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Rawat R, Chouhan RS, Sadhu V, Sharma M. Clarithromycin-Loaded Submicron-Sized Carriers: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093593. [PMID: 37176475 PMCID: PMC10179782 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to improve clarithromycin bioavailability and effectiveness in complicated intra-abdominal infection management. Therefore, clarithromycin-loaded submicron dual lipid carriers (CLA-DLCs) were developed via hot high shear homogenization technique and evaluated for colloidal parameters, release behavior, stability study, and in-vitro antibiofilm activity. Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of optimized formulation on hampering cytokines storm induction was determined in E. coli-induced peritonitis. The developed CLA-DLCs (particle size 326.19 ± 24.14 nm, zeta potential -31.34 ± 2.81 mV, and entrapment efficiency 85.78 ± 4.01%) exhibited smooth spherical shapes and sustained in vitro release profiles. Long-term stability study of optimized CLA-DLCs ensured maintenance of colloidal parameters for 1 year at room temperature. In vitro antimicrobial studies revealed 3.43-fold higher anti-biofilm activity of CLA-DLCs compared with clarithromycin. In addition, the relative bioavailability of CLA-DLCs was enhanced 5.89-fold compared to pure drug in rats. The remarkable decrease in microbial burden in blood as well as tissues, along with oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, myeloperoxidase activity, and carbonylated protein level) and immunological markers (total leukocyte count, neutrophil migration, NO, TNF-, and IL-6) on treatment with CLA-DLCs enhanced the survival in a rat model of peritonitis compared with the pure drug and untreated groups. In conclusion, CLA-DLCs hold promising potential in management of intra-abdominal infections and prevention of associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetika Rawat
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raghuraj Singh Chouhan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute "Jožef Stefan", Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veera Sadhu
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravskaesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
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Nikam A, Sahoo PR, Musale S, Pagar RR, Paiva-Santos AC, Giram PS. A Systematic Overview of Eudragit ® Based Copolymer for Smart Healthcare. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020587. [PMID: 36839910 PMCID: PMC9962897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eudragit, synthesized by radical polymerization, is used for enteric coating, precise temporal release, and targeting the entire gastrointestinal system. Evonik Healthcare Germany offers different grades of Eudragit. The ratio of methacrylic acid to its methacrylate-based monomers used in the polymerization reaction defines the final product's characteristics and consequently its potential range of applications. Since 1953, these polymers have been made to use in a wide range of healthcare applications around the world. In this review, we reviewed the "known of knowns and known of unknowns" about Eudragit, from molecule to material design, its characterization, and its applications in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Priya Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shubham Musale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Roshani R. Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Prabhanjan Shridhar Giram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sharma M, Chaudhary D. In vitro and in vivo implications of rationally designed bromelain laden core-shell hybrid solid lipid nanoparticles for oral administration in thrombosis management. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 42:102543. [PMID: 35189392 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromelain, a dietary supplement of cysteine protease family having promising results against thrombosis, is gaining attention. Yet poor mechanical stability, gastric instability, high oral dose and poor patient compliance restricted its clinical application. Therefore, acid stable bromelain loaded hybrid solid lipid nanoparticles (Br-HNPs) were fabricated and characterized for their contribution to in-vivo stability and therapeutic efficacy in thrombosis management. Comprehensive optimization of various process and formulation variables ensued the formation of nano-sized (120.56 ± 40.12 nm) Br-HNPs with entrapment efficiency of 86.32 ± 5.56%. Spherical core shell framework of Br-HNPs prolonged drug release and provided in-vivo and storage stability at room temperature. Br-HNPs significantly inhibited platelet aggregation without affecting bleeding time and dissolved thrombus at 1.91-fold higher efficacy compared to bromelain. Furthermore, Br-HNPs prevented hypercoagulation states and suppressed cytokines production significantly (P < .05) contributing to its antiplatelet activity. These findings indicated that Br-HNPs could serve as a promising alternative to commercial therapies for management of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India.
