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Majumdar S, Di Palma F, Spyrakis F, Decherchi S, Cavalli A. Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning Give Insights on the Flexibility-Activity Relationships in Tyrosine Kinome. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:4814-4826. [PMID: 37462363 PMCID: PMC10428216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases are a subfamily of kinases with critical roles in cellular machinery. Dysregulation of their active or inactive forms is associated with diseases like cancer. This study aimed to holistically understand their flexibility-activity relationships, focusing on pockets and fluctuations. We studied 43 different tyrosine kinases by collecting 120 μs of molecular dynamics simulations, pocket and residue fluctuation analysis, and a complementary machine learning approach. We found that the inactive forms often have increased flexibility, particularly at the DFG motif level. Noteworthy, thanks to these long simulations combined with a decision tree, we identified a semiquantitative fluctuation threshold of the DGF+3 residue over which the kinase has a higher probability to be in the inactive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Majumdar
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Fondazione Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Palma
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Fondazione Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University
of Turin, via Giuria
9, I-10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Decherchi
- Data
Science and Computation, Fondazione Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Computational
& Chemical Biology, Fondazione Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University
of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Zhang H, He F, Gao G, Lu S, Wei Q, Hu H, Wu Z, Fang M, Wang X. Approved Small-Molecule ATP-Competitive Kinases Drugs Containing Indole/Azaindole/Oxindole Scaffolds: R&D and Binding Patterns Profiling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030943. [PMID: 36770611 PMCID: PMC9920796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinases are among the most important families of biomolecules and play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and other critical physiological processes. The dysregulation and gene mutation of kinases are linked to the occurrence and development of various human diseases, especially cancer. As a result, a growing number of small-molecule drugs based on kinase targets are being successfully developed and approved for the treatment of many diseases. The indole/azaindole/oxindole moieties are important key pharmacophores of many bioactive compounds and are generally used as excellent scaffolds for drug discovery in medicinal chemistry. To date, 30 ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors bearing the indole/azaindole/oxindole scaffold have been approved for the treatment of diseases. Herein, we summarize their research and development (R&D) process and describe their binding models to the ATP-binding sites of the target kinases. Moreover, we discuss the significant role of the indole/azaindole/oxindole skeletons in the interaction of their parent drug and target kinases, providing new medicinal chemistry inspiration and ideas for the subsequent development and optimization of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fengming He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guiping Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qiaochu Wei
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongyu Hu
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Lanxi 321004, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Meijuan Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (X.W.)
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Sufianova G, Gareev I, Beylerli O, Wu J, Shumadalova A, Sufianov A, Chen X, Zhao S. Modern aspects of the use of natural polyphenols in tumor prevention and therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1011435. [PMID: 36172282 PMCID: PMC9512088 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1011435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are secondary plant metabolites or organic compounds synthesized by them. In other words, these are molecules that are found in plants. Due to the wide variety of polyphenols and the plants in which they are found, these compounds are divided according to the source of origin, the function of the polyphenols, and their chemical structure; where the main ones are flavonoids. All the beneficial properties of polyphenols have not yet been studied, since this group of substances is very extensive and diverse. However, most polyphenols are known to be powerful antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory effects. Polyphenols help fight cell damage caused by free radicals and immune system components. In particular, polyphenols are credited with a preventive effect that helps protect the body from certain forms of cancer. The onset and progression of tumors may be related directly to oxidative stress, or inflammation. These processes can increase the amount of DNA damage and lead to loss of control over cell division. A number of studies have shown that oxidative stress uncontrolled by antioxidants or an uncontrolled and prolonged inflammatory process increases the risk of developing sarcoma, melanoma, and breast, lung, liver, and prostate cancer. Therefore, a more in-depth study of the effect of polyphenolic compounds on certain signaling pathways that determine the complex cascade of oncogenesis is a promising direction in the search for new methods for the prevention and treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Sufianova
- Department of Pharmacology, Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ilgiz Gareev
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ozal Beylerli
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Jianing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Alina Shumadalova
- Department of General Chemistry, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Albert Sufianov
- Educational and Scientific Institute of Neurosurgery, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Albert Sufianov, ; Xin Chen, ; Shiguang Zhao,
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Albert Sufianov, ; Xin Chen, ; Shiguang Zhao,
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Albert Sufianov, ; Xin Chen, ; Shiguang Zhao,
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Fujiwara R, Taniguchi Y, Rai S, Iwata Y, Fujii A, Fujimoto K, Kumode T, Serizawa K, Morita Y, Espinoza JL, Tanaka H, Hanamoto H, Matsumura I. Chlorpromazine cooperatively induces apoptosis with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR-mutated lung cancer cell lines and restores the sensitivity to gefitinib in T790M-harboring resistant cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:156-166. [PMID: 35994825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (CPZ), which inhibits the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) essential for endocytosis and intracellular transport of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), inhibits the growth/survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells with mutated RTK (KIT D816V or FLT3-ITD) by perturbing the intracellular localization of these molecules. Here, we examined whether these findings are applicable to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). CPZ dose-dependently inhibited the growth/survival of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line, PC9 harboring an EGFR-activating (EGFR exon 19 deletion). In addition, CPZ not only suppressed the growth/survival of gefitinib (GEF)-resistant PC9ZD cells harboring T790 M, but also restored their sensitivities to GEF. Furthermore, CPZ overcame GEF resistance caused by Met amplification in HCC827GR cells. As for the mechanism of CPZ-induced growth suppression, we found that although CPZ hardly influenced the phosphorylation of EGFR, it effectively reduced the phosphorylation of ERK and AKT. When utilized in combination with trametinib (a MEK inhibitor), dabrafenib (an RAF inhibitor), and everolimus (an mTOR inhibitor), CPZ suppressed the growth of PC9ZD cells cooperatively with everolimus but not with trametinib or dabrafenib. Immunofluorescent staining revealed that EGFR shows a perinuclear pattern and was intensely colocalized with the late endosome marker, Rab11. However, after CPZ treatment, EGFR was unevenly distributed in the cells, and colocalization with the early endosome marker Rab5 and EEA1 became more apparent, indicating that CPZ disrupted the intracellular transport of EGFR. These results suggest that CPZ has therapeutic potential for NSCLC with mutated EGFR by a novel mechanism different from conventional TKIs alone or in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Taniguchi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinya Rai
