG1 and TG2 from fibroblasts in regulating key processes underlying myocardial ECM homeostasis and dysregulation, suggesting that these isoforms could be potential and promising targets for the development of cardiac fibrosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa’a G. F. Al-U’datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Carole C. Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Belal Al-Husein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- Physiology Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Othman Al-shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jenan Alqbelat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Al-U'datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-Shboul O, Hiram R, Allen BG, Jaradat S, Alqbelat J, Abu-Zaiton AS. Implications of enigmatic transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in cardiac diseases and therapeutic developments. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115104. [PMID: 35617996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that transglutaminases (TGs), tissue TG (TG2) in particular, are involved in numerous molecular responses underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. The TG family has several intra- and extracellular functions in the human body, including collagen cross-linking, angiogenesis, cell growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion as well as survival. TGs are thiol- and calcium-dependent acyl transferases that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between the γ-carboxamide group of a glutamine residue and an amine group, thus increasing the stability, rigidity, and stiffness of the myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM). Excessive accumulation of cross-linked collagen leads to increase myocardial stiffness and fibrosis. Beyond TG2 extracellular protein cross-linking action, mounting evidence suggests that this pleiotropic TG isozyme may also promote fibrotic diseases through cell survival and profibrotic pathway activation at the signaling, transcriptional and translational levels. Due to its multiple functions and localizations, TG2 fulfils critical yet incompletely understood roles in myocardial fibrosis and associated heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and age-related myocardial stiffness under several conditions. This review summarizes current knowledge and existing gaps regarding the ECM-dependent and ECM-independent roles of TG2 and highlights the therapeutic prospects of targeting TG2 to treat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a G F Al-U'datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce G Allen
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jenan Alqbelat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S Abu-Zaiton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Al al-bayt University, Al-Mafraq, Jordan
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Chen S, Ma J, Chi J, Zhang B, Zheng X, Chen J, Liu J. Roles and potential clinical implications of tissue transglutaminase in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106085. [PMID: 35033646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and morbidity are among the most critical disease burdens worldwide. CVDs encompass many diseases and involve complex pathogenesis and pathological changes. While research on these diseases has advanced significantly, treatments and their efficacy remain rather limited. New therapeutic strategies and targets must, therefore, be explored. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is pivotal to the pathological development of CVDs, including participating in the cross-linking of extracellular proteins, activation of fibroblasts, hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and inflammatory reactions. Regulating TG2 activity and expression could ensure remarkable improvements in disorders like heart failure (HF), pulmonary hypertension (PH), hypertension, and coronary atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in TG2: we discuss its role and mechanisms in the progression of various CVDs and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Bingxia Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Shinde AV, Dobaczewski M, de Haan JJ, Saxena A, Lee KK, Xia Y, Chen W, Su Y, Hanif W, Kaur Madahar I, Paulino VM, Melino G, Frangogiannis NG. Tissue transglutaminase induction in the pressure-overloaded myocardium regulates matrix remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:892-905. [PMID: 28371893 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is induced in injured and remodelling tissues, and modulates cellular phenotype, while contributing to matrix cross-linking. Our study tested the hypothesis that tTG may be expressed in the pressure-overloaded myocardium, and may regulate cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis and chamber remodelling. Methods and results In order to test the hypothesis, wild-type and tTG null mice were subjected to pressure overload induced through transverse aortic constriction. Moreover, we used isolated cardiac fibroblasts and macrophages to dissect the mechanisms of tTG-mediated actions. tTG expression was upregulated in the pressure-overloaded mouse heart and was localized in cardiomyocytes, interstitial cells, and in the extracellular matrix. In contrast, expression of transglutaminases 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and FXIII was not induced in the remodelling myocardium. In vitro, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulated tTG synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts and in macrophages through distinct signalling pathways. tTG null mice had increased mortality and enhanced ventricular dilation following pressure overload, but were protected from diastolic dysfunction. tTG loss was associated with a hypercellular cardiac interstitium, reduced collagen cross-linking, and with accentuated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 activity in the pressure-overloaded myocardium. In vitro, tTG did not modulate TGF-β-mediated responses in cardiac fibroblasts; however, tTG loss was associated with accentuated proliferative activity. Moreover, when bound to the matrix, recombinant tTG induced synthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 through transamidase-independent actions. Conclusions Following pressure overload, endogenous tTG mediates matrix cross-linking, while protecting the remodelling myocardium from dilation by exerting matrix-preserving actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marcin Dobaczewski
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Judith J de Haan
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amit Saxena
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kang-Kon Lee
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ya Su
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Waqas Hanif
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Inderpreet Kaur Madahar
