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Torres CL, de Oliveira FAG, Jooris LF, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG. The presence of doping agents in dietary supplements: A glimpse into the Brazilian situation. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:38-48. [PMID: 37161689 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements (DS) are intended for healthy people to maintain or improve their overall health. Its consumption is widespread in large part of the general population and at all levels of athletes. Nevertheless, DS use can also pose health risks to individuals and, in the case of athletes, may lead to adverse analytical findings (AAFs) due to the possibility of DS contamination or adulteration with doping agents banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Although educational initiatives are being performed in Brazil to warn the sports community about inadvertent doping cases, AAFs connected to the DS administration have been increasingly growing. The findings of DS analyzed by the Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), between 2017 and 2022, after Testing Authorities (TAs) analysis requests, showed an alarming number of tainted samples. Diuretics were the most common adulterants found in all supplement types. However, the profile of prohibited substances in manufactured and compounded dietary supplements (MDS and CDS, respectively) were distinct, with stimulants being most prevalent in MDS and anabolic agents in CDS products. Additionally, MDS samples generally presented higher estimated concentrations of banned substances (mg/g) than CDS samples (μg/g). The common practice of DS intake by athletes continues to be of great concern for a doping-free sport, given the high prevalence of prohibited substances detected in the analyzed samples by the LBCD. The current Brazilian scenario reinforces the importance of raising awareness in the sports community of the possible consequences of an unintentional doping case linked to DS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse L Torres
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD - LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A G de Oliveira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD - LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Jooris
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD - LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica C Padilha
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD - LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD - LADETEC, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Miniaturized Analysis of Methylhexanamine in Urine by Gas Chromatography Applying In Situ Derivatization. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04116-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Doping Prevalence in Competitive Sport: Evidence Synthesis with "Best Practice" Recommendations and Reporting Guidelines from the WADA Working Group on Doping Prevalence. Sports Med 2021; 51:1909-1934. [PMID: 33900578 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of doping in competitive sport, and the methods for assessing prevalence, remain poorly understood. This reduces the ability of researchers, governments, and sporting organizations to determine the extent of doping behavior and the impacts of anti-doping strategies. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this subject-wide systematic review was to collate and synthesize evidence on doping prevalence from published scientific papers. Secondary aims involved reviewing the reporting accuracy and data quality as evidence for doping behavior to (1) develop quality and bias assessment criteria to facilitate future systematic reviews; and (2) establish recommendations for reporting future research on doping behavior in competitive sports to facilitate better meta-analyses of doping behavior. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to identify relevant studies. Articles were included if they contained information on doping prevalence of any kind in competitive sport, regardless of the methodology and without time limit. Through an iterative process, we simultaneously developed a set of assessment criteria; and used these to assess the studies for data quality on doping prevalence, potential bias and reporting. RESULTS One-hundred and five studies, published between 1975 and 2019,were included. Doping prevalence rates in competitive sport ranged from 0 to 73% for doping behavior with most falling under 5%. To determine prevalence, 89 studies used self-reported survey data (SRP) and 17 used sample analysis data (SAP) to produce evidence for doping prevalence (one study used both SRP and SAP). In total, studies reporting athletes totaled 102,515 participants, (72.8% men and 27.2% women). Studies surveyed athletes in 35 countries with 26 involving athletes in the United States, while 12 studies examined an international population. Studies also surveyed athletes from most international sport federations and major professional sports and examined international, national, and sub-elite level athletes, including youth, masters, amateur, club, and university level athletes. However, inconsistencies in data reporting prevented meta-analysis for sport, gender, region, or competition level. Qualitative syntheses were possible and provided for study type, gender, and geographical region. The quality assessment of prevalence evidence in the studies identified 20 as "High", 60 as "Moderate", and 25 as "Low." Of the 89 studies using SRP, 17 rated as "High", 52 rated as "Moderate", and 20 rated as "Low." Of the 17 studies using SAP, 3 rated as "High", 9 rated as "Moderate", and 5 rated as "Low." Examining ratings by year suggests that both the quality and quantity of the evidence for doping prevalence in published studies are increasing. CONCLUSIONS Current knowledge about doping prevalence in competitive sport relies upon weak and disparate evidence. To address this, we offer a comprehensive set of assessment criteria for studies examining doping behavior data as evidence for doping prevalence. To facilitate future evidence syntheses and meta-analyses, we also put forward "best practice" recommendations and reporting guidelines that will improve evidence quality.