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Iwata
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Fujii
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ko Fujimoto
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kumode
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Serizawa
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Morita
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tanaka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Hanamoto
- Department of Hematology, Kindai University Nara Hospital, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Itaru Matsumura
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, Japan
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Tang R, Langdon WY, Zhang J. Negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases by ubiquitination: Key roles of the Cbl family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:971162. [PMID: 35966060 PMCID: PMC9365936 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.971162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) serve as transmembrane receptors that participate in a broad spectrum of cellular processes including cellular growth, motility, differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism. Hence, elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of RTKs involved in an assortment of diseases such as cancers attracts increasing interest from researchers. Members of the Cbl family ubiquitin ligases (c-Cbl, Cbl-b and Cbl-c in mammals) have emerged as negative regulators of activated RTKs. Upon activation of RTKs by growth factors, Cbl binds to RTKs via its tyrosine kinase binding (TKB) domain and targets them for ubiquitination, thus facilitating their degradation and negative regulation of RTK signaling. RTKs such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) undergo ubiquitination upon interaction with Cbl family members. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge related to the negative regulation of RTKs by Cbl family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wallace Y. Langdon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhang,
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Balogun TA, Ige OM, Alausa AO, Onyeani CO, Tiamiyu ZA, Omoboyowa DA, Saibu OA, Abdullateef OT. Receptor tyrosine kinases as a therapeutic target by natural compounds in cancer treatment. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are single-pass transmembrane proteins that play significant roles in regulating cellular processes, including cell division and growth. Overexpression and mutations of RTKs have been found in clinical manifestations of different forms of cancer. Therefore, RTKs have received considerable interest as a therapeutic biomarker in the treatment of cancer cells.
Main body of the abstract
Comprehensive data on RTKs, pharmacological and biological properties of natural compounds were systematically searched up to 2021 using relevant keywords from various databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The scientific search by various standard electronic resources and databases unveils the effectiveness of medicinal plants in the treatment of various cancers. In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, and many others can be used pharmacologically as RTKs inhibitors (RTKI) either by competing with ATP at the ATP binding site of the tyrosine kinase domain or competing for the receptor extracellular domain. Additionally, studies conducted on animal models indicated that inhibition of RTKs catalytic activity by natural compounds is one of the most effective ways to block the activation of RTKs signaling cascades, thereby hampering the proliferation of cancer cells. Furthermore, various pharmacological experiments, transcriptomic, and proteomic data also reported that cancer cells treated with different plants extracts or isolated phytochemicals exhibited better anticancer properties with minimal side effects than synthetic drugs. Clinically, natural compounds have demonstrated significant anti-proliferative effect via induction of cell apoptosis in cancer cell lines.
Short conclusion
An in-depth knowledge of the mechanism of inhibition and structural characterization of RTKs is important to the design of novel and selective RTKIs. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and structures of natural compounds RTKI targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor while also giving future directions to ameliorate the scientific burden of cancer.
Graphic abstract
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Xu J, Bian X, Zhao H, Sun Y, Tian Y, Li X, Tian W. Morphine Prevents Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Mitochondrial Damage by Activating δ-opioid Receptor/EGFR/ROS Pathway. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:841-857. [PMID: 34279751 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is a classical receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in the protective effect of morphine against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial mitochondrial damage. METHODS Isolated rats hearts were subjected to global ischemia followed by reperfusion. Cardiac H9c2 cells were exposed to a simulated ischemia solution followed by Tyrode's solution to induce hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used to measure infarct size. The mitochondrial morphological and functional changes were determined using transmission election microscopy (TEM), mitochondrial stress assay, and mitochondrial swelling, respectively. Mitochondrial fluorescence indicator JC-1, DCFH-DA, and Mitosox Red were used to determine mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide. A TUNUL assay kit was used to detect the level of apoptosis. Western blotting analysis was used to measure the expression of proteins. RESULTS Treatment of isolated rat hearts with morphine prevented I/R-induced myocardial mitochondrial injury, which was inhibited by the selective EGFR inhibitor AG1478, suggesting that EGFR is involved in the mitochondrial protective effect of morphine under I/R conditions. In support of this hypothesis, the selective EGFR agonist epidermal growth factor (EGF) reduced mitochondrial morphological and functional damage similarly to morphine. Further study demonstrated that morphine may alleviate I/R-induced cardiac damage by inhibiting autophagy but not apoptosis. Morphine increased protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation, which was inhibited by AG1478, and EGF had similar effects, indicating that morphine may activate Akt, ERK, and STAT-3 via EGFR. Morphine and EGF increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This effect of morphine was inhibited by AG1478, indicating that morphine promotes intracellular ROS generation by activating EGFR. However, morphine did not increase ROS generation when cells were transfected with siRNA against EGFR. In addition, EGFR activity was markedly increased by morphine, but the effect of morphine was reversed by naltrindole. These results suggest that morphine may activate EGFR via δ-opioid receptor activation. CONCLUSIONS Morphine may prevent I/R-induced myocardial mitochondrial damage by activating EGFR through δ-opioid receptors, in turn increasing RISK and SAFE pathway activity via intracellular ROS. Moreover, morphine may reduce myocardial injury by regulating autophagy but not apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingman Xu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiyun Bian
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin, 300, Tianjin, ,450, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, 300, Tianjin, ,010, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan Hospital, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanyi Tian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, China.