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Victor M Paulino
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gerry Melino
- Biochemistry IDI-IRCCS Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Vyas FS, Nelson CP, Dickenson JM. Role of transglutaminase 2 in A 1 adenosine receptor- and β 2-adrenoceptor-mediated pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning against hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced cell death in H9c2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:144-160. [PMID: 29208472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologically-induced pre- and post-conditioning represent attractive therapeutic strategies to reduce ischaemia/reperfusion injury during cardiac surgery and following myocardial infarction. We have previously reported that transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activity is modulated by the A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. The primary aim of this study was to determine the role of TG2 in A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning in the H9c2 cells. H9c2 cells were exposed to 8h hypoxia (1% O2) followed by 18h reoxygenation, after which cell viability was assessed by monitoring mitochondrial reduction of MTT, lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activation. N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA; A1 adenosine receptor agonist), formoterol (β2-adrenoceptor agonist) or isoprenaline (non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist) were added before hypoxia/reoxygenation (pre-conditioning) or at the start of reoxygenation following hypoxia (post-conditioning). Pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning with CPA and isoprenaline significantly reduced hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. In contrast, formoterol did not elicit protection. Pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (Gi/o-protein inhibitor), DPCPX (A1 adenosine receptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibitors (Z-DON and R283) attenuated the A1 adenosine receptor-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Similarly, pertussis toxin, ICI 118,551 (β2-adrenoceptor antagonist) or TG2 inhibition attenuated the isoprenaline-induced cell survival. Knockdown of TG2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated CPA and isoprenaline-induced pharmacological pre- and post-conditioning. Finally, proteomic analysis following isoprenaline treatment identified known (e.g. protein S100-A6) and novel (e.g. adenine phosphoribosyltransferase) protein substrates for TG2. These results have shown that A1 adenosine receptor and β2-adrenoceptor-induced protection against simulated hypoxia/reoxygenation occurs in a TG2 and Gi/o-protein dependent manner in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni S Vyas
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Carl P Nelson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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Almami I, Dickenson JM, Hargreaves AJ, Bonner PLR. Modulation of transglutaminase 2 activity in H9c2 cells by PKC and PKA signalling: a role for transglutaminase 2 in cytoprotection. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3946-60. [PMID: 24821315 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has been shown to mediate cell survival in many cell types. In this study, we investigated whether the role of TG2 in cytoprotection was mediated by the activation of PKA and PKC in cardiomyocyte-like H9c2 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH H9c2 cells were extracted following stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and forskolin. Transglutaminase activity was determined using an amine incorporating and a protein crosslinking assay. The presence of TG isoforms (TG1, 2, 3) was determined using Western blot analysis. The role of TG2 in PMA- and forskolin-induced cytoprotection was investigated by monitoring H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. KEY RESULTS Western blotting showed TG2 >> TG1 protein expression but no detectable TG3. The amine incorporating activity of TG2 in H9c2 cells increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner following stimulation with PMA and forskolin. PMA and forskolin-induced TG2 activity was blocked by PKC (Ro 31-8220) and PKA (KT 5720 and Rp-8-Cl-cAMPS) inhibitors respectively. The PMA- and forskolin-induced increases in TG2 activity were attenuated by the TG2 inhibitors Z-DON and R283. Immunocytochemistry revealed TG2-mediated biotin-X-cadaverine incorporation into proteins and proteomic analysis identified known (β-tubulin) and novel (α-actinin) protein substrates for TG2. Pretreatment with PMA and forskolin reversed H2 O2 -induced decrease in MTT reduction and release of LDH. TG2 inhibitors R283 and Z-DON blocked PMA- and forskolin-induced cytoprotection. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TG2 activity was stimulated via PKA- and PKC-dependent signalling pathways in H9c2 cells These results suggest a role for TG2 in cytoprotection induced by these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtesam Almami
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Gao HC, Zhu K, Gao HM, Miao CS, Zhang LEN, Liu W, Xin H. Role of tissue transglutaminase in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the intervention effect of rutin. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1103-1108. [PMID: 25780394 PMCID: PMC4353750 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and the intervention effect of rutin. DCM was induced in rats by the injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 25 mg/kg). After a preliminary examination, the rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control (n=8), STZ-induced DCM (n=8), STZ + positive drug (captopril; n=6) and STZ + rutin (n=8) groups. The DCM model was evaluated using blood sugar values, serum enzyme levels, hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson’s staining, ex vivo. The protein and mRNA expression of tTG was assessed with immunohistochemistry, western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The rat model of DCM was successfully established by STZ administration, and the expression levels of tTG were significantly increased in the DCM model. Following the injection of captopril or rutin, the blood sugar values, collagen content and expression levels of tTG were gradually reduced and serum enzyme levels were increased, as compared with those in the STZ-induced DCM group. In conclusion, tTG plays an important role in STZ-induced DCM. In addition, rutin may inhibit the expression of tTG and regulate myocardial injury in STZ-induced DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Cheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 208th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Mei Gao
- Patient's Information Recording Room, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Sheng Miao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - LE-Ning Zhang