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Costa BRBD, Cruz MNDSDL, Roiffé RR, Padilha MC. Suplementos alimentares: uma fonte de doping não intencional? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O excessivo consumo de suplementos alimentares, aliado a uma legislação inespecífica e a um controle de qualidade ineficiente, faz com que a saúde dos consumidores seja colocada em risco devido à possível existência de contaminantes, em especial pró-hormônios, esteroides anabolizantes e estimulantes. Estes compostos podem proporcionar um aumento do desempenho esportivo e acarretar uma série de efeitos adversos, sendo assim proibidos pela Agência Mundial Antidopagem. A contaminação de suplementos pode ocorrer de maneira deliberada ou através de más práticas de produção, em que são encontrados traços dessas substâncias. Todavia, ambos os casos exigem atenção, já que uma contaminação de apenas 0,00005% em massa pode levar ao doping. Neste sentido, estima-se que de 6,4% a 8,8% dos casos estejam relacionados ao consumo de suplementos contaminados. Perante estes fatos, os objetivos principais do trabalho foram: fazer uma revisão da literatura tanto em trabalhos nacionais quanto internacionais, no que concerne à contaminação de suplementos alimentares e sua relação com a dopagem não intencional, bem como orientar os consumidores a escolherem produtos mais seguros. Neste sentido, foi possível observar que os suplementos nacionais são, geralmente, mais seguros quanto à presença de substâncias proibidas, principalmente em relação à contaminação por agentes anabolizantes. Contudo, ainda é preciso um melhor controle de qualidade perante a contaminação/adulteração por estimulantes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafaela Rocha Roiffé
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Brasil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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5
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Development of a liquid chromatography Q Exactive high resolution mass spectrometry method by the Box-Behnken design for the investigation of sibutramine urinary metabolites. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1125:121726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sardela PDDO, Sardela VF, da Silva AMDS, Pereira HMG, de Aquino Neto FR. A pilot study of non-targeted screening for stimulant misuse using high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00482-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McDuff D, Stull T, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Hitchcock ME, Hainline B, Reardon CL. Recreational and ergogenic substance use and substance use disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:754-760. [PMID: 31097457 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substances from various classes may be used for recreational purposes, self-treatment or to boost performance. When substance use shifts from occasional to regular, heavy or hazardous use, positive and negative effects can develop that vary by substance class and athlete. Regular use of recreational or performance enhancing substances can lead to misuse, sanctions or use disorders. OBJECTIVE To review the prevalence, patterns of use, risk factors, performance effects and types of intervention for all classes of recreational and performance enhancing substances in elite athletes by sport, ethnicity, country and gender. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies that compared the prevalence and patterns of substance use, misuse and use disorders in elite athletes with those of non-athletes and provided detailed demographic and sport variations in reasons for use, risk factors and performance effects for each main substance class. RESULTS Alcohol, cannabis, tobacco (nicotine) and prescribed opioids and stimulants are the most commonly used substances in elite athletes, but generally used at lower rates than in non-athletes. In contrast, use/misuse rates for binge alcohol, oral tobacco, non-prescription opioids and anabolic-androgenic steroids are higher among athletes than non-athletes, especially in power and collision sports. Cannabis/cannabinoids seem to have replaced nicotine as the second most commonly used substance. CONCLUSIONS Substance use in elite athletes varies by country, ethnicity, gender, sport and competitive level. There are no studies on substance use disorder prevalence in elite male and female athletes and few studies with direct comparison groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McDuff
- Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA .,MD Sports Performance, Ellicott, Maryland, USA
| | - Todd Stull
- Athletics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln University Health Center, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Fundação do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Mary E Hitchcock
- Ebling Library for the Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Mental health in elite athletes: International Olympic Committee consensus statement (2019). Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:667-699. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mental health symptoms and disorders are common among elite athletes, may have sport related manifestations within this population and impair performance. Mental health cannot be separated from physical health, as evidenced by mental health symptoms and disorders increasing the risk of physical injury and delaying subsequent recovery. There are no evidence or consensus based guidelines for diagnosis and management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Diagnosis must differentiate character traits particular to elite athletes from psychosocial maladaptations.Management strategies should address all contributors to mental health symptoms and consider biopsychosocial factors relevant to athletes to maximise benefit and minimise harm. Management must involve both treatment of affected individual athletes and optimising environments in which all elite athletes train and compete. To advance a more standardised, evidence based approach to mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes, an International Olympic Committee Consensus Work Group critically evaluated the current state of science and provided recommendations.