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Guo T, Ma S. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:600-620. [PMID: 33179854 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer has been one of the most significant challenges for the medical field. Further research on the signal transduction pathway of tumor cells is driving the rapid development of antitumor agents targeting tyrosine kinases. However, most of the currently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors based on the "single target/single drug" design are becoming less and less effective in the treatment of complex, heterogeneous, and multigenic cancers; this also results in resistance to chemotherapy. In contrast, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MT-TKIs) can effectively block multiple pathways of intracellular signal transduction. Therefore, they have therapeutic advantages over single-targeted inhibitors and have become a hotspot in antitumor drug research in recent years. This minireview summarizes recent advances in the discovery of MT-TKIs based on their chemical structures. In particular, we describe the kinase inhibitory and antitumor activity of promising compounds, as well as their structure - activity relationships (SARs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, West Wenhua Road 44, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, West Wenhua Road 44, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
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In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Anticancer Activity of New Indole-Based 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as EGFR and COX-2 Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215190. [PMID: 33171861 PMCID: PMC7664637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are crucial targetable enzymes in cancer management. Therefore, herein, new 2-[(5-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(thiazol/benzothiazol-2-yl)acetamides (2a-i) were designed and synthesized as EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors. The cytotoxic effects of compounds 2a-i on HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma, and A375 human melanoma cell lines were determined using MTT assay. 2-[(5-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-N-(6-ethoxybenzothiazol-2-yl)acetamide (2e) exhibited the most significant anticancer activity against HCT116, A549, and A375 cell lines with IC50 values of 6.43 ± 0.72 μM, 9.62 ± 1.14 μM, and 8.07 ± 1.36 μM, respectively, when compared with erlotinib (IC50 = 17.86 ± 3.22 μM, 19.41 ± 2.38 μM, and 23.81 ± 4.17 μM, respectively). Further mechanistic assays demonstrated that compound 2e enhanced apoptosis (28.35%) in HCT116 cells more significantly than erlotinib (7.42%) and caused notable EGFR inhibition with an IC50 value of 2.80 ± 0.52 μM when compared with erlotinib (IC50 = 0.04 ± 0.01 μM). However, compound 2e did not cause any significant COX-2 inhibition, indicating that this compound showed COX-independent anticancer activity. The molecular docking study of compound 2e emphasized that the benzothiazole ring of this compound occupied the allosteric pocket in the EGFR active site. In conclusion, compound 2e is a promising EGFR inhibitor that warrants further clinical investigations.
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Abstract
Non-communicable diseases contribute to 71% of the deaths worldwide, of which cancers rank second after cardiovascular diseases. Among all the cancers, head and neck cancers (HNC) are consequential in augmenting the global cancer incidence as well as mortality. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are emphatic for the matter that they serve as biomarkers aiding the analysis of tumor progression and metastasis as well as diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic progression in the patients. The extensive researches on HNC have made significant furtherance in numerous targeted therapies, but for the escalating therapeutic resistance. This review explicates RTKs in HNC, their signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis, metastasis and stemness induction, the association of non-coding RNAs with RTKs, an overview of RTK based therapy and associated resistance in HNC, as well as a sneak peek into the HPV positive HNC and its therapy. The review extrapolates the cardinal role of RTKs and RTK based therapy as superior to other existing therapeutic interventions for HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Development: Insights from Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010188. [PMID: 31888080 PMCID: PMC6982143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication mediates a plethora of cellular decisions and behaviors that are crucial for the correct and robust development of multicellular organisms. Many of these signals are encoded in secreted hormones or growth factors that bind to and activate cell surface receptors, to transmit the cue intracellularly. One of the major superfamilies of cell surface receptors are the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). For nearly half a century RTKs have been the focus of intensive study due to their ability to alter fundamental aspects of cell biology, such as cell proliferation, growth, and shape, and because of their central importance in diseases such as cancer. Studies in model organisms such a Drosophila melanogaster have proved invaluable for identifying new conserved RTK pathway components, delineating their contributions, and for the discovery of conserved mechanisms that control RTK-signaling events. Here we provide a brief overview of the RTK superfamily and the general mechanisms used in their regulation. We further highlight the functions of several RTKs that govern distinct cell-fate decisions in Drosophila and explore how their activities are developmentally controlled.
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A gain-of-functional screen identifies the Hippo pathway as a central mediator of receptor tyrosine kinases during tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2019; 39:334-355. [PMID: 31477837 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a key signaling pathway that regulates various biological functions. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway has been implicated in a broad range of human cancer types. While a number of stimuli affecting the Hippo pathway have been reported, its upstream kinase and extracellular regulators remain largely unknown. Here we performed the first comprehensive gain-of-functional screen for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulating the Hippo pathway using an RTK overexpression library and a Hippo signaling activity biosensor. Surprisingly, we found that the majority of RTKs could regulate the Hippo signaling activity. We further characterized several of these novel relationships [TAM family members (TYRO3, AXL, METRK), RET, and FGFR family members (FGFR1 and FGFR2)] and found that the Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ are central mediators of the tumorigenic phenotypes (e.g., increased cell proliferation, transformation, increased cell motility, and angiogenesis) induced by these RTKs and their extracellular ligands (Gas6, GDNF, and FGF) through either PI3K or MAPK signaling pathway. Significantly, we identify FGFR, RET, and MERTK as the first RTKs that can directly interact with and phosphorylate YAP/TAZ at multiple tyrosine residues independent of upstream Hippo signaling, thereby activating their functions in tumorigenesis. In conclusion, we have identified several novel kinases and extracellular stimuli regulating the Hippo pathway. Our findings also highlight the pivotal role of the Hippo pathway in mediating Gas6/GDNF/FGF-TAM/RET/FGFR-MAPK/PI3K signaling during tumorigenesis and provide a compelling rationale for targeting YAP/TAZ in RTK-driven cancers.