- Department of Chest Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 208th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xin
- Department of Chest Surgery, The China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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Aragona P, Aguennouz M, Rania L, Postorino E, Sommario MS, Roszkowska AM, De Pasquale MG, Pisani A, Puzzolo D. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and transglutaminase 2 expression at the ocular surface in patients with different forms of dry eye disease. Ophthalmology 2014; 122:62-71. [PMID: 25240629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in different forms of dry eye. DESIGN Case control study. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-five female subjects divided into 3 groups: group 1, 15 healthy controls; group 2, 30 subjects with Sjögren syndrome (SS); and group 3, 30 subjects with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS A clinical assessment was carried out and impression cytologic specimens were processed for immunoperoxidase staining for MMP9 and TG2 and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses were carried out for MMP9, TG2, interleukin-6, interferon-γ, B-cell lymphoma 2, and caspase 3. To study MMP9 and TG2 expression after anti-inflammatory treatment, patients were divided into 2 subgroups, one treated with saline and the other treated with saline plus topical corticosteroid eye drops (0.5% loteprednol etabonate) 4 times daily for 15 days. For statistical analysis, Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used as appropriate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Conjunctival expression of MMP9 and TG2. RESULTS MMP9 and TG2 expression were higher in both patient groups than in controls (P < 0.0001). Group 2 patients showed higher expression than group 3 (P < 0.0001). The Spearman's correlation coefficient showed in group 2 a positive correlation between MMP9 and TG2 expression (ρ = 0.437; P = 0.01), but no correlation in group 3 (ρ = 0.143; P = 0.45). Corticosteroid treatment significantly reduced MMP9 and TG2 expression in both groups, ameliorating symptoms and signs. A much higher percentage reduction was observed in SS. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenic mechanisms of the 2 forms of dry eye give an account for the different MMP9 and TG2 expressions in the 2 groups of patients. The higher expression in SS is determined by the direct autoimmune insult to the ocular surface epithelia, whereas in MGD patients, with an epithelial damage due to an unbalanced tear secretion, the molecules expression is significantly lower, although higher than in controls. The corticosteroid treatment induced a reduction of both molecules, although higher in SS than in MGD, because of its direct inhibitory effect on inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Aragona
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Rania
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Elisa Postorino
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Margherita Serena Sommario
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Roszkowska
- Department of Experimental Medical-Surgical Specialties, Regional Referral Center for Ocular Surface Diseases, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Antonina Pisani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Puzzolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Bhatt MP, Lim YC, Hwang J, Na S, Kim YM, Ha KS. C-peptide prevents hyperglycemia-induced endothelial apoptosis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species-mediated transglutaminase 2 activation. Diabetes 2013; 62:243-53. [PMID: 22923476 PMCID: PMC3526059 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide is a bioactive peptide with a potentially protective role in diabetes complications; however, its molecular mechanism of protection against cardiovascular damage caused by hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis remains unclear. We investigated the protective mechanism of C-peptide against hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and streptozotocin diabetic mice. High glucose (33 mmol/L) induced apoptotic cell death in endothelial cells via sequential elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as subsequent activation of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). C-peptide (1 nmol/L) prevented endothelial cell death by inhibiting protein kinase C- and NADPH oxidase-dependent intracellular ROS generation and by abolishing high glucose-induced TG2 activation, without affecting intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Consistently, in the aorta of streptozotocin diabetic mice, hyperglycemia stimulated transamidating activity and endothelial cell apoptosis that was inhibited by C-peptide replacement therapy (35 pmol/min/kg) using osmotic pumps (control and diabetes, n = 8; diabetes + C-peptide, n = 7). In addition, C-peptide prevented hyperglycemia-induced activation of transamidation activity and apoptosis in the heart and renal cortex of streptozotocin diabetic mice. Thus, C-peptide protects endothelial cells from hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic cell death by inhibiting intracellular ROS-mediated activation of TG2. Furthermore, TG2 may be a promising avenue of therapeutic investigation to treat diabetic vasculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Prasad Bhatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gandaki Medical College Charak Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Young-Cheol Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - JongYun Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - SungHun Na
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, Korea
- Corresponding author: Kwon-Soo Ha,
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 35 (SCA35)-associated transglutaminase 6 mutants sensitize cells to apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23206699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 35 (SCA35) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. In our previous study, using exome sequencing and linkage analysis, two missense mutations of the transglutaminase 6 (TGM6) gene were identified as causative for SCA35. TGM6 encodes transglutaminase 6 (TG6), a member of the transglutaminase family of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amine group and the γ-carboxamide group of protein- or peptide-bound glutamine. However, the precise role of TG6 in contributing to SCA35 remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the subcellular distribution, expression and in vitro activity of two missense mutations of TG6 (D327G, L517W) and found that both mutants exhibited decreased transglutaminase activity and stability. Furthermore, overexpressing the TG6 mutants sensitized cells to staurosporine-induced apoptosis by increasing the activity of caspases. We propose that the pro-apoptotic role of these mutants might underlie the pathogenesis of SCA35.