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9
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The black market for anorectic agents: A case study of amfepramone. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Pereira HMG, Sardela VF, Padilha MC, Mirotti L, Casilli A, de Oliveira FA, de Albuquerque Cavalcanti G, Rodrigues LML, de Araujo ALD, Levy RS, Teixeira PAC, de Oliveira FAG, Duarte ACG, Carneiro ACD, Evaristo JAM, Dos Santos GRC, da Costa GCV, de Lima Castro F, Nogueira FCS, Scalco FB, Pizzatti L, de Aquino Neto FR. Doping control analysis at the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1658-1672. [PMID: 29078043 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper summarises the results obtained from the doping control analyses performed during the Summer XXXI Olympic Games (August 3-21, 2016) and the XV Paralympic Games (September 7-18, 2016). The analyses of all doping control samples were performed at the Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited laboratory located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A new facility at Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ) was built and fully operated by over 700 professionals, including Brazilian and international scientists, administrative staff, and volunteers. For the Olympic Games, 4913 samples were analysed. In 29 specimens, the presence of a prohibited substance was confirmed, resulting in adverse analytical findings (AAFs). For the Paralympic Games, 1687 samples were analysed, 12 of which were reported as AAFs. For both events, 82.8% of the samples were urine, and 17.2% were blood samples. In total, more than 31 000 analytical procedures were conducted. New WADA technical documents were fully implemented; consequently, state-of-the-art analytical toxicology instrumentation and strategies were applied during the Games, including different types of mass spectrometry (MS) analysers, peptide, and protein detection strategies, endogenous steroid profile measurements, and blood analysis. This enormous investment yielded one of the largest Olympic legacies in Brazil and South America. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Figueiredo Sardela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mirotti
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Casilli
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Azamor de Oliveira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo de Albuquerque Cavalcanti
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins Lisandro Rodrigues
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lessa Dutra de Araujo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Santos Levy
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro Antonio Castelo Teixeira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Alves Gomes de Oliveira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Giordani Duarte
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Dudenhoeffer Carneiro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joseph Albert Medeiros Evaristo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ramalho Cardoso Dos Santos
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Carlo Verissimo da Costa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Lima Castro
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Cesar Sousa Nogueira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bertão Scalco
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pizzatti
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Proteômica do Sangue - LABMOPS, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory - LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 - Polo de Química - Bloco C - Cidade Universitária - Ιlha do Fundão - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Souza Anselmo C, Sardela VF, Matias BF, Carvalho AR, Sousa VP, Pereira HMG, Aquino Neto FR. Is zebrafish
(
Danio rerio
)
a tool for human‐like metabolism study? Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1685-1694. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Souza Anselmo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Vinicius Figueiredo Sardela
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Bernardo Fonseca Matias
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Amanda Reis Carvalho
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira Sousa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of PharmacyDepartment of Drugs and Pharmaceutics Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco Bss, 36 ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐170 Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
| | - Francisco Radler Aquino Neto
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Institute of Chemistry, LBCD – LADETEC Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281, bloco C ‐ Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro ‐ RJ 21941‐598 Brazil
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Schwingel PA, Cotrim HP, Santos CRD, Santos AOD, Andrade ARCFD, Carruego MVVB, Zoppi CC. Recreational Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use Associated With Liver Injuries Among Brazilian Young Men. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:1490-8. [PMID: 26549387 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1018550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recreational use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has reached alarming levels among healthy people. However, several complications have been related to consumption of these drugs, including liver disorders. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence of liver injuries in young Brazilian recreational AAS users. METHODS Between February/2007 and May/2012 asymptomatic bodybuilders who were ≥18 years old and reported AAS use for ≥6 months were enrolled. All had clinical evaluations, abdominal ultrasound (AUS), and blood tests. RESULTS 182 individuals were included in the study. The median age (interquartile range) was 26.0 years (22.0-30.0) and all were male. Elevated liver enzyme levels were observed in 38.5% (n = 70) of AAS users, and creatine phosphokinase was normal in 27.1% (n = 19) of them. Hepatic steatosis was observed by AUS in 12.1% of the sample. One individual had focal nodular hyperplasia and another had hepatocellular adenoma. One case each of hepatitis B and C virus infection was found. A diagnosis of toxic liver injury was suggested in 23 (12.6%) AAS users without a history of alcohol or other medications/drugs consumption, or evidence of other liver diseases. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Young Brazilian recreational AAS users presented a wide spectrum of liver injuries that included hepatotoxicity, fatty liver, and liver neoplasm. They also presented risk factors for liver diseases such as alcohol consumption and hepatitis B and C virus infection. The results suggest that the risk of AAS use for the liver may be greater than the esthetic benefits, and demonstrate the importance of screening AAS users for liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Adriano Schwingel
- a Post-graduation Program in Medicine and Health , Universidade Federal da Bahia , Canela , Brazil
| | - Helma Pinchemel Cotrim
- a Post-graduation Program in Medicine and Health , Universidade Federal da Bahia , Canela , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cláudio Cesar Zoppi
- b Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional , Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas , Brazil
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13
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Identification of black market products and potential doping agents in Germany 2010–2013. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 70:1303-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-014-1743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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