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An C, Li H, Zhang X, Wang J, Qiang Y, Ye X, Li Q, Guan Q, Zhou Y. Silencing of COPB2 inhibits the proliferation of gastric cancer cells and induces apoptosis via suppression of the RTK signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1195-1208. [PMID: 30968146 PMCID: PMC6411345 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have reported that coatomer protein complex subunit β2 (COPB2) is overexpressed in several types of malignant tumor; however, to the best of our knowledge, no studies regarding COPB2 in gastric cancer have been published thus far. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the significance and function of COPB2 in gastric cancer. COPB2 expression in gastric cancer cell lines was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. In addition, lentivirus-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) COPB2 (Lv-shCOPB2) was generated and used to infect BGC-823 cells to analyze the effects of COPB2 on the cancerous phenotype. The effects of shRNA-mediated COPB2 knockdown on cell proliferation were detected using MTT, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and colony formation assays. In addition, the effects of COPB2 knockdown on apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Nude mice and fluorescence imaging were used to characterize the regulation of tumor growth in vivo, and qPCR and immunohistochemistry were subsequently conducted to analyze COPB2 expression in xenograft tumor tissues. Furthermore, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway antibody array was used to explore the relevant molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of COPB2 knockdown. The results revealed that COPB2 mRNA was abundantly overexpressed in gastric cancer cell lines, whereas knockdown of COPB2 significantly inhibited cell growth and colony formation ability, and led to increased cell apoptosis in vitro. The tumorigenicity assay revealed that knockdown of COPB2 reduced tumor growth in nude mice, and fluorescence imaging indicated that the total radiant efficiency of mice in the Lv-shCOPB2-infected group was markedly reduced compared with the mice in the Lv-shRNA control-infected group in vivo. The antibody array assay revealed that the levels of phosphorylation in 23 target RTKs were significantly reduced: In conclusion, COPB2 was highly expressed in gastric cancer cell lines, and knockdown suppressed colony formation and promoted cell apoptosis via inhibiting the RTK signaling and its downstream signaling cascade molecules. Therefore, COPB2 may present a valuable target for gene silencing strategy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia An
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qiang
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Division of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Quanlin Guan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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14
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Larochette V, Miot C, Poli C, Beaumont E, Roingeard P, Fickenscher H, Jeannin P, Delneste Y. IL-26, a Cytokine With Roles in Extracellular DNA-Induced Inflammation and Microbial Defense. Front Immunol 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 30809226 PMCID: PMC6379347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 26 (IL-26) is the most recently identified member of the IL-20 cytokine subfamily, and is a novel mediator of inflammation overexpressed in activated or transformed T cells. Novel properties have recently been assigned to IL-26, owing to its non-conventional cationic, and amphipathic features. IL-26 binds to DNA released from damaged cells and, as a carrier molecule for extracellular DNA, links DNA to inflammation. This observation suggests that IL-26 may act both as a driver and an effector of inflammation, leading to the establishment of a deleterious amplification loop and, ultimately, sustained inflammation. Thus, IL-26 emerges as an important mediator in local immunity/inflammation. The dysregulated expression and extracellular DNA carrier capacity of IL-26 may have profound consequences for the chronicity of inflammation. IL-26 also exhibits direct antimicrobial properties. This review summarizes recent advances on the biology of IL-26 and discusses its roles as a novel kinocidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Larochette
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Charline Miot
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Département d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Angers, France
| | - Caroline Poli
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Département d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Angers, France
| | - Elodie Beaumont
- Inserm unit 1259, Medical School of the University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Inserm unit 1259, Medical School of the University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pascale Jeannin
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Département d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Angers, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,CHU Angers, Département d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Angers, France
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15
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Ghidini M, Hahne JC, Frizziero M, Tomasello G, Trevisani F, Lampis A, Passalacqua R, Valeri N. MicroRNAs as Mediators of Resistance Mechanisms to Small-Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Solid Tumours. Target Oncol 2018; 13:423-436. [PMID: 30006826 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-018-0580-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are widely expressed transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for growth factors and other extracellular signalling molecules. Upon ligand binding, RTKs activate intracellular signalling cascades, and as such are involved in a broad variety of cellular functions including differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and survival under physiological as well as pathological conditions. Aberrant RTK activation can lead to benign proliferative conditions as well as to various forms of cancer. Indeed, more than 70% of the known oncogene and proto-oncogene transcripts involved in cancer code for RTKs. Consequently, these receptors are broadly studied as targets in the treatment of different tumours, and a large variety of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are approved for therapy. In most cases, patients develop resistance to the TKIs within a short time. MicroRNAs are short (18-22 nucleotides) non-protein-coding RNAs that fine-tune cell homeostasis by controlling gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Deregulation of microRNAs is common in many cancers, and increasing evidence exists for an important role of microRNAs in the development of resistance to therapies, including TKIs. In this review we focus on the role of microRNAs in mediating resistance to small-molecule TKIs in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ghidini
- Medical Department, Division of Oncology, ASST di Cremona, Ospedale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Jens C Hahne
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Melissa Frizziero
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Gianluca Tomasello
- Medical Department, Division of Oncology, ASST di Cremona, Ospedale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Francesco Trevisani
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lampis
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Rodolfo Passalacqua
- Medical Department, Division of Oncology, ASST di Cremona, Ospedale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Nicola Valeri
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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16