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Suh JH, Choi E, Cha MJ, Song BW, Ham O, Lee SY, Yoon C, Lee CY, Park JH, Lee SH, Hwang KC. Up-regulation of miR-26a promotes apoptosis of hypoxic rat neonatal cardiomyocytes by repressing GSK-3β protein expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:404-10. [PMID: 22664106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is the major cause of morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. This disease is a severe stress condition that causes extensive biochemical changes which trigger cardiac cell death. Stress conditions such as deprivation of glucose and oxygen activate the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of cells, including cardiomyocytes, to generate and propagate apoptotic signals in response to these conditions. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that mediate posttranscriptional gene silencing. The miRNAs play important roles in regulating cardiac physiological and pathological events such as hypertrophy, apoptosis, and heart failure. However, the roles of miRNAs in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated injury on cardiomyocytes are uncertain. In this study, we identified at the apoptotic concentration of H(2)O(2), miR-26a expression was increased. To determine the potential roles of miR-26a in H(2)O(2)-mediated cardiac apoptosis, miR-26a expression was regulated by a miR-26a or an anti-miR-26a. Overexpression of miR-26a increased apoptosis as determined by upregulation of Annexin V/PI positive cell population, caspase-3 activity and expression of pro-apoptotic signal molecules, whereas inhibition of miR-26a reduced apoptosis. We identified GSK3B as a direct downstream target of miR-26a. Furthermore, miR-26a attenuated viability and increased caspase-3 activity in normal cardiomyocytes. This study demonstrates that miR-26a promotes ROS-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Thus, miR-26a affects ROS-mediated gene regulation and cellular injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hui Suh
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Dongsuro, Bupyeong-gu, 150-713 Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Yoo JO, Lim YC, Kim YM, Ha KS. Transglutaminase 2 promotes both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic cell death via the calpain/Bax protein signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14377-88. [PMID: 22418443 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.326074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a versatile protein that is implicated in significant biological processes, including cell death and degenerative diseases. A possible role of TG2 in the apoptotic death of cancer cells induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) was suggested recently; however, the mechanism by which TG2 regulates apoptotic responses to PDT remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the key signaling pathways stimulated during apoptotic cell death following PDT and whether inhibition of TG2 activation using pharmacological approaches and siRNAs affects the signaling pathways. PDT caused the release of both cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) by damaging mitochondria, which resulted in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic cell death, respectively. Released AIF translocated to the nucleus and, synergistically with the caspase-dependent pathway, led to apoptotic cell death. Both the caspase cascade and the activation of AIF following PDT were mediated by TG2 activation. In addition, PDT-activated calpain was responsible for the sequential events of Bax translocation, the collapse of ΔΨ(m), caspase-3 activation, and AIF translocation, all of which were provoked by TG2 activation. Together, these results demonstrate that PDT with a chlorin-based photosensitizer targets TG2 by activating calpain-induced Bax translocation, which induces apoptotic cell death through both caspase-dependent and AIF-mediated pathways. Moreover, these results indicate that TG2 may be a possible therapeutic target for PDT treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Ok Yoo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwon-do 200-701, Korea
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Kim JB, Kim C, Choi E, Park S, Park H, Pak HN, Lee MH, Shin DC, Hwang KC, Joung B. Particulate air pollution induces arrhythmia via oxidative stress and calcium calmodulin kinase II activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 259:66-73. [PMID: 22197715 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) can increase the incidence of arrhythmia. However, the arrhythmogenic mechanism of PM is poorly understood. This study investigated the arrhythmogenic mechanism of PM. In Sprague-Dawley rats, QT interval was increased from 115.0±14.0 to 142.1±18.4ms (p=0.02) after endotracheal exposure of DEP (200μg/ml for 30min, n=5). Ventricular premature contractions were more frequently observed after DEP exposure (100%) than baseline (20%, p=0.04). These effects were prevented by pretreatment of N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 5mmol/L, n=3). In 12 Langendorff-perfused rat hearts, DEP infusion of 12.5μg/ml for 20min prolonged action potential duration (APD) at only left ventricular base increasing apicobasal