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Sharma M, Chaudhary D. Exploration of bromelain laden nanostructured lipid carriers: An oral platform for bromelain delivery in rheumatoid arthritis management. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120176. [PMID: 33326825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bromelain, a cysteine protease exhibits promising potential in amelioration of wide variety of inflammatory disorders. Its denaturation or aggregation in gastric milieu depletes its therapeutic potential along with unpredictable prophylactic hypersensitivity reactions. Hence, efficient carrier system to improve bromelain's stability and avoid related side effects is of utmost importance. Therefore, present investigation was undertaken to prepare bromelain loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Br-NCs) with high drug loading, stability and efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis management. Br-NCs fabricated via double emulsion solvent evaporation method were characterized for physical properties, morphology and stability. Optimized batch exhibited spherical shape, nanometric size (298.23 nm) and entrapment efficiency ~77% with sustained release behavior and improved gastric stability. Br-NCs exhibited 4.63-folds improvement in shelf-life compared to bromelain at room temperature. The protective potential of orally administered Br-NCs in rheumatoid arthritis was evaluated via assessing arthritis severity in wistar rats along with biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters. Br-NCs remarkably (p < 0.05) diminished paw edema, joint stiffness, mechanical allodynia and tissue damage along with alleviation of oxidative stress and immunological markers. Radiological joint alterations were also notably preserved with Br-NCs. Thus, preclinical studies distinctly manifested that Br-NCs formulation opens new avenue for development of novel effective therapeutic modality for rheumatoid arthritis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India.
| | - Deepika Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan 304022, India
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Budama-Kilinc Y, Cakir-Koc R, Kecel-Gunduz S, Zorlu T, Kokcu Y, Bicak B, Karavelioglu Z, Ozel AE. Papain Loaded Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Nanoparticles: In-silico and In-Vitro Studies. J Fluoresc 2018; 28:1127-1142. [PMID: 30097974 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-018-2276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Papain is a protease enzyme with therapeutic properties that are very valuable for medical applications. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is an ideal polymeric carrier for controlled drug delivery systems due to its low biodegradability and its high biocompatibility. In this study, the three-dimensional structure and action mechanism of papain were investigated by in vitro and in silico experiments using molecular dynamics (MD) and molecular docking methods to elucidate biological functions. The results showed that the size of papain-loaded PCL nanoparticles (NPs) and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the NPs were 242.9 nm and 0.074, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency were 80.4 and 27.2%, respectively. Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) were used for determining the cytotoxicity of papain-loaded PCL and PCL nanoparticles. The in vitro cell culture showed that nanoparticles are not toxic at low concentrations, while toxicity slightly increases at high concentrations. In silico studies, which were carried out with MD simulations and ADME analysis showed that the strong hydrogen bonds between the ligand and the papain provide stability and indicate the regions in which the interactions occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Budama-Kilinc
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Rabia Cakir-Koc
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serda Kecel-Gunduz
- Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolga Zorlu
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Kokcu
- Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilge Bicak
- Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
- Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences, Istanbul University, 34452, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Karavelioglu
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysen E Ozel
- Faculty of Science, Physics Department, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
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Sharma M, Soni R. Improved therapeutic potential of tapentadol employing cationic exchange resins as carriers in neuropathic pain: evidence from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2812. [PMID: 29434240 PMCID: PMC5809392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current investigation was endeavoured to overcome problem of poor palatability and bioavailability of centrally acting analgesic, tapentadol (TAP) by formulating controlled release drug-resin complexes (DRCs). The technology encompassed in preparation of DRCs involved chemisorption of TAP to weak cationic resins (KyronT-134 and Tulsion335) by batch method. Various formulation variables like drug-resin ratio, pH, resin activation and swelling time were optimized to achieve maximum drug loading in DRCs. FT-IR, DSC, pXRD, in vitro release study under bio-relevant condition of mouth and in vivo sensory taste evaluation established formation of taste masked DRC whereas dissolution study assured prolonged drug release behaviour of optimized DRC. Among DRCs, TAP-KyronT-134 complex exhibited higher drug loading (80.89 ± 4.56%), stability and prolonged release profile (10 h) without any detectable amount of drug release under salivary conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies in wistar rats revealed increased Tmax (2.67-fold), MRT (1.94-fold), elimination half-life (2.79-fold) and relative oral bioavailability (2.62-fold) of TAP on oral administration of optimized formulation compared to TAP solution. Furthermore, pharmacodynamics study confessed higher potential of DRC in attenuating chronic injury induced tactile allodynia for prolonged duration. In conclusion, the method developed is easily scalable and holds potential for commercialization with an evidence of obtaining more efficacious neuropathic pain management therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India.