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Chen KS, Fustino NJ, Shukla AA, Stroup EK, Budhipramono A, Ateek C, Stuart SH, Yamaguchi K, Kapur P, Frazier AL, Lum L, Looijenga LHJ, Laetsch TW, Rakheja D, Amatruda JF. EGF Receptor and mTORC1 Are Novel Therapeutic Targets in Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1079-1089. [PMID: 29483210 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCT) are malignant tumors that arise from pluripotent embryonic germ cells and occur in children and young adults. GCTs are treated with cisplatin-based regimens which, while overall effective, fail to cure all patients and cause significant adverse late effects. The seminoma and nonseminoma forms of GCT exhibit distinct differentiation states, clinical behavior, and response to treatment; however, the molecular mechanisms of GCT differentiation are not fully understood. We tested whether the activity of the mTORC1 and MAPK pathways were differentially active in the two classes of GCT. Here we show that nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT, including embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and choriocarcinoma) from both children and adults display activation of the mTORC1 pathway, while seminomas do not. In seminomas, high levels of REDD1 may negatively regulate mTORC1 activity. In NSGCTs, on the other hand, EGF and FGF2 ligands can stimulate mTORC1 and MAPK signaling, and members of the EGF and FGF receptor families are more highly expressed. Finally, proliferation of NSGCT cells in vitro and in vivo is significantly inhibited by combined treatment with the clinically available agents erlotinib and rapamycin, which target EGFR and mTORC1 signaling, respectively. These results provide an understanding of the signaling network that drives GCT growth and a rationale for therapeutic targeting of GCTs with agents that antagonize the EGFR and mTORC1 pathways. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 1079-89. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Margaret Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nicholas J Fustino
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Margaret Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Abhay A Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Emily K Stroup
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Albert Budhipramono
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christina Ateek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sarai H Stuart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Division of Clinical Genome Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Care, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theodore W Laetsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Margaret Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Margaret Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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17
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Concomitant inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream AKT synergistically inhibited growth of KRAS/BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5003-5015. [PMID: 28002807 PMCID: PMC5354887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways are frequently activated in cancer cells due to mutations of RTKs and/or their downstream signaling proteins such as KRAS and BRAF. About 40% colorectal cancers (CRCs) contain KRAS or BRAF mutant genes and are resistant to treatments with individual inhibitors of RTKs, AKT, MEK, or BRAF. Therefore, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the drug resistance is necessary for developing effective strategies to treat the diseases. Here we report the discovery of an AKT/ERK reactivation mechanism that account for the cancer cell resistance to the AKT and MEK inhibitors treatments. The reactivations of AKT and ERK after the AKT or MEK inhibitor treatment were caused by a relief of an AKT or ERK-mediated feedback inhibition of the RTKs and/or their downstream pathways. A combination of RTK inhibitors, based on the RTK activation/phosphorylation profile, synergized with the AKT inhibitor, but not the MEK inhibitor, to completely inhibit the AKT phosphorylation and to block the growth of KRAS/BRAF mutant CRC cells. These results underscored the importance of AKT and the AKT feedback signaling to cancer cell growth and offered a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of KRAS/BRAF mutant CRC cells.
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18
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El-Gamal MI, Al-Ameen SK, Al-Koumi DM, Hamad MG, Jalal NA, Oh CH. Recent Advances of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) Kinase and Its Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5450-5466. [PMID: 29293000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colony stimulation factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is also known as FMS kinase, plays an important role in initiating inflammatory, cancer, and bone disorders when it is overstimulated by its ligand, CSF-1. Innate immunity, as well as macrophage differentiation and survival, are regulated by the stimulation of the CSF-1R. Another ligand, interlukin-34 (IL-34), was recently reported to activate the CSF-1R receptor in a different manner. The relationship between CSF-1R and microglia has been reviewed. Both CSF-1 antibodies and small molecule CSF-1R kinase inhibitors have now been tested in animal models and in humans. In this Perspective, we discuss the role of CSF-1 and IL-34 in producing cancer, bone disorders, and inflammation. We also review the newly discovered and improved small molecule kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies that have shown potent activity toward CSF-1R, reported from 2012 until 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I El-Gamal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Mansoura , Mansoura 35516 , Egypt
| | - Shahad K Al-Ameen
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Dania M Al-Koumi
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawadda G Hamad
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Nouran A Jalal
- College of Pharmacy , University of Sharjah , Sharjah 27272 , United Arab Emirates
| | - Chang-Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang , Seoul 130-650 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomolecular Science , University of Science and Technology , 113 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 305-333 , Republic of Korea
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19
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Chaiyawat P, Klangjorhor J, Settakorn J, Champattanachai V, Phanphaisarn A, Teeyakasem P, Svasti J, Pruksakorn D. Activation Status of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as an Early Predictive Marker of Response to Chemotherapy in Osteosarcoma. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:846-853. [PMID: 28881260 PMCID: PMC5587873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are membrane receptors that play a vital role in various biological processes, in particular, cell survival, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. These cellular processes are composed of multitiered signaling cascades of kinases starting from ligand binding to extracellular domains of RTKs that activate the entire pathways through tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptors and downstream effectors. A previous study reported that, based on proteomics data, RTKs were a major candidate target for osteosarcoma. In this study, activation profiles of six candidate RTKs, including c-Met, c-Kit, VEGFR2, HER2, FGFR1, and PDGFRα, were directly examined from chemonaive fresh frozen tissues of 32 osteosarcoma patients using a multiplex immunoassay. That examination revealed distinct patterns of tyrosine phosphorylation of RTKs in osteosarcoma cases. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was calculated using Pearson uncentered correlation coefficient to classify RTKs into two groups-Group A (c-Met, c-Kit, VEGFR2, and HER2) and Group B (FGFR1 and PDGFRα)-based on tyrosine phosphorylation patterns. Nonactivation of all Group A RTKs was associated with shorter overall survival in stage IIB osteosarcoma patients. Percentages of tumor necrosis in patients with inactive Group A RTKs were significantly lower than those in patients with at least one active Group A RTK. Paired primary osteosarcoma cells with fresh osteosarcoma tissue were extracted and cultured for cytotoxicity testing. Primary cells with active Group A RTKs tended to be sensitive to doxorubicin and cisplatin. We also found that osteosarcoma cells with active Group A RTKs were more proliferative than cells with inactive Group A RTKs. These findings indicate that the activation pattern of Group A RTKs is a potential risk stratification and chemoresponse predictor and might be used to guide the optimum chemotherapy regimen for osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parunya Chaiyawat