repolarization gradients. Spontaneous early afterdepolarization (EAD) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) were observed in 8 (67%) and 6 (50%) hearts, respectively, versus no spontaneous triggered activity or VT in any hearts before DEP infusion. DEP-induced APD prolongation, EAD and VT were successfully prevented with NAC (5mmol/L, n=5), nifedipine (10μmol/L, n=5), and active Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) blockade, KN 93 (1μmol/L, n=5), but not by thapsigargin (200nmol/L) plus ryanodine (10μmol/L, n=5) and inactive CaMKII blockade, KN 92 (1μmol/L, n=5). In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, DEP provoked ROS generation in dose dependant manner. DEP (12.5μg/ml) induced apoptosis, and this effect was prevented by NAC and KN 93. Thus, this study shows that in vivo and vitro exposure of PM induced APD prolongation, EAD and ventricular arrhythmia. These effects might be caused by oxidative stress and CaMKII activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bae Kim
- The Division of Cardiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Petrak J, Pospisilova J, Sedinova M, Jedelsky P, Lorkova L, Vit O, Kolar M, Strnad H, Benes J, Sedmera D, Cervenka L, Melenovsky V. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of heart failure due to volume overload in a rat aorto-caval fistula model provides support for new potential therapeutic targets - monoamine oxidase A and transglutaminase 2. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:69. [PMID: 22078724 PMCID: PMC3225319 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hemodynamic overloading leads to heart failure (HF) due to incompletely understood mechanisms. To gain deeper insight into the molecular pathophysiology of volume overload-induced HF and to identify potential markers and targets for novel therapies, we performed proteomic and mRNA expression analysis comparing myocardium from Wistar rats with HF induced by a chronic aorto-caval fistula (ACF) and sham-operated rats harvested at the advanced, decompensated stage of HF. Methods We analyzed control and failing myocardium employing iTRAQ labeling, two-dimensional peptide separation combining peptide IEF and nano-HPLC with MALDI-MS/MS. For the transcriptomic analysis we employed Illumina RatRef-12v1 Expression BeadChip. Results In the proteomic analysis we identified 2030 myocardial proteins, of which 66 proteins were differentially expressed. The mRNA expression analysis identified 851 differentially expressed mRNAs. Conclusions The differentially expressed proteins confirm a switch in the substrate preference from fatty acids to other sources in the failing heart. Failing hearts showed downregulation of the major calcium transporters SERCA2 and ryanodine receptor 2 and altered expression of creatine kinases. Decreased expression of two NADPH producing proteins suggests a decreased redox reserve. Overexpression of annexins supports their possible potential as HF biomarkers. Most importantly, among the most up-regulated proteins in ACF hearts were monoamine oxidase A and transglutaminase 2 that are both potential attractive targets of low molecular weight inhibitors in future HF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Petrak
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Monitoring of transglutaminase 2 under different oxidative stress conditions. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1037-43. [PMID: 21805137 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional calcium-dependent enzyme which catalyzes the post-translational protein crosslinking with formation of intra- or inter-molecular epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bonds or polyamine incorporation. The up-regulation and activation of TG2 have been reported in a variety of physiological events, including cell differentiation, signal transduction, apoptosis, and wound healing, as well as in cell response to stress evoked by different internal and external stimuli. Here we review TG2 role in cell response to redox state imbalance both under physiological and pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cataractogenesis, in which oxidative stress plays a pathogenetic role and also accelerates disease progression. The increase in TG activity together with mitochondrial impairment and collapse of antioxidant enzymatic cell defences have been reported to be the prominent biochemical alterations becoming evident prior to neurodegeneration. Moreover, oxidative stress-induced TG2 pathway is involved in autophagy inhibition and aggresome formation, and TG2 has been suggested to function as a link between oxidative stress and inflammation by driving the decision as to whether a protein should undergo SUMO-mediated regulation or proteasomal degradation. Literature data suggest a strong association between oxidative stress and TG2 up-regulation, which in turn may result in cell survival or apoptosis, depending on cell type, kind of stressor, duration of insult, as well as TG2 intracellular localization and activity state. In particular, it may be suggested that TG2 plays a pro-survival role when the alteration of cell redox state homeostasis is not associated with intracellular calcium increase triggering TG2 transamidation activity.
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