| | - Ranju Soni
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304022, India
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Sharma M, Sharma R. Implications of designing a bromelain loaded enteric nanoformulation on its stability and anti-inflammatory potential upon oral administration. RSC Adv 2018; 8:2541-2551. [PMID: 35541457 PMCID: PMC9077456 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation was to develop an enteric nano-formulation of bromelain to improve its stability and anti-inflammatory potential. Bromelain loaded nanoparticles (Br-NPs) were developed using a Eudragit L 100 polymer by a double emulsion solvent evaporation method to obtain gastro-resistant properties. Br-NPs were characterized for particle size (248.89 ± 22.76 nm), zeta potential (-27.34 ± 2.17 mV), entrapment efficiency (85.42 ± 5.34%), surface morphology (spherical) and in vitro release profile. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the entrapment of bromelain while thermal and pXRD analysis concomitantly corroborated the reduced crystallinity of bromelain in nanoparticles. Formulations showed gastro-resistant behavior at gastric pH and sustained bromelain release up to 10 h in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8 and followed Higuchi square root release kinetics. The optimized lyophilized formulation ensured 2 year shelf-life at room temperature. In vivo studies revealed significantly improved performance of entrapped bromelain in inhibiting carrageenan induced paw edema by mitigating leucocyte migration and release of nitric oxide, TNFα and IL-1β in paw compared to bromelain solution. In conclusion, enteric Br-NPs could be a viable drug delivery system for effective oral bromelain delivery in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali Rajasthan India-304022 +91-9694881221
| | - Rishu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali Rajasthan India-304022 +91-9694881221
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are important for effective, safe, and convenient administration of drugs. pH- and ion-responsive polymers have been widely employed in DDS for site-specific drug release due to their abilities to exploit specific pH- or ion-gradients in the human body. AREAS COVERED Having pH-sensitivity, cationic polymers can mask the taste of drugs and release drugs in the stomach by responding to gastric low pH. Anionic polymers responsive to intestinal high pH are used for preventing gastric degradation of drug, colon drug delivery and achieving high bioavailability of weak basic drugs. Tumor-targeted DDSs have been developed based on polymers with imidazole groups or poly(β-amino ester) responsive to tumoral low pH. Polymers with pH-sensitive chemical linkages, such as hydrazone, acetal, ortho ester and vinyl ester, pH-sensitive cell-penetrating peptides and cationic polymers undergoing pH-dependent protonation have been studied to utilize the pH gradient along the endocytic pathway for intracellular drug delivery. As ion-sensitive polymers, ion-exchange resins are frequently used for taste-masking, counterion-responsive drug release and sustained drug release. Polymers responding to ions in the saliva and gastrointestinal fluids are also used for controlled drug release in oral drug formulations. EXPERT OPINION Stimuli-responsive DDSs are important for achieving site-specific and controlled drug release; however, intraindividual, interindividual and intercellular variations of pH should be considered when designing DDSs or drug products. Combination of polymers and other components, and deeper understanding of human physiology are important for development of pH- and ion-sensitive polymeric DDS products for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma, Inc. , 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072 , Japan +81 54 627 6861 ; +81 54 627 9918 ;
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