- Orthopedic Laboratory and Research Network (OLARN) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jeerawan Klangjorhor
- Orthopedic Laboratory and Research Network (OLARN) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jongkolnee Settakorn
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Voraratt Champattanachai
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Areerak Phanphaisarn
- Orthopedic Laboratory and Research Network (OLARN) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pimpisa Teeyakasem
- Orthopedic Laboratory and Research Network (OLARN) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jisnuson Svasti
- Applied Biological Sciences Program, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, Thailand; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Orthopedic Laboratory and Research Network (OLARN) Center, Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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20
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Engin A. Human Protein Kinases and Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:111-134. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Zarei O, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Benvenuti S, Ustun-Alkan F, Dastmalchi S. Characterizing the Hot Spots Involved in RON-MSPβ Complex Formation Using In Silico Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Adv Pharm Bull 2017; 7:141-150. [PMID: 28507948 PMCID: PMC5426727 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2017.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Implication of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in development of many diseases such as cancer makes them attractive for therapeutic intervention and rational drug design. RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase receptor has gained considerable attention as promising target in cancer therapy. The activation of RON via its ligand, macrophage stimulation protein (MSP) is the most common mechanism of activation for this receptor. The aim of the current study was to perform in silico alanine scanning mutagenesis and to calculate binding energy for prediction of hot spots in protein-protein interface between RON and MSPβ chain (MSPβ). Methods: In this work the residues at the interface of RON-MSPβ complex were mutated to alanine and then molecular dynamics simulation was used to calculate binding free energy. Results: The results revealed that Gln193, Arg220, Glu287, Pro288, Glu289, and His424 residues from RON and Arg521, His528, Ser565, Glu658, and Arg683 from MSPβ may play important roles in protein-protein interaction between RON and MSP. Conclusion: Identification of these RON hot spots is important in designing anti-RON drugs when the aim is to disrupt RON-MSP interaction. In the same way, the acquired information regarding the critical amino acids of MSPβ can be used in the process of rational drug design for developing MSP antagonizing agents, the development of novel MSP mimicking peptides where inhibition of RON activation is required, and the design of experimental site directed mutagenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research Laboratory, Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Fulya Ustun-Alkan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Gerdøe-Kristensen S, Lund VK, Wandall HH, Kjaerulff O. Mactosylceramide prevents glial cell overgrowth by inhibiting insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3112-3127. [PMID: 28019653 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling controls key aspects of cellular differentiation, proliferation, survival, metabolism, and migration. Deregulated RTK signaling also underlies many cancers. Glycosphingolipids (GSL) are essential elements of the plasma membrane. By affecting clustering and activity of membrane receptors, GSL modulate signal transduction, including that mediated by the RTK. GSL are abundant in the nervous system, and glial development in Drosophila is emerging as a useful model for studying how GSL modulate RTK signaling. Drosophila has a simple GSL biosynthetic pathway, in which the mannosyltransferase Egghead controls conversion of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to mactosylceramide (MacCer). Lack of elongated GSL in egghead (egh) mutants causes overgrowth of subperineurial glia (SPG), largely due to aberrant activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, to what extent this effect involves changes in upstream signaling events is unresolved. We show here that glial overgrowth in egh is strongly linked to increased activation of Insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). Glial hypertrophy is phenocopied when overexpressing gain-of-function mutants of the Drosophila insulin receptor (InR) and the FGFR homolog Heartless (Htl) in wild type SPG, and is suppressed by inhibiting Htl and InR activity in egh. Knockdown of GlcCer synthase in the SPG fails to suppress glial overgrowth in egh nerves, and slightly promotes overgrowth in wild type, suggesting that RTK hyperactivation is caused by absence of MacCer and not by GlcCer accumulation. We conclude that an early product in GSL biosynthesis, MacCer, prevents inappropriate activation of insulin and fibroblast growth factor receptors in Drosophila glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Gerdøe-Kristensen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Viktor K Lund
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ole Kjaerulff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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23
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Strategies of targeting the extracellular domain of RON tyrosine kinase receptor for cancer therapy and drug delivery. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2429-2446. [PMID: 27503093 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer is one of the most important life-threatening diseases in the world. The current efforts to combat cancer are being focused on molecular-targeted therapies. The main purpose of such approaches is based on targeting cancer cell-specific molecules to minimize toxicity for the normal cells. RON (Recepteur d'Origine Nantais) tyrosine kinase receptor is one of the promising targets in cancer-targeted therapy and drug delivery. METHODS In this review, we will summarize the available agents against extracellular domain of RON with potential antitumor activities. RESULTS The presented antibodies and antibody drug conjugates against RON in this review showed wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities promising the hope for them entering the clinical trials. CONCLUSION Due to critical role of extracellular domain of RON in receptor activation, the development of therapeutic agents against this region could lead to fruitful outcome in cancer therapy.
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Li L, Xu N, Zhang JF, Xu LL, Zhou X, Huang BT, Li YL, Liu XL. EphB4/ephrinB2 Contributes to Imatinib Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Involved in Cytoskeletal Proteins. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:365-73. [PMID: 27226777 PMCID: PMC4879769 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanism of EphB4/ephrinB2 in the resistance of chronic myelogenous leukemia to imatinib keeps unknown. METHODS The imatinib resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line-K562-R, was established. EphB4 receptor expression was detected in patients and resistant cells. Cell migration and drug sensitivity were tested in the EphB4 knockdown cells and mouse models. RESULTS The EphB4 receptor was over-expressed in blast crisis patients compared to chronic phase patients. The level of EphB4 receptor expression was associated with a complete cytogenetic response within 12 months. Enhanced expression of the EphB4 receptor was detected in the K562-R cells. EphB4 knockdown inhibited cell migration ability and restored sensitivity to imatinib in vitro and in vivo. Restored sensitivity to imatinib was observed in K562-R cells, along with increased levels of phospho-EphB4 and decreased phosphorylation levels of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. CONCLUSION Our study illustrates that aberrant activation of EphB4/ephrinB2 may mediate chronic myeloid leukemia resistance involved in cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- 1. Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Xu
- 1. Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Fang Zhang
- 2. Department of Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, Clinical Center of Tumor Therapy, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510000, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xu
- 1. Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- 1. Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin-Tao Huang
- 3. Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, 1 Tongdao Avenue North, Hohhot 010059, China
| | - Yu-Ling Li
- 1. Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- 1. Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Ave, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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25
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Interplay between receptor tyrosine kinases and hypoxia signaling in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:101-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chen TT, Filvaroff E, Peng J, Marsters S, Jubb A, Koeppen H, Merchant M, Ashkenazi A. MET Suppresses Epithelial VEGFR2 via Intracrine VEGF-induced Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:406-20. [PMID: 26137585 PMCID: PMC4486192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drive cancer through their respective receptors, MET and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). VEGFR2 inhibits MET by promoting MET dephosphorylation. However, whether MET conversely regulates VEGFR2 remains unknown. Here we show that MET suppresses VEGFR2 protein by inducing its endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), via intracrine VEGF action. HGF-MET signaling in epithelial cancer cells promoted VEGF biosynthesis through PI3-kinase. In turn, VEGF and VEGFR2 associated within the ER, activating inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, and thereby facilitating ERAD-mediated depletion of VEGFR2. MET disruption upregulated VEGFR2, inducing compensatory tumor growth via VEGFR2 and MEK. However, concurrent disruption of MET and either VEGF or MEK circumvented this, enabling more profound tumor inhibition. Our findings uncover unique cross-regulation between MET and VEGFR2-two RTKs that play significant roles in tumor malignancy. Furthermore, these results suggest rational combinatorial strategies for targeting RTK signaling pathways more effectively, which has potentially important implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom T Chen
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ellen Filvaroff
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jing Peng
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Scot Marsters
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Adrian Jubb
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hartmut Koeppen
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark Merchant
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc. 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Hu H, Liu Y, Jiang T. Mutation-introduced dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases: from protein structure aberrations to carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1423-8. [PMID: 25750036 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the greatest challenge to human health in our era. Perturbations of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) function contribute to a large chunk of cancer etiology. Current evidence supports that mutations in RTKs mediate receptor dimerization and result in ligand-independent kinase activity and tumorigenesis, indicating that mutation-introduced receptor dimerization is a critical component of oncogenesis RTK mutations. However, there are no specialized reviews of this important principle. In the current review, we discuss the physiological and harmless RTK function and subsequently examine mutation-introduced dimerization of RTKs and the role of these mutations in tumorigenesis. We also summarize the protein structure characteristics that are important for dimerization and introduce research methods and tools to predict and validate the existence of oncogenic mutations introduced by dimerization in RTKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, No. 6 Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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Fushiki H, Murakami Y, Miyoshi S, Nishimura S. PET imaging for tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) biodistribution in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1219:199-206. [PMID: 25308271 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1661-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases play a critical role in cell growth, survival, and proliferation, and are considered potential molecular targets for the treatment of cancer. Although several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as erlotinib and gefitinib, have demonstrated clinical efficacy via the inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), most TKIs are only effective in a small proportion of patients. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a methodology of molecular imaging based on nuclear imaging. PET imaging in combination with radiolabeled TKIs improves accuracy of quantitative imaging strategies and the probability of successful drug development, and may facilitate the stratification of patients. Here, we describe a protocol for PET imaging using radiolabeled TKI in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fushiki
- Bioimaging Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan,
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Madden SF, Clarke C, Gaule P, Aherne ST, O'Donovan N, Clynes M, Crown J, Gallagher WM. BreastMark: an integrated approach to mining publicly available transcriptomic datasets relating to breast cancer outcome. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R52. [PMID: 23820017 PMCID: PMC3978487 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease for which a substantial resource of transcriptomic data is available. Gene expression data have facilitated the division of breast cancer into, at least, five molecular subtypes, namely luminal A, luminal B, HER2, normal-like and basal. Once identified, breast cancer subtypes can inform clinical decisions surrounding patient treatment and prognosis. Indeed, it is important to identify patients at risk of developing aggressive disease so as to tailor the level of clinical intervention. Methods We have developed a user-friendly, web-based system to allow the evaluation of genes/microRNAs (miRNAs) that are significantly associated with survival in breast cancer and its molecular subtypes. The algorithm combines gene expression data from multiple microarray experiments which frequently also contain miRNA expression information, and detailed clinical data to correlate outcome with gene/miRNA expression levels. This algorithm integrates gene expression and survival data from 26 datasets on 12 different microarray platforms corresponding to approximately 17,000 genes in up to 4,738 samples. In addition, the prognostic potential of 341 miRNAs can be analysed. Results We demonstrated the robustness of our approach in comparison to two commercially available prognostic tests, oncotype DX and MammaPrint. Our algorithm complements these prognostic tests and is consistent with their findings. In addition, BreastMark can act as a powerful reductionist approach to these more complex gene signatures, eliminating superfluous genes, potentially reducing the cost and complexity of these multi-index assays. Known miRNA prognostic markers, mir-205 and mir-93, were used to confirm the prognostic value of this tool in a miRNA setting. We also applied the algorithm to examine expression of 58 receptor tyrosine kinases in the basal-like subtype, identifying six receptor tyrosine kinases associated with poor disease-free survival and/or overall survival (EPHA5, FGFR1, FGFR3, VEGFR1, PDGFRβ, and TIE1). A web application for using this algorithm is currently available. Conclusions BreastMark is a powerful tool for examining putative gene/miRNA prognostic markers in breast cancer. The value of this tool will be in the preliminary assessment of putative biomarkers in breast cancer. It will be of particular use to research groups with limited bioinformatics facilities.
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Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates the vascular responses of mesenteric arteries from human colorectal tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:545983. [PMID: 24324963 PMCID: PMC3842070 DOI: 10.1155/2013/545983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze whether tyrosine phosphorylation in tumoral arteries may modulate their vascular response. To do this, mesenteric arteries supplying blood flow to colorectal tumors or to normal intestine were obtained during surgery and prepared for isometric tension recording in an organ bath. Increasing tyrosine phosphorylation with the phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate produced arterial contraction which was lower in tumoral than in control arteries, whereas it reduced the contraction to noradrenaline in tumoral but not in control arteries and reduced the relaxation to bradykinin in control but not in tumoral arteries. Protein expression of VEGF-A and of the VEGF receptor FLT1 was similar in control and tumoral arteries, but expression of the VEGF receptor KDR was increased in tumoral compared with control arteries. This suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation may produce inhibition of the contraction in tumoral mesenteric arteries, which may increase blood flow to the tumor when tyrosine phosphorylation is increased by stimulation of VEGF receptors.
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Ding L, Tang F, Huang W, Jin Q, Shen H, Wei P. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 3-pyrrolo[b]cyclohexylene-2-dihydroindolinone derivatives as potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5630-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Jacobson O, Chen X. Interrogating tumor metabolism and tumor microenvironments using molecular positron emission tomography imaging. Theranostic approaches to improve therapeutics. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1214-56. [PMID: 24064460 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive molecular imaging technology that is becoming increasingly important for the measurement of physiologic, biochemical, and pharmacological functions at cellular and molecular levels in patients with cancer. Formation, development, and aggressiveness of tumor involve a number of molecular pathways, including intrinsic tumor cell mutations and extrinsic interaction between tumor cells and the microenvironment. Currently, evaluation of these processes is mainly through biopsy, which is invasive and limited to the site of biopsy. Ongoing research on specific target molecules of the tumor and its microenvironment for PET imaging is showing great potential. To date, the use of PET for diagnosing local recurrence and metastatic sites of various cancers and evaluation of treatment response is mainly based on [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG), which measures glucose metabolism. However, [(18)F]FDG is not a target-specific PET tracer and does not give enough insight into tumor biology and/or its vulnerability to potential treatments. Hence, there is an increasing need for the development of selective biologic radiotracers that will yield specific biochemical information and allow for noninvasive molecular imaging. The possibility of cancer-associated targets for imaging will provide the opportunity to use PET for diagnosis and therapy response monitoring (theranostics) and thus personalized medicine. This article will focus on the review of non-[(18)F]FDG PET tracers for specific tumor biology processes and their preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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33
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Jiang L, Chen Y, Sang J, Li Y, Lan T, Wang Y, Tao Y, Qian H. Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase inhibits activation of key members of the RTK family in gastric cancer cells. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:399-404. [PMID: 24648957 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are key to the regulation of biological cell activities, particularly of tumor cells. In a previous study, we demonstated that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG II) may inhibit the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a key member of the RTK family, and inhibit the consequent signal transduction in gastric cancer cells. Since RTKs exhibit a high level of conservation in their molecular structure, we hypothesized that PKG II may exert a similar inhibitory effect on the activation of other members of the RTK family. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of PKG II on the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). The AGS gastric cancer cell line was transfected with adenoviral vector encoding PKG II cDNA (Ad-PKG II) to increase the expression of PKG II and incubated with 8-pCPT-cGMP to activate the kinase. The cells were then stimulated with VEGF, PDGF and IGF-1, and the phosphorylation/activation of relative RTKs was detected by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that stimulating cells with VEGF-C (100 ng/ml), PDGF-BB (100 ng/ml) and IGF-1 (100 ng/ml) for 5 min led to a clear increase of phosphorylation of VEGFR2 (Tyr 951), PDGFRβ (Tyr 751) and IGF-1R (Tyr 1161), respectively. Pre-infection of the cells with Ad-PKG II with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100% overnight and pre-incubation of cells with 8-pCPT-cGMP (100 and 250 μM) for 1 h efficiently inhibited the ligand-binding-induced phosphorylation/activation of the RTKs. PKG II also inhibited the MAPK/ERK- and PI3K-mediated signal transductions induced by VEGF-C, PDGF-BB and IGF-1. The results demonstrated that PKG II may exert a wide range of inhibitory effects on the activation of RTKs and provided further evidence to confirm PKG II as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jianrong Sang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yueying Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yan Tao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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Verstraete K, Savvides SN. Extracellular assembly and activation principles of oncogenic class III receptor tyrosine kinases. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:753-66. [PMID: 23076159 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular signalling cascades initiated by class III receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK-IIIs) and their cytokine ligands contribute to haematopoiesis and mesenchymal tissue development. They are also implicated in a wide range of inflammatory disorders and cancers. Recent snapshots of RTK-III ectodomains in complex with cognate cytokines have revealed timely insights into the structural determinants of RTK-III activation, evolution and pathology. Importantly, candidate 'driver' and 'passenger' mutations that have been identified in RTK-IIIs can now be collectively mapped for the first time to structural scaffolds of the corresponding RTK-III ectodomains. Such insights will generate a renewed interest in dissecting the mechanistic effects of such mutations and